The role of light emitting diode in wound healing: A systematic review of experimental studies.

Wounds represent a growing global issue demanding increased attention. To expedite wound healing, technologies are under development, and light emitting diode (LED) devices of varying wavelengths are being explored for their stimulating influence on the healing process. This article presents a systematic literature review aiming to compile, organize, and analyze the impacts of LED devices on wound healing. This review is registered on the PROSPERO platform [CRD42023403870]. Two blinded authors conducted searches in the Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and ScienceDirect databases. In vitro and in vivo experimental studies assessing LED utilization in the wound healing process were included. The search yielded 1010 studies, of which 27 were included in the review. It was identified that LED stimulates different healing pathways, promoting enhanced cell proliferation and migration, angiogenesis stimulation, increased collagen deposition, and modulation of the inflammatory response. Thus, it can be concluded that the LED stimulates cellular and molecular processes contingent on the utilized parameters. The effects depend on the standards used. Cell migration and proliferation were better influenced by green and red LED. The extracellular matrix components and angiogenesis were regulated by all wavelengths and the modulation of inflammation was mediated by green, red, and infrared LEDs.

The moral obligation to have genetically related children.

Donor conceived persons are likely to have a lower quality of life than persons who are genetically related to both parents. Empirical evidence is presented to corroborate this point. The evidence is subdivided into three sections: (1) negative experience of the donor conception itself, (2) negative effects of secrecy and openness and (3) negative effects of donor anonymity and donor identifiability. The principle of procreative beneficence requires parents to select the child with the best possible life. Given the difference in quality of life, intended parents should try to have a genetically related child. This finding is also a strong reason for society to invest public resources in the development of techniques that enable people to create genetically related children.

Comparative in vitro evaluation of microgap in titanium stock versus cobalt-chrome custom abutments on a conical connection implant: Effect of crown cementation and ceramic veneering.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the implant-abutment connection microgap between computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) milled or laser-sintered cobalt-chrome custom abutments with or without ceramic veneering and titanium stock abutments with or without crown cementation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Six groups of six abutments each were prepared: (1) CAD/CAM cobalt-chrome custom abutments: milled, milled with ceramic veneering, laser-sintered, and laser-sintered with ceramic veneering (four groups: MIL, MIL-C, SIN, and SIN-C, respectively) and (2) titanium stock abutments with or without zirconia crown cementation (two groups: STK and STK-Z, respectively). Abutments were screwed to the implants by applying 30 Ncm torque. All 36 samples were sectioned along their long axes. The implant-abutment connection microgap was measured using scanning electron microscopy on the right and left sides of the connection at the upper, middle, and lower levels. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test (p < .05). RESULTS: Mean values (µm) of the microgap were 0.54 ± 0.44 (STK), 0.55 ± 0.48 (STK-Z), 1.53 ± 1.30 (MIL), 2.30 ± 2.2 (MIL-C), 1.53 ± 1.37 (SIN), and 1.87 ± 1.8 (SIN-C). Although significant differences were observed between the STK and STK-Z groups and the other groups (p < .05), none were observed between the milled and laser-sintered groups before or after ceramic veneering. The largest microgap was observed at the upper level in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Titanium stock abutments provided a closer fit than cobalt-chrome custom abutments. Neither crown cementation nor ceramic veneering resulted in significant changes in the implant-abutment connection microgap.

Açaí juice stains a glazed resin-modified glass-ionomer cement.

