Percepções e ações da equipe multiprofissional em saúde sobre a medicina tradicional indígena / Perceptions and actions of the multi-professional health team on traditional indigenous medicine / Percepciones y acciones del equipo multidisciplinario de salud sobre la medicina tradicional indígena

Objetivo: compreender as percepções e as ações de uma equipe multiprofissional em saúde quanto à prática da medicina tradicional indígena em uma Casa de Atenção à Saúde Indígena. Método: estudo qualitativo descritivo, realizado em uma de Casa de Apoio à Saúde Indígena em um município do Pará, que incluiu oito profissionais de uma equipe multiprofissional. A coleta de dados foi realizada no ano de 2018 e estes foram examinados pelo método da análise de conteúdo. Resultados: inserção e prática do cristianismo; ritos e lideranças xamânicas; e postura da equipe de multidisciplinar foram as categorias elencadas, que apontam os entendimentos e atuações da equipe multiprofissional e da organização espacial da Casa de Saúde do município. Considerações finais: há novos costumes e valores entre as etnias, em virtude da aproximação de grupos religiosos, cujas ações foram registradas e apreendidas pela equipe de trabalhadores em saúde.

Objective: understanding the perceptions and actions of a multi-professional health team regarding the practice of traditional indigenous medicine in an Indigenous Health Care Center. Method: this is a descriptive qualitative study carried out in an Indigenous Health Support Center in a municipality in the state of Pará, which included eight professionals from a multi-professional team. Data was collected in 2018 and examined using the content analysis method. Results: insertion and practice of Christianity; shamanic rites and leadership; and the attitude of the multidisciplinary team were the categories listed, which point to the understandings and actions of the multi-professional team and the spatial organization of the Health Center in the municipality. Final considerations: there are new customs and values among ethnic groups, due to the approach of religious groups, whose actions were recorded and apprehended by the team of health workers.

Objetivo: comprender las percepciones y acciones de un equipo multidisciplinario de salud sobre la práctica de la medicina tradicional indígena en una Casa de Atención para la Salud Indígena. Método: estudio descriptivo cualitativo, realizado en una Casa de Apoyo a la Salud Indígena de un municipio de Pará, que incluyó ocho profesionales de un equipo multidisciplinario. La recolección de datos se realizó en 2018 y los datos fueron sometidos al método de análisis de contenido. Resultados: inserción y práctica del cristianismo; ritos y líderes chamánicos; y actitud del equipo multidisciplinario fueron las categorías enumeradas, que indican la percepción y las acciones del equipo multidisciplinario y la organización espacial de la Casa de Salud del municipio. Consideraciones finales: existen nuevas costumbres y valores entre las etnias, debido a la presencia de grupos religiosos, el equipo de los trabajadores de la salud registró y aprendió las acciones de los indígenas.

Comparative analysis of COVID-19 diagnoses and mortality among hospitalized indigenous and non-indigenous populations in Chile: 2020-2021.

BACKGROUND: Current literature presents mixed effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on Indigenous communities. We aim to highlight potential disparities and temporal shifts in both the impact of COVID-19 and vaccine uptake among hospitalized Indigenous populations in Chile. METHODS: We conducted an observational analysis utilizing 1,598,492 hospitalization records from 2020 to 2021 based on publicly accessible hospital discharge data spanning 65 healthcare facilities of medium and high complexity funded through the Diagnosis-Related Groups (DRG) mechanism in Chile, representing roughly 70% of the country's total hospitalizations. This was supplemented with publicly available municipal data on COVID-19 vaccinations and socio-demographic variables. We performed logistic regression analysis at 0.05 level of significance to assess the bivariate and multivariable association of Indigenous status with COVID-19 diagnosis and COVID-19 deaths among hospitalized populations. We also performed univariate and multiple linear regression to assess the association of COVID-19 vaccination rate and Indigenous status at the municipality level. In addition, we report the distribution of top 10 secondary diagnoses among hospitalized COVID-19 cases and deaths separately for Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations. RESULTS: Indigenous populations displayed lower adjusted odds for both COVID-19 diagnosis (OR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.74, 0.77) and death (OR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.85, 0.97) when compared to non-Indigenous groups. Notably, the adjusted odds ratio for COVID-19 diagnosis in Indigenous populations rose from 0.59 (95% CI: 0.57, 0.61) in 2020 to 1.17 (95% CI: 1.13, 1.21) in 2021. Factors such as the significantly higher median age and greater number of comorbidities in the non-Indigenous hospitalized groups could account for their increased odds of COVID-19 diagnosis and mortality. Additionally, our data indicates a significantly negative adjusted association between COVID-19 vaccination rates and the proportion of Indigenous individuals. CONCLUSION: Although Indigenous populations initially showed lower odds of COVID-19 diagnosis and mortality, a marked rise in diagnosis odds among these groups in 2021 underscores the urgency of targeted interventions. The observed negative association between the proportion of Indigenous populations and vaccination rates further underscores the necessity to tackle vaccine access barriers and work towards equitable distribution.

