Diversity and genetic structure analysis of three Amazonian Amerindian populations from Colombia / Análisis de la diversidad y la estructura genética de tres poblaciones indígenas amazónicas colombianas

Introduction: In the departments of the Vaupés and Guaviare, in southeastern Colombia, in a transitional area between Amazonia and the eastern plains, inhabit indigenous groups belonging to the Tukanoan (East) and Guahiban linguistic families. Although some studies have dealt with the culture and the cosmology description of these groups, little research has been done on the biological diversity and genetic relationships of such groups.Objective: To estimate the diversity, the structure, and the genetic relationships of one Guahiban and two Tukanoan groups of the Colombian Amazonian region.Methods: Samples were collected (n = 106) from unrelated individuals belonging to the Vaupés native indigenous communities. The DNA was extracted and nine autosomal microsatellites were typed. Several measures of diversity, FST, pairwise FST, and population differentiation between groups were calculated. Finally, it was estimated the genetic distances of the groups studied in relation with other Amazonian, Andean and Central American indigenous people.Results: 1. The genetic diversity found stands within the range of other Amazonian populations, whereas compared to the mestizo and afro-descendant Colombian populations, such diversity showed to be lower. 2. The structure and population differentiation tests showed two clusters; one consisting of the Vaupés Tukanoan and Guaviare Tukanoan groups, and a second one formed by the Guayabero. 3. Tukanoan groups are found to be closer related to the Brazilian Amazonian populations than to the Guayabero.Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the Guayabero group from Guaviare, are genetically differentiated from those Tukanoan groups of the Vaupés and Guaviare

Diversity and genetic structure analysis of three Amazonian Amerindian populations of Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: In the departments of the Vaupés and Guaviare, in southeastern Colombia, in a transitional area between Amazonia and the eastern plains, inhabit indigenous groups belonging to the Tukanoan (East) and Guahiban linguistic families. Although some studies have dealt with the culture and the cosmology description of these groups, little research has been done on the biological diversity and genetic relationships of such groups. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the diversity, the structure, and the genetic relationships of one Guahiban and two Tukanoan groups of the Colombian Amazonian region. METHODS: Samples were collected (n = 106) from unrelated individuals belonging to the Vaupés native indigenous communities. The DNA was extracted and nine autosomal microsatellites were typed. Several measures of diversity, FST, pairwise FST, and population differentiation between groups were calculated. Finally, it was estimated the genetic distances of the groups studied in relation with other Amazonian, Andean and Central American indigenous people. RESULTS: 1. The genetic diversity found stands within the range of other Amazonian populations, whereas compared to the mestizo and afro-descendant Colombian populations, such diversity showed to be lower. 2. The structure and population differentiation tests showed two clusters; one consisting of the Vaupés Tukanoan and Guaviare Tukanoan groups, and a second one formed by the Guayabero. 3. Tukanoan groups are found to be closer related to the Brazilian Amazonian populations than to the Guayabero. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the Guayabero group from Guaviare, are genetically differentiated from those Tukanoan groups of the Vaupés and Guaviare.

INTRODUCCIÓN: En los departamentos del Vaupés y el Guaviare, al Suroriente de Colombia, en un área transicional entre la Amazonía y los Llanos Orientales, habitan pueblos indígenas de las familias lingüísticas Tucano (Oriental) y Guahibo. Se han hecho estudios sobre la cultura y la cosmología de dichos grupos, pero poco se ha investigado sobre su diversidad biológica y sus relaciones genéticas. OBJETIVO: Estimar la diversidad, la estructura y las relaciones genéticas de dos poblaciones Tucano Oriental y un grupo Guayabero (Guahibo) de la Amazonía colombiana. METODOS: Se recolectaron muestras de 106 individuos no emparentados, pertenecientes a comunidades indígenas del Vaupés y el Guaviare. Se tipificaron nueve microsatélites autosómicos. Se estimó la heterocigosidad, la diversidad génica, FST y FST pareados entre grupos. Se realizó una prueba de estructura espacial y se construyó un árbol de distancias genéticas con otras poblaciones indígenas amazónicas, Andinas y centroamericanas. RESULTADOS: La diversidad genética se encuentra en el rango estándar de otras poblaciones amazónicas, pero es más baja que en población mestiza y afrodescendiente de Colombia. Los Tucano Oriental del Vaupés y el Guaviare conforman una unidad genética que se diferencia significativamente de los Guayaberos. Los grupos Tucano están más cerca genéticamente de las poblaciones amazónicas brasileras que de los Guayabero. CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que los Guayaberos en el Guaviare, están diferenciados genéticamente de los grupos Tucano del Vaupés y de los Tucano del Refugio en el Guaviare.