Coloured compounds (anthocyanins) in açaí can stain resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC) due to its low staining resistance. AIM: The aim of this study was to assess whether açaí compromises the surface colour and roughness of RMGIC in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Disc-shaped specimens (2 mm thick, 8 mm in diameter) of Vitremer™ (3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA) were prepared according to the manufacturer 's instructions. The mixture was inserted into a silicone mouldplaced between two mylar strips, and light cured. Specimens were randomly divided into three groups (n=25) according to the solutions to be used for chemical degradation: artificial saliva (control), açaí sorbet and açaí juice. A spectrophotometer CM-2600d/2500d (Konica Minolta, Tokyo, Japan) was used to analyse the colour (CIELa*b* scale). Surface roughness (Ra, mm) was measuredusing theprofilometer Surfcorder SE 1700 (Kosaka Corp, Tokyo, Japan). The specimens were subjected to three daily soaks (6 ml, 15 minutes) for 14 days at 37°C. They were washed in distilled water and placed in fresh saliva (30 minutes in the interval). After the third soak in a day, they were stored in fresh saliva overnight. Outcomes were analysed at baseline (L*, a*, b*, Ra) and after degradation (L'*, a'*, b'*, Ra'). RESULTS: The pH values of saliva, sorbet, and juice were 7.0, 3.8, and 4.9, respectively. ΔE* values were 6.6 for saliva, 6.9 for sorbet and 7.8 for juice. There was a significant ΔE* difference between saliva (p=0.005) and juice (p=0.002), and between juice and sorbet (p=0.019), but none between saliva and sorbet (p=0.401). There was no significant Δb* difference between the solutions. No difference between juice and sorbet was observed for Δa*, but they were significantly different from saliva (p<0.001). Brightness (L*) changed significantly. Juice showed the highest ΔE* (7.8) and ΔL* (7.7). No significant change was observed for roughness and there was no difference between the solutions for ARa. CONCLUSIONS: Açaí and saliva led to unacceptable staining, but no significant roughness changes in the resin-modified glass-ionomer cement.

As antocianinas presentes no açaí podem manchar o cimento de ionomero de vidro modificado por resina (CIVMR) devido a baixa resistencia ao manchamento do material. OBJETIVO: O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar se o açaí compromete a cor e a rugosidade de superficie de um CIVMR in vitro. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Amostras (2 mm de espessura, 8 mm de diámetro) de Vitremer™ (3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA) foram preparadas de acordo com as instrugoes do fabricante. O materialfoi espatulado, inserido em um molde de silicone colocado entre duas tiras de poliestireno e fotopolimerizado. Após, as amostras foram randomizadas e alocadas em tres grupos (n=25) de acordo com as solugoes usadas para a degradagao química: saliva artificial (controle) e sorbet de açaí e suco de açaí. Utilizou-se o espectrofotometro CM-2600d/2500d (Konica Minolta, Tokyo, Japan) para a análise da cor (escala CIELa*b*) e o rugosímetro Surfcorder SE 1700 (Kosaka Corp, Tokyo, Japan) para a rugosidade de superficie (Ra, mm). As amostras foram submetidas a tres imersoes diárias (6 ml, 15 minutos) em cada solugao por 14 dias a 37°C, tendo sido lavadas em água destilada e mantidas em saliva fresca (30 minutos) nos intervalos. Após a terceira imersao no dia, as amostras foram mantidas em saliva renovada até o dia seguinte. As variáveis foram analisadas antes (L*, a*, b*, Ra) e depois da degradagao química (L'*, a'*, b'*, Ra'). RESULTADOS: Os valores de pH da saliva, sorbet e suco foram, respectivamente 7,0, 3,8 e 4,9. Houve diferenga significante para ΔE* entre saliva (p=0.005) e suco (p=0.002) e entre suco e sorbet (p=0.019), mas nao entre saliva e sorbet (p=0.401). Nao foi observada diferenga significante para Δb* entre as solugoes. Nao houve diferenga significante para Δa* entre suco e sorbet, mas eles foram significativamente diferentes da saliva (p<0.001). A luminosidade (L*) mostrou alteragao significante. O suco mostrou os maiores valores de ΔE* (7,8) e ΔL* (7,7)". Nao houve mudanga significante para a rugosidade e nao foi observada diferenga significante entre as solugoes para ARa (p>0.05). CONCLUSÃO: O açaí e a saliva causaram manchamento inaceitável do glaze do CIVMR e insignificante alteragao da rugosidade.