Factors associated with hepatitis B virus infection in indigenous communities of Colombia / Factores asociados con la infección por el virus de la hepatitis B en comunidades indígenas de Colombia.

Introduction. Colombia is home to 2 million indigenous people who live in conditions of poverty and with health deficiencies, making them vulnerable to contracting hepatitis B (HBV). Amazonas has a high virus prevalence, and there are barriers to accessing vaccination; thus, part of the population is susceptible to infection. Objective. To identify factors associated with HBV in Colombian indigenous people. Materials and Methods. A case-control study of people over 18 years from four departments of Colombia. Cases were identified through the national hepatitis B notification registry (2015-2022). Controls were selected and matched to cases (2:1) by age, sex, ethnicity, and department. Sociodemographic characteristics, factors associated with contact with body fluids, cultural practices, and vaccination history were identified by means of a survey. The ethics committee of the Universidad de Antioquia approved the project. Results. Seventy five cases and 150 controls from 13 ethnic groups were surveyed. Amazonas contributed 49% of participants, 83% were women, and the median age of cases was 30 years (IQ range: 27-37). The associated factors were a family history of hepatitis B [adjusted OR: 2.61 (95% CI: 1.09-6.27)] and, in women, the number of pregnancies [adjusted OR: 1.61 (95% CI 1.02- 2.54)]. The vaccination history showed a protective effect, but the association was not significant. Conclusion. Aspects associated with family life and unprotected sexual relations seem to be responsible for the potential transmission of the virus. It was not possible to identify associated cultural practices. Innovative and differential strategies are required for indigenous people to achieve a reduction of HBV.

Introducción. Colombia alberga dos millones de indígenas, que viven en condiciones de pobreza y tienen deficiencias en salud, por lo cual están expuestos a contraer infecciones virales como la hepatitis B. El departamento del Amazonas presenta una gran prevalencia del virus y barreras para acceder a la vacunación; por esto, parte de la población es propensa a la infección. Objetivo. Identificar factores asociados con la infección por el virus de la hepatitis B en indígenas colombianos. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de casos y controles en mayores de 18 años de cuatro departamentos del país. Los casos se identificaron mediante el registro nacional de notificación de hepatitis B (2015-2022). Los controles seleccionados de manera concurrente fueron pareados con los casos por edad, sexo, etnia y departamento. En una encuesta se consignaron las características sociodemográficas, los factores asociados con el contacto con sangre y fluidos, las prácticas socioculturales y los antecedentes de vacunación. El proyecto fue aprobado por Comité de Ética de la Universidad de Antioquia. Resultados. Participaron 75 casos y 150 controles de 13 grupos étnicos. El departamento del Amazonas aportó el 49 % de los participantes (83 % mujeres) con una mediana de edad de 30 años (RIC = 27-37). Los factores asociados con una mayor probabilidad de contraer la infección fueron el antecedente de algún familiar infectado con el virus de la hepatitis B (OR ajustado = 2,61) (IC95%: 1,09-6,27) y número de embarazos en mujeres, (OR ajustado = 1,61) (IC95%: 1,02-2,54). La vacunación mostró un efecto protector sin asociación significativa. Conclusión. Los aspectos asociados con la convivencia familiar y el número de embarazos contribuyen a una potencial transmisión vertical y horizontal del virus. No se identificaron prácticas culturales asociadas. Se requieren estrategias novedosas y diferenciales para reducir la transmisión del virus de la hepatitis B en poblaciones indígenas.