Dinâmica demográfica dos Kamaiurá, povo Tupi do Parque Indígena do Xingu, Mato Grosso, Brasil, 1970-1999 / Dinámica demográfica de los Kamaiurá, pueblo Tupí del Parque Indígena del Xingu, Mato Grosso, Brasil, 1970-1999 / Demographic dynamics of the Kamaiurá, a Tupi people living in the Xingu Indigenous Park, in Mato Grosso, Brazil, 1970-1999

Este trabalho analisa a dinâmica demográfica dos Kamaiurá, povo do tronco lingüístico Tupi, que, juntamente com outros nove povos das línguas Aruak, Karib, Tupi e Trumai, habitam o Parque Indígena do Xingu (PIX), ao norte do Mato Grosso. As fontes de dados são as fichas médicas e os livros de registro de eventos vitais do arquivo do Programa de Saúde da Universidade Federal de São Paulo no PIX, alimentado regularmente desde 1965. As medidas demográficas estimadas são: composição por idade e sexo; taxas brutas de natalidade; taxas de fecundidade total; taxas de mortalidade geral e taxas de mortalidade específicas por idade e sexo; mortalidade proporcional por sexo e idade; e taxas de mortalidade infantil. O estudo mostra que os Kamaiurá estão vivenciando um processo de recuperação populacional, com crescimento de 3,1 por cento ao ano, entre 1970 e 1999. Altos níveis de fecundidade contribuíram para a expansão das novas gerações Kamaiurá, garantindo a sobrevivência física do grupo. Níveis de mortalidade relativamente baixos e estáveis resultaram da melhoria das condições de saúde, o que propicia aumento da sobrevivência de crianças, jovens, adultos e idosos, assegurando maior longevidade à população e manutenção de sua organização social.

Este trabajo analiza la dinámica demográfica de los Kamaiurá, pueblo del tronco lingüístico Tupí, que, junto con otros nueve pueblos de las lenguas Aruak, Karib, Tupí y Trumai, habitan el Parque Indígena del Xingu (PIX), al norte del Mato Grosso. Las fuentes de datos son las fichas médicas y los libros de registro de eventos vitales del archivo del Programa de Salud de la Universidad Federal de San Pablo en el PIX, alimentado regularmente desde 1965. Las medidas demográficas estimadas son: composición por edad y sexo; tasas brutas de natalidad; tasas de fecundidad total; tasas de mortalidad general y tasas de mortalidad específicas por edad y sexo; mortalidad proporcional por sexo y edad; y tasas de mortalidad infantil. El estudio muestra que los Kamaiurá están experimentando un proceso de recuperación poblacional, con un crecimiento del 3,1 por ciento al año, entre 1970 y 1999. Altos niveles de fecundidad contribuyeron con la expansión de las nuevas generaciones Kamaiurá, garantizando la sobrevivencia física del grupo. Niveles de mortalidad relativamente bajos y estables resultaron de la mejoría de las condiciones de salud, lo que propicia un aumento de la sobrevivencia de los niños, jóvenes, adultos y ancianos, asegurando una mayor longevidad a la población y mantenimiento de su organización social.

This article analyzes the demographic dynamics of the Kamaiurá, a people of the Tupi linguistic group, which, together with nine other peoples of the Aruak, Karib, Tupi and Trumai languages, inhabit the Xingu Indigenous Parque, in the northern part of the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The sources of data are medical records and vital statistics from the health program of the Federal University of São Paulo at Xingu Park, reported regularly since 1965. The demographic measurements included are: composition by age and sex, gross fertility rates, total fecundity rates, general death rate, and specific death rate by age and sex, proportional mortality by age and sex, and child mortality rates. The study shows that the Kamaiurá have been in a process of demographic recovery, showing a growth rate of 3.1 percent per year between 1970 and 1999. High levels of fecundity have contributed to the expansion of new generations of Kamaiurá, guaranteeing the group's physical survival. Relatively low and stable death rates have resulted from improved health conditions, which foster better survival of children, adolescents, adults and the elderly, assuring greater longevity for the population and maintenance of its social organization.