Experimental comparison of first-pass effect between direct thromboaspiration and combined thrombectomy in the setting of distal basilar occlusion.

BACKGROUND: Studies investigating endovascular therapy in vertebro-basilar stroke have led to controversial results in the past, but recent randomized trials seem to show an effectiveness superiority of endovascular therapy versus best medical treatment. However, uncertainty remains concerning many aspects of thrombectomy in acute basilar artery occlusion, notably technical considerations. This study compared the first-pass effect of direct thromboaspiration and combined thrombectomy in the setting of distal basilar occlusion. METHODS: An in-vitro experimental set-up was used, consisting of a vascular phantom model and thrombus analogs of different consistencies to mimic human clots. Thrombus analogs were injected into the model through the vertebral artery and flowed to the basilar distal third to mimic a distal basilar occlusion. Ten procedures were performed for each thrombus analog stiffness and technique (direct thromboaspiration versus combined thrombectomy). RESULTS: Direct thromboaspiration showed an overall first-pass effect rate of 83.3% (25/30) and was particularly effective for ultra-soft and soft clot analogs, but decreased for hard clot analogs. Combined thrombectomy had an overall first-pass effect rate of 56.7% (17/30). The effect rate for ultra-soft and soft clot analogs was 60% and 50% for hard clot analogs. In the softer clot analogs, the stent-retriever device used for the combined thrombectomies tended to deviate the clot analog from a co-axial trajectory with the aspiration catheter. CONCLUSIONS: In the context of distal basilar occlusion, our in-vitro results showed that higher first-pass effect rates were achieved with direct thromboaspiration compared to combined thrombectomy in all types of thrombus analogs.

Efficiency of cavitary varnishes containing experimental bioglass particles in the occlusion of dentinal tubules.

This research aims to evaluate the efficiency of cavitary varnishes containing experimental bioglasses in the occlusion of dentinal tubules. One hundred and sixty-eight cervical buccal dentin samples were obtained from bovine teeth. Samples were randomized into the following groups: I. Distilled Water (DW); II. Cavity Varnish (CV); III. Colgate® Sensitive Pro-Relief™ (CS); IV. 45S5 Bioglass (45S5); V. KSr Bioglass strontium potassium (KSr); VI. P Bioglass phosphorus (P); and VII. PSi Bioglass phosphorus silica (PSi). The treatments were applied to the surfaces of the samples, which were then subjected to simulated brushing. The samples were analyzed for a) characterization of bioactive glasses; b) surface roughness; c) descriptive analysis of the dentin surface; d) total versus occluded number of dentinal tubules; e) diameter of the dentinal tubules; f) chemical composition of the dentin surfaces, and g) dentin permeability. All groups treated with biomaterials without the brushing challenge showed an increase in roughness and (total or partial) occlusion of the dentinal tubules. The PSi group had the best values for occlusion, while the KSr group had the highest calcium and phosphorus concentrations. After the brushing challenge the roughness was controlled by the presence of biomaterials; 45S5, KSr, and PSi showed occlusion of the dentin tubules. All bioactive glasses showed reduced tooth permeability compared to distilled water. The PSi group had the smallest tubule diameter and highest phosphorus concentration. KSr and PSi bioglasses are promising materials for dentin occlusion and remineralization and are promising new biomaterials for the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity.

'Recombining' biological motherhoods. Towards two 'complete' biological mothers.