Factores asociados con la infección por el virus de la hepatitis B en comunidades indígenas de Colombia / Factors associated with hepatitis B virus infection in indigenous communities of Colombia

Resumen Introducción. Colombia alberga dos millones de indígenas, que viven en condiciones de pobreza y tienen deficiencias en salud, por lo cual están expuestos a contraer infecciones virales como la hepatitis B. El departamento del Amazonas presenta una gran prevalencia del virus y barreras para acceder a la vacunación; por esto, parte de la población es propensa a la infección. Objetivo. Identificar factores asociados con la infección por el virus de la hepatitis B en indígenas colombianos. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de casos y controles en mayores de 18 años de cuatro departamentos del país. Los casos se identificaron mediante el registro nacional de notificación de hepatitis B (2015-2022). Los controles seleccionados de manera concurrente fueron pareados con los casos por edad, sexo, etnia y departamento. En una encuesta se consignaron las características sociodemográficas, los factores asociados con el contacto con sangre y fluidos, las prácticas socioculturales y los antecedentes de vacunación. El proyecto fue aprobado por Comité de Ética de la Universidad de Antioquia. Resultados. Participaron 75 casos y 150 controles de 13 grupos étnicos. El departamento del Amazonas aportó el 49 % de los participantes (83 % mujeres) con una mediana de edad de 30 años (RIC = 27-37). Los factores asociados con una mayor probabilidad de contraer la infección fueron el antecedente de algún familiar infectado con el virus de la hepatitis B (OR ajustado = 2,61) (IC95%: 1,09-6,27) y número de embarazos en mujeres, (OR ajustado = 1,61) (IC95%: 1,02-2,54). La vacunación mostró un efecto protector sin asociación significativa. Conclusión. Los aspectos asociados con la convivencia familiar y el número de embarazos contribuyen a una potencial transmisión vertical y horizontal del virus. No se identificaron prácticas culturales asociadas. Se requieren estrategias novedosas y diferenciales para reducir la transmisión del virus de la hepatitis B en poblaciones indígenas.

Abstract Introduction. Colombia is home to 2 million indigenous people who live in conditions of poverty and with health deficiencies, making them vulnerable to contracting hepatitis B (HBV). Amazonas has a high virus prevalence, and there are barriers to accessing vaccination; thus, part of the population is susceptible to infection. Objective. To identify factors associated with HBV in Colombian indigenous people. Materials and Methods. A case-control study of people over 18 years from four departments of Colombia. Cases were identified through the national hepatitis B notification registry (2015-2022). Controls were selected and matched to cases (2:1) by age, sex, ethnicity, and department. Sociodemographic characteristics, factors associated with contact with body fluids, cultural practices, and vaccination history were identified by means of a survey. The ethics committee of the Universidad de Antioquia approved the project. Results. Seventy five cases and 150 controls from 13 ethnic groups were surveyed. Amazonas contributed 49% of participants, 83% were women, and the median age of cases was 30 years (IQ range: 27-37). The associated factors were a family history of hepatitis B [adjusted OR: 2.61 (95% CI: 1.09-6.27)] and, in women, the number of pregnancies [adjusted OR: 1.61 (95% CI 1.02- 2.54)]. The vaccination history showed a protective effect, but the association was not significant. Conclusion. Aspects associated with family life and unprotected sexual relations seem to be responsible for the potential transmission of the virus. It was not possible to identify associated cultural practices. Innovative and differential strategies are required for indigenous people to achieve a reduction of HBV.

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Malaria Transmission in the Autonomous Indigenous Regions of Panama, Central America, 2015-2022.

Despite ongoing efforts for elimination, malaria continues to be a major public health problem in the Republic of Panama. For effective elimination, it is key that malaria foci and areas of high transmission are identified in a timely manner. Here, we study malaria transmission records for the 2015-2022 period, a time when cases have increased by a factor of ten. Using several methods to study spatial and spatiotemporal malaria confirmed case clusters at the level of localities, including LISA and scan, we found that cases are clustered across indigenous villages located within the autonomous indigenous regions of Ngäbe-Buglé, Guna Yala, and Embera, with the latter on the eastern border of Panama (with Colombia). We discuss the different factors that might be shaping the marked increase in malaria transmission associated with these clusters, which include an inflow of malaria-exposed migrating populations hoping to reach the USA, insufficient health services, and the lack of culturally sensitive actionable tools to reduce malaria exposure among the ethnically diverse and impoverished indigenous populations of Panama.

