Assessing the effects of long-term mining exploitation on a lacustrine system from the arid region of the Atacama Desert, Chile.

Over the last century, the Atacama Desert has been exploited due to the mineral resources in this environment. These anthropogenic effects have primarily been linked to the development of the mining industry, the impact of which remains uncertain. Here, we use high-resolution geochemical characterization and magnetic properties analysis from the sedimentary core of Inka Coya Lake, located in the Atacama Desert, to assess the anthropogenic impact in this metallogenic region. The geochemistry and magnetic properties changed with core depth. Elements, such as Cu, Ni, and Zn, increased during the lake's most recent period. Additionally, an increase in mass magnetic susceptibility (χ) and a decrease in magnetic susceptibility depending on the frequency (χfd%) may be attributed to fine iron oxide grains originating from industrial and urban sources. Moreover, indices of pollution classified the sediment of Inka Coya Lake as slightly polluted and strongly polluted with Ni, and Cu, respectively. This could reflect a period of pollution caused by the increase in the production of copper sulfide. These results highlight the possible impact of mining activities in the hyper-arid core of the Atacama Desert, which affects surrounding areas through dispersive processes, even reaching high altitudes, and provides a scientific basis for the prevention of environmental pollution from mining and the protection of the sediment and water source in the Atacama Desert.

A Multidisciplinary Review of the Inka Imperial Resettlement Policy and Implications for Future Investigations.

The rulers of the Inka empire conquered approximately 2 million km2 of the South American Andes in just under 100 years from 1438-1533 CE. Inside the empire, the elite conducted a systematic resettlement of the many Indigenous peoples in the Andes that had been rapidly colonised. The nature of this resettlement phenomenon is recorded within the Spanish colonial ethnohistorical record. Here we have broadly characterised the resettlement policy, despite the often incomplete and conflicting details in the descriptions. We then review research from multiple disciplines that investigate the empirical reality of the Inka resettlement policy, including stable isotope analysis, intentional cranial deformation morphology, ceramic artefact chemical analyses and genetics. Further, we discuss the benefits and limitations of each discipline for investigating the resettlement policy and emphasise their collective value in an interdisciplinary characterisation of the resettlement policy.

Correlação entre a expressão da proteína p16 INK4a e o grau de neoplasia intraepitelial anal: uma revisão sistemática / Correlation between expression of p 16 INK4A protein and degree of anal intraepithelial neoplasia (ain): a systematic review

Objetivo: identificar pela revisão sistemática a expressão da proteína p16INK4a nos diferentes graus de neoplasias intraepiteliaisanais (NIA). Método: revisão sistemática de pesquisa nas bases de dados: PubMed, MedLine Old, MedLine,LILACS, SciELO e Science Direct. Foram excluídos artigos de revisão e que não correlacionavam a expressão dap16INK4a com o grau de NIA. Resultados: foram encontrados 483 artigos, dos quais 223 na PubMed, 151 na Medline,34 na Medline Old, 3 no Lilacs e 72 na Science Direct. Apenas cinco artigos foram selecionados baseados no critériode inclusão e exclusão. Conclusão: a proteína p16INK4a utilizada como marcador mostra-se eficaz para o diagnóstico deNIA, principalmente em lesões anais de alto grau.

Objective: to identify through a systematic review the expression of p16INK4a protein in different degrees of analintraepithelial neoplasia (AIN). Method: the review was realized through research on databases PubMed, MedLineOld, MedLine, LILACS, SciELO e Science Direct. Review articles and the ones without correlation between theexpression the p16INK4a with the level of AIN were excluded. Results: it were found 483 articles, which 223 inPubMed, 151 in Medline, 34 in Medline Old, 3 in Lilacs and 72 in Science Direct. Only five articles were selectedbased on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Conclusion: the p16INK4a protein used as a marker has shown to be effectivefor diagnostic of AIN, mainly in high-grade anal lesions.