Within feminist literature from the early 1970s to this day, assisted reproductive technologies have been largely known to divide, replace or eliminate biological motherhood. For example, while in the past biological motherhood was considered a continuous experience, in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and IVF using egg donation allowed a split between two biological mothers, one providing eggs (genetic mother) and the other one gestation (gestational mother). This split was considered irreparable: the genetic mother could not be also gestational, and vice versa. On the contrary, this paper aims to show that assisted reproductive technologies may also have a constructive potential towards biological motherhood(s). To explain how it could be possible, two existing techniques are explored: the first is maternal spindle transfer, which allows a double genetic motherhood; the second is reciprocal effortless IVF, which supposedly enables a double gestational motherhood. While in the first part, these techniques are examined singularly, in the second part a feasible combination of them is speculated. The idea is that assisted reproductive technologies could 'recombine' genetic and gestational motherhood in two figures that include both, namely in two 'complete' biological mothers, both genetic and gestational.

Factors related to vessel displacement due to stent retriever retraction: An in vitro study.

BACKGROUND: Thrombectomy with a stent retriever (SR) may lead to intracranial hemorrhage due to vessel displacement. We aimed to explore factors related to vessel displacement using an in vitro vessel model. METHODS: A vessel model mimicking two-dimensional left internal carotid angiography findings was used in this study. Six SR types (Solitaire 3 × 40, 4 × 40, and 6 × 40; Embotrap 5 × 37; Trevo 4 × 41; and Tron 4 × 40) were fully deployed in the M2 ascending, M2 bend, or M1 horizontal portion. Subsequently, the SR was retracted, and the vessel displacement, maximum SR retraction force, and angle of the M2 bend portion were measured. A total of 180 SR retraction experiments were conducted using 6 SR types at 3 deployment positions with 10 repetitions each. RESULTS: The mean maximum distance of vessel displacement for Embotrap Ⅲ 5 × 37 (6.4 ± 3.5 mm, n = 30) was significantly longer than that for the other five SR types (p = 0.029 for Solitaire 6 × 40 and p < 0.001 for the others, respectively). Vessel displacement was significantly longer in the M2 ascending portion group (5.4 ± 3.0 mm, n = 60) than in the M2 bend portion group (3.3 ± 1.6 mm, n = 60) (p < 0.001) and it was significantly longer in the M2 bend portion group than in the M1 horizontal portion group (1.1 ± 0.7 mm, n = 60) (p < 0.001). A positive correlation existed between the mean maximum SR retraction force or mean angle of the M2 bend portion due to SR retraction (i.e., vessel straightening) and the mean maximum distance of vessel displacement (r = 0.90, p < 0.001; r = 0.90, p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Vessel displacement varied with the SR type, size, and deployment position. Moreover, vessel displacement correlated with the SR retraction force or vessel straightening of the M2 bend portion.

Impact of Wildfires on Cardiovascular Health.

Wildfire smoke (WFS) is a mixture of respirable particulate matter, environmental gases, and other hazardous pollutants that originate from the unplanned burning of arid vegetation during wildfires. The increasing size and frequency of recent wildfires has escalated public and occupational health concerns regarding WFS inhalation, by either individuals living nearby and downstream an active fire or wildland firefighters and other workers that face unavoidable exposure because of their profession. In this review, we first synthesize current evidence from environmental, controlled, and interventional human exposure studies, to highlight positive associations between WFS inhalation and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Motivated by these findings, we discuss preventative measures and suggest interventions to mitigate the cardiovascular impact of wildfires. We then review animal and cell exposure studies to call attention on the pathophysiological processes that support the deterioration of cardiovascular tissues and organs in response to WFS inhalation. Acknowledging the challenges of integrating evidence across independent sources, we contextualize laboratory-scale exposure approaches according to the biological processes that they model and offer suggestions for ensuring relevance to the human condition. Noting that wildfires are significant contributors to ambient air pollution, we compare the biological responses triggered by WFS to those of other harmful pollutants. We also review evidence for how WFS inhalation may trigger mechanisms that have been proposed as mediators of adverse cardiovascular effects upon exposure to air pollution. We finally conclude by highlighting research areas that demand further consideration. Overall, we aspire for this work to serve as a catalyst for regulatory initiatives to mitigate the adverse cardiovascular effects of WFS inhalation in the community and alleviate the occupational risk in wildland firefighters.