Capacity of community health centers to treat snakebite envenoming in indigenous territories of the Brazilian Amazon.

INTRODUCTION: The deaths from and morbidities associated with snakebites - amputations, loss of function in the limb, visible scarring or tissue damage - have a vast economic, social, and psychological impact on indigenous communities in the Brazilian Amazon, especially children, and represent a real and pressing health crisis in this population. Snakebite clinical and research experts have therefore proposed expanding antivenom access from only hospitals to include the community health centers (CHC) located near and within indigenous communities. However, there are no studies examining the capacity of CHCs to store, administer, and manage antivenom treatment. In response to this gap, the research team calling for antivenom decentralization developed and validated an expert-based checklist outlining the minimum requirements for a CHC to provide antivenom. METHODS: The objective of this study was thus to survey a sample of CHCs in indigenous territories and evaluate their capacity to provide antivenom treatment according to this accredited checklist. The checklist was administered to nurses and doctors from 16 CHCs, two per indigenous district in Amazonas/Roraima states. RESULTS: Our results can be conceptualized into three central findings: 1) most CHCs have the capacity to provide antivenom treatment, 2) challenges to capacity are human resources and specialized items, and 3) antivenom decentralization is feasible and appropriate in indigenous communities. CONCLUSION: Decentralization would provide culturally and contextually appropriate care accessibility to a historically marginalized and underserved population of the Brazilian Amazon. Future studies should examine optimal resource allocation in indigenous territories and develop an implementation strategy in partnership with indigenous leaders. Beyond the indigenous population, the checklist utilized could be applied to community health centers treating the general population and/or adapted to other low-resource settings.

Distributive justice and equity in resource allocation: a temporal analysis of hospitalization costs in indigenous populations in Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: In Brazil, a country of continental dimensions, the health needs of each region have an impact. In this context and the name of the principle of equity, the SUS organizes actions especially aimed at social groups such as the elderly, children, pregnant women, and indigenous peoples. The concept of justice proposed by John Rawls is one of equity, which is essential to this country. METHODS: This is an ecological, descriptive study, which analyzed hospital spending on cardiovascular diseases in the Unified Health System (SUS) among the indigenous elderly population and other ethnicities/colors in Brazil, between 2010 and 2019. RESULTS: Hospitalization costs and fatality rates for indigenous populations and other colors/ethnicities, between 2010 and 2019, were evaluated. A reduction in hospitalization costs for the indigenous population and an increase in other populations was observed throughout the historical series, while there was an increase in fatality rates for both groups. A comparison was made between hospitalization costs and the fatality rates of indigenous populations and other colors/ethnicities according to sex, between 2010 and 2019. It was observed that regardless of sex, there are significant differences (p<0.05) between hospitalization costs and fatality rates, with higher costs for patients of other colors/ethnicities and higher fatality rates for the indigenous population. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalization costs due to cardiovascular diseases in elderly people from indigenous populations were lower compared to other ethnicities in most federative units, which may suggest an unequal allocation of resources or access for this indigenous population to the SUS. Although there is no strong correlation between spending on hospital admissions and fatality rates, it was found that these rates increased between 2010 and 2019, while spending was reduced.

Prevalence and Spatial Autocorrelation of Tuberculosis in Indigenous People in Brazil, 2002-2022.

Tuberculosis (TB) among indigenous populations in Brazil poses a multifaceted public health challenge influenced by geographical, social, institutional, economic, and cultural factors. This study scrutinized the prevalence and spatial distribution of TB among Brazilian indigenous communities from 2002 to 2022. Employing a cross-sectional and descriptive approach, we analyzed data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) and conducted spatial autocorrelation tests to identify clusters and outliers. The findings uncovered substantial disparities in TB prevalence between the North and Central-West regions, in contrast to the South and Southeast, mirroring social, economic, and cultural inequalities in Brazil. It is concluded that public health strategies should not only consider the epidemiological aspects of TB but also encompass social and environmental determinants, notably the impact of climate change. Holistic and context-sensitive approaches are imperative for addressing TB within indigenous communities, underscoring the need for adaptive and culturally sensitive interventions in the public health landscape.