Evaluation of cellular viability in chitosan/L-arginine hydrogels.

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of studies evaluating the toxicity of nitric oxide (NO) precursors in chitosan/L-arginine hydrogels and their topical administration. However, clarifying the characteristics of these elements is essential for their possible use in non-surgical techniques of tooth movement acceleration. Such characteristics include interaction with different cell types, metabolism and drug safety. OBJECTIVES: This in vitro study aimed to assess the cytotoxicity of chitosan hydrogels on human HeLa cells using different concentrations of L-arginine. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The hydrogels were synthesized in a materials engineering laboratory, with a controlled environment, using 4 different L-arginine concentrations of 0%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Once the hydrogels were prepared, their physical and chemical properties were characterized, and viability analysis was performed using 2 different methods, including a 48-h assay with Artemia salina nauplii and a 24-h cell culture with human HeLa cells followed by a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) proliferation assay. Data analysis was performed using a Mann-Whitney U test to evaluate positive and negative controls in the cell culture, with a significance level of 0.01. A Wilcoxon paired test contrasted the 24-h compared to 48-h Artemia salina assays, with a Kruskal-Wallis and post hoc Dunn test used to compare groups using a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS: In the more viscous hydrogels, Artemia salina nauplii decreased drastically in 24 h, while the 15% and 20% hydrogels had no statistical differences from the negative control. The 10% and 20% hydrogels were statistically different from the negative control when comparing cell culture data. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that chitosan/L-arginine hydrogels could be used in humans without toxic effects. However, more trials and tests are needed to evaluate tooth movement rate during orthodontic treatment.

Toxicity Assessment of New Ag-ZnO/AgO Nanocomposites: An In Vitro and In Vivo Approach.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are metal oxide nanomaterials, which are important for several applications: antibacterial, anthelmintic, antiprotozoal and antitumoral, among others. These applications are mainly related to the ability to spontaneously produce and induce the production of reactive oxygen species that are important components for the destruction of pathogens and tumor cells. While trying to potentiate ZnO NPs, studies have associated these NPs with silver oxide (AgO) or silver (Ag) NPs. It has already been reported that this combination (Ag-ZnO/AgO NPs) is able to enhance the microbicidal potential. Although possessing much potential for several purposes, it is important to evaluate whether this association also poses the risk of toxicity to cells and experimental models. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the toxicity of various Ag-ZnO/AgO NP nanocomposites, in vitro and in vivo. Accordingly, ZnO nanocrystals and nanocomposites with various concentrations of AgO (ZnO:5Ag, ZnO:9Ag or ZnO:11Ag) were used in different cytotoxicity models: Galleria mellonella (G. mellonella), cell lines (VERO and RAW 264.7) and C57BL/6 mice. In the G. mellonella model, four concentrations were used in a single dose, with subsequent evaluation of mortality. In the case of cells, serial concentrations starting at 125 µg/mL were used, with subsequent cytotoxicity assessment. Based on the safe doses obtained in G. mellonella and cell models, the best doses were used in mice, with subsequent evaluations of weight, biochemistry as also renal and liver histopathology. It was observed that the toxicity, although low, of the nanocomposites was dependent upon the concentration of AgO used in association with ZnO NPs, both in vitro and in vivo.

Effect of simultaneous and sequential use of TGF-ß1 and TGF-ß3 with FGF-2 on teno/ligamentogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells.

OBJECTIVE: The periodontal ligament is a crucial part of the periodontium, and its regeneration is challenging. This study compares the effect of simultaneous and sequential use of FGF-2 and TGF-ß1 with FGF-2 and TGF-ß3 on the periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) teno/ligamentogenic differentiation. DESIGN: This study comprises ten different groups. A control group with only PDLSCs; FGF-2 group containing PDLSCs with a medium culture supplemented with FGF-2 (50 ng/mL). In other experimental groups, different concentrations (5 ng/mL or 10 ng/mL) of TGF-ß1&-ß3 simultaneously or sequentially were combined with FGF-2 on the cultured PDLSCs. TGF-ß was added to the medium after day 3 in the sequential groups. Methyl Thiazolyl Tetrazolium (MTT) assay on days 3, 5, and 7 and Quantitative Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis after day 7 were conducted to investigate PLAP1, SCX, and COL3A1, RUNX2 genes. All experiments were conducted in a triplicate. The One-way and Two-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc were utilized to analyze the results of the MTT and RT-qPCR tests, respectively. A p-value less than 0.05 is considered significant. RESULTS: The proliferation of cells on days 3, 5, and 7 was not significantly different among different experimental groups (P > 0.05). A higher expression of the PLAP1, SCX, and COL3A1 have been seen in groups with sequential use of growth factors; among these groups, the group using 5 ng/mL of TGF-ß3 led other groups with the most amount of significant upregulation in PLAP1(17.69 ± 1.11 fold; P < 0.0001), SCX (5.71 ± 0.38 fold; P < 0.0001), and COL1A3 (6.35 ± 0.39 fold; P < 0.0001) expression, compared to the control group. The expression of the RUNX2 decreased in all groups compared to the control group; this reduction was more in groups with sequential use of growth factors. CONCLUSION: The sequential use of growth factors can be more effective than simultaneous use in teno/ligamentogenic differentiation of PDLSCs. Moreover, treatment with 5 ng/mL TGF-ß3 after FGF-2 was more effective than TGF-ß1.

Friction injury of the central vein caused by catheter for hemodialysis: an in vitro study.

Vascular injury such as central venous stenosis (CVS) is a common complication in hemodialysis patients with central venous catheters (CVCs), yet the impact of the microstructure and partial physic characteristics of catheter surface on the chronic injury of central vein has not been elucidated. In this study, the microscopic morphology of tips and bodies of six different brands of polyurethane CVCs was observed and their roughness was assessed. Subsequently, an in vitro model was established to measure the coefficients of friction (COF) between CVCs (tips and bodies) and the vena cava intima of Japanese rabbits under the same condition in a linear reciprocating mode, and changes in the intima of vessels after friction were observed. The study found that there was a significant variation in surface roughness among different brands of CVCs (tips P < 0.001, bodies P = 0.02), and the COF was positively correlated with the catheter surface roughness (tips P = 0.005, R = 0.945, bodies P = 0.01, R = 0.909). Besides, the endovascular roughness increased after friction. These findings suggest that the high roughness surface of CVCs may cause chronic mechanical friction injury to the central venous intima, which is one of the potential factors leading to CVS or occlusion. This provides a breakthrough for reducing complications, improving patient prognosis, and advancing catheter surface lubrication technology.

Metallic nanoparticles and treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (LC) is an infectious vector-borne disease caused by parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania. Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been investigated as alternatives for the treatment of LC owing to their small size and high surface area. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effect of MNPs in the treatment of LC through experimental, in vitro and in vivo investigations. METHODS: The databases used were MEDLINE/ PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Science Direct. Manual searches of the reference lists of the included studies and grey literature were also performed. English language and experimental in vitro and in vivo studies using different Leishmania species, both related to MNP treatment, were included. This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021248245). RESULTS: A total of 93 articles were included. Silver nanoparticles are the most studied MNPs, and L. tropica is the most studied species. Among the mechanisms of action of MNPs in vitro, we highlight the production of reactive oxygen species, direct contact of MNPs with the biomolecules of the parasite, and release of metal ions. CONCLUSION: MNPs may be considered a promising alternative for the treatment of LC, but further studies are needed to define their efficacy and safety.

Optimal thrombin injection method for the treatment of femoral artery pseudoaneurysm.