Capacity of community health centers to treat snakebite envenoming in indigenous territories of the Brazilian Amazon

Introduction The deaths from and morbidities associated with snakebites - amputations, loss of function in the limb, visible scarring or tissue damage - have a vast economic, social, and psychological impact on indigenous communities in the Brazilian Amazon, especially children, and represent a real and pressing health crisis in this population. Snakebite clinical and research experts have therefore proposed expanding antivenom access from only hospitals to include the community health centers (CHC) located near and within indigenous communities. However, there are no studies examining the capacity of CHCs to store, administer, and manage antivenom treatment. In response to this gap, the research team calling for antivenom decentralization developed and validated an expert-based checklist outlining the minimum requirements for a CHC to provide antivenom. Methods The objective of this study was thus to survey a sample of CHCs in indigenous territories and evaluate their capacity to provide antivenom treatment according to this accredited checklist. The checklist was administered to nurses and doctors from 16 CHCs, two per indigenous district in Amazonas/Roraima states. Results Our results can be conceptualized into three central findings: 1) most CHCs have the capacity to provide antivenom treatment, 2) challenges to capacity are human resources and specialized items, and 3) antivenom decentralization is feasible and appropriate in indigenous communities. Conclusion Decentralization would provide culturally and contextually appropriate care accessibility to a historically marginalized and underserved population of the Brazilian Amazon. Future studies should examine optimal resource allocation in indigenous territories and develop an implementation strategy in partnership with indigenous leaders. Beyond the indigenous population, the checklist utilized could be applied to community health centers treating the general population and/or adapted to other low-resource settings.

La hegemonía del modelo biomédico desde las representaciones del personal de salud en el contexto de un modelo de atención en salud con enfoque intercultural en Chugchilán, Ecuador / The Hegemony of the Biomedical Model from the representations of health care worker in the context of a health care model with an intercultural approach in Chugchilán, Ecuador

Resumen Este artículo pretende conocer cómo se pone en práctica el enfoque intercultural en el contexto del Modelo de Atención Integral de Salud con enfoque Familiar, Comunitario e Intercultural en Chugchilán (Ecuador), mediante los conocimientos, percepciones y prácticas que aplica el equipo de salud en la atención materno-infantil. Estudio etnográfico, en que participaron 21 profesionales sanitarios entre profesionales indígenas -técnicos de atención primaria de salud- y no indígenas del Centro de Salud. Las técnicas llevadas a cabo fueron observación participante y entrevistas en profundidad. Los datos generados se analizaron mediante análisis del contenido temático. El análisis de los datos evidenció que la hegemonía del modelo biomédico operante podría constituir una limitación en el desarrollo del enfoque intercultural, sin embargo, el personal de salud indígena, desde su rol ambiguo y contrario al modelo biomédico, emerge como un elemento contrahegemónico y articulador real entre los saberes biomédicos e indígenas en contextos interculturales de atención-autoatención.

Abstract This article aims to discover the intercultural practical approach in the context of the Comprehensive Healthcare Model within family, community, and interculturality in Chugchilán, Ecuador, via the recognition of knowledge, perceptions, and practices applied by the health team in maternal and child care. In this ethnographic study 21 health professionals, both Indigenous and non-indigenous from Chugchilán Health Center have participated, among the Indigenous health care workers were the primary health care technicians. The techniques applied were participant observation and in-depth interviews. The observed scenarios were the Health Center and excursion with community to record their daily life experiences. The generated data were examined using thematic content analysis. It showed that the operating biomedical hegemonic model could constitute one of the main limitations in the development of the intercultural approach. Even though Indigenous healthcare team holds an ambiguous and sometimes contrary role to the biomedical model, it has emerged as a counter-hegemonic element and real conciliator between biomedical and indigenous knowledge in intercultural contexts of care-self-care.

Representatividade indígena no ensino superior: promoção de saúde e sustentabilidade além dos territórios / Indigenous representation in higher education: promoting health and sustainability beyond territories

RESUMO O acesso dos povos indígenas às universidades brasileiras teve um histórico excludente. Com o objetivo de analisar implicações e desdobramentos de suas presenças nesses espaços, uma universidade federal foi objeto deste estudo de intervenção por seu pioneirismo. Estudantes indígenas, docentes e gestores expuseram, em grupos focais e entrevistas, 'não ditos' do ensino superior indígena. Verificouse como seus movimentos contemporâneos saem dos territórios e chegam ao setor, dialogando com as propostas da promoção da saúde, sustentabilidade e Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Avanços, dificuldades, contradições e contribuições culturais revelam a importância destes e favorecem questões mais amplas, oferecendo novos olhares a processos desenvolvidos.