BACKGROUND: Iatrogenic femoral artery pseudoaneurysm (IFP) incidence is increasing with increase in diagnostic and therapeutic angiography, and so, the less invasive percutaneous thrombin injection (PTI) is the most widely used treatment. Moreover, studies that minimize PTI complications and highlight therapeutic effects are lacking. OBJECTIVES: This study performed in vitro thrombosis modeling of pseudoaneurysms and analyzed thrombosis within and thromboembolism outside the sac during thrombin injection. METHODS: We evaluated PTI in terms of thrombin injection location (at the junction of the IFP sac and neck, the center, and the dome, located farthest from the neck of the sac), thrombin injection time (5 and 8 seconds), and blood flow rate (ranging from 210 mL/min to 300 mL/min). Porcine blood was used as the working fluid in this study. RESULTS: Thrombin injection at the junction of the IFP sac and the pseudoaneurysm neck led to less thrombosis within the sac but substantial thrombi consistently outside the sac, whereas thrombin injected at the sac center mostly led to complete thrombosis within the sac, preventing further blood flow into the sac and reducing likelihood of thrombi outside the sac. A longer thrombin injection time enhanced the therapeutic effect and decreased the possibility of thromboembolism. Thromboembolism occurred more frequently at flow rates of >240 mL/min. CONCLUSION: The thrombin injection site in a pseudoaneurysm significantly influences thrombogenesis within and thromboembolism outside the sac. Thus, slow and deliberate injection of thrombin into the center of the sac could potentially reduce complications and enhance treatment efficacy.

In vitro evaluation of the effect of different bleaching varnishes: Hydrogen peroxide penetration into the pulp chamber and color change.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the penetration of hydrogen peroxide (HP) into the pulp chamber and the color change of different bleaching varnishes in low concentrations used for at-home bleaching. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety healthy premolars were used, randomly distributed into nine groups (n = 10) according to bleaching varnish (PL, PolaLuminate; VS, VivaStyle Paint On Plus; CA, Cavex Bite&White whitening pen and; AW AlignerWhite) and time (10 and 30 min), and a control group (no bleaching). The penetration of HP was evaluated by UV-Vis spectroscopy. To evaluate the color change (ΔEab , ΔE00 , ΔWID ) a digital spectrophotometer was used (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The AW group in 10 min and the control group showed similar and lower HP penetration in the pulp chamber when compared to the other groups (p = 0.003). Increasing the application time to 30 minutes elevated the amount of HP inside the pulp chamber for all groups (p = 0.003), except for PL (p > 0.05). When applied for 30 min all bleaching varnishes showed higher color change (ΔWID ) when compared to 10 min (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: For all bleaching varnishes evaluated, PolaLuminate applied for 30 min showed lower penetration into the pulp chamber and higher bleaching effects. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The use of bleaching varnishes seems promising for teeth bleaching, but it varies according to user product and protocol.

Review on In-vitro Techniques and In-vivo Animals Models for Screening Diabetes and Diabetic Complications.

Diabetes mellitus is a type of metabolic disorders. Various pharmaceutical interventions and animal models have been used to investigate the genetic, environmental, and etiological aspects of diabetes and its effects. In recent years for the development of ant-diabetic remedies, numerous novel genetically modified animals, pharmaceutical substances, medical techniques, viruses, and hormones have been developed to screen diabetic complications. A unique disease-treating drug with new properties is still being sought after. The current review tried to include all published models and cutting-edge techniques. Experimental induction of diabetes mellitus in animal models and in vitro methods are essential for advancing our knowledge, a thorough grasp of pathophysiology, and the creation of novel therapeutics. Animal models and in vitro techniques are necessary to develop innovative diabetic medications. New approaches and additional animal models are required for diabetes research to advance. This is particularly true for models produced via dietary modifications, which have various macronutrient compositions. In this article, we review the rodent models of diet-induced diabetic peripheral neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic nephropathy and critically compare the key characteristics of these micro-vascular complications in humans and the diagnostic criteria with the parameters used in preclinical research using rodent models, taking into consideration the potential need for factors that can accelerate or aggravate these conditions.

Description of a new laboratory evaluation method of interdental brush abrasion as a clinical hazard.

OBJECTIVES: To simulate the abrasive potential of an interdental brush when applied with toothpastes and prophylactic gels/solutions in a novel laboratory brushing simulation set-up. METHODS: A brushing device was customized to treat dentin samples mimicking a simplified interdental space with an interdental brush (ISO 2). The brushing, that is, 7200 strokes for 1 h, was performed with artificial saliva (control), a povidone-iodine solution, and slurries of chlorhexidine and fluoride gels as well as three toothpastes with different RDA values ranging from 29 to 100, respectively. The loss of dentin was profilometrically assessed and compared with ANOVA and Fishers LSD. RESULTS: While artificial saliva as control, the solution and the gel slurries showed no measurable dentin loss, toothpastes resulted in a measurable linear surface damage with respect to the actual intrinsic RDA values and ranged from 12.6 to 26.5 µm (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Any interdental cleaning product should be tailored and carefully instructed. Any over- and misuse should be avoided, which applies especially to the use of interdental brushes in combination with abrasive toothpastes.

Evaluación in vitro de la actividad antifúngica de extractos fluidos de Dichrostachys cinerea L. (marabú) frente a Candida albicans

Introducción: La Dichrostachys cinerea L. (marabú) es una planta que crece en Cuba, de la que se estudian propiedades medicinales. La resistencia de levaduras del género Candida a los antifúngicos sintéticos disponibles en la actualidad es cada vez mayor, por lo que se buscan nuevos compuestos de origen vegetal que puedan ser eficaces en el tratamiento de infecciones causadas por este germen. Objetivo: Evaluar la actividad antifúngica in vitro de Dichrostachys cinerea L. contra una cepa de Candida albicans. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico transversal in vitro para evaluar la actividad antifúngica de extractos fluidos de hojas y de tallos de D. cinerea L mediante el método de macrodilución en caldo y como sustancia de referencia el alcohol. Resultados: A través del proceso se mostró la actividad antifúngica del extracto fluido de tallos de D. cinerea L. al 50 % hasta la dilución 1/32, determinada como la concentración mínima inhibitoria; el extracto fluido de hojas al 30 % no logró inhibir el crecimiento de la cepa de Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Conclusiones: La actividad antifúngica del extracto fluido al 50 % de las hojas de Dichrostachys cinerea L. fue efectiva, no así el preparado farmacéutico al 30 %. Se determinó la concentración mínima inhibitoria del extracto fluido de hojas al 50 % y se demostró que ésta superó a la del alcohol al 50 % en tres diluciones contra la Candida albicans.

Introduction: Dichrostachys cinerea L. (marabou) is a plant that grows in Cuba, medicinal properties of this plant are being studied. The resistance of yeasts of the Candida genus to current available synthetic antifungals is increasingly greater. This is why, new compounds of plant origin are being searched for the effective treatment of infections caused by this germ. Objective: To evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of Dichrostachys cinerea L against a strain of Candida albicans. Methods: An in vitro a cross-sectional analytic observational study was carried out to evaluate the antifungal activity of fluid extracts of D. cinerea L leaves and stems using the broth macro-dilution method and alcohol as the reference substance. Results: Through the process was shown the antifungal activity of the fluid extract of Dichrostachys cinerea L. stems at 50% up to the 1/32 dilution; it was determined as the minimum inhibitory concentration. The leaves fluid extract at 30% failed to inhibit the growth of the Candida albicans ATCC 10231 strain. Conclusions: The antifungal activity of the fluid extract at 50% of the leaves was effective, but not the pharmaceutical preparation at 30%. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the fluid extract of leaves at 50% was determined and it was shown that it exceeded that of alcohol at 50% in three dilutions against Candida albicans.