ABSTRACT Indigenous peoples' access to Brazilian universities has had an exclusionary history. With the aim of analyzing implications and consequences of their presence in these spaces, a federal university was the object of this intervention study due to its pioneering spirit. Indigenous students, teachers, and managers exposed, in focus groups and interviews, 'unsaid' aspects of indigenous higher education. It was verified how their contemporary movements leave the territories and reach the sector, dialoguing with the proposals for health promotion, sustainability, and Sustainable Development Goals. Advances, difficulties, contradictions, and cultural contributions reveal their importance and favor broader issues, offering new perspectives on the processes developed.

Concepções da saúde sexual e reprodutiva entre mulheres curipacas em situação de mobilidade humana / Conceptions of sexual and reproductive health in Kurripaco women in conditions of human mobility / Concepciones de la salud sexual y reproductiva en mujeres kurripacos en condición de movilidad humana

Resumo A migração dos povos indígenas apresenta tensões entre as tradições ancestrais e a visão ocidental com implicações para a saúde pública, especialmente a saúde sexual e reprodutiva. Este texto teve como objetivo analisar as concepções de saúde sexual e reprodutiva de mulheres indígenas curipacas de uma reserva indígena no departamento de Guainía (Colômbia). Trata-se de um estudo de caso, com uma amostra de 40 mulheres indígenas curipacas, residentes na reserva Paujil, em Guainía, provenientes de diferentes comunidades. Foram aplicadas entrevistas semiestruturadas elaboradas com membros da mesma comunidade e traduzidas para a língua curipaca. Três categorias resultaram da análise: impacto da mobilidade de mulheres indígenas; autonomia relativa como estrutura da sexualidade; e concepções da abordagem ocidental da saúde sexual e reprodutiva. Esta última categoria identificou que as participantes não têm conhecimento sobre a saúde sexual e reprodutiva desde o ponto de vista ocidental e vislumbram suas próprias formas de compreender a saúde-doença como parte integrante de todas as dimensões da vida/morte. A inter-relação entre as tradições ancestrais dos povos indígenas e a visão ocidental sobre a saúde requer uma abordagem intercultural de profissionais, serviços e do sistema de saúde para que reconheça a autonomia pessoal e relacional desses povos.

Abstract The migration of indigenous peoples presents tensions between ancestral traditions and the western vision, with implications for public health, particularly sexual and reproductive health. To analyze the conceptions of sexual and reproductive health of Kurripaco indigenous women from a reservation in the department of Guainía. Case study in a sample of 40 Kurripaco indigenous women, residents of the Paujil reservation, Guainía, Colombia, from different communities. Semi-structured interviews built with members of the same community and translated into the native language will be applied. Three categories emerged from the analysis: impact of mobility on indigenous women; Relative autonomy as frameworks of sexuality and conceptions against the Western approach to sexual and reproductive health. In this last category, it is found that the aspects of sexual and reproductive health as a Western construct are unknown by the participants, but instead they glimpse their own ways of understanding health-disease as an integrated part of all dimensions of life/death. The interrelationship between the ancestral traditions of native peoples and the western approach to health requires professionals, services, and the system to adopt an intercultural approach that recognizes relative personal and relational autonomy.

Resumen La migración de pueblos indígenas presenta tensiones entre las tradiciones ancestrales y la visión occidental, con implicaciones para la salud pública, particularmente en salud sexual y reproductiva. Este texto tuvo por objetivo analizar las concepciones sobre salud sexual y reproductiva de mujeres indígenas kurripacos de un resguardo del departamento de Guainía (Colombia). Se trata de un estudio de casos en una muestra de 40 mujeres indígenas kurripacos, residentes en el resguardo Paujil, en Guainía, procedentes de distintas comunidades. Se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas construidas con miembros de la misma comunidad y traducidas a lengua nativa. Tres categorías emergieron del análisis: Impacto de la movilidad en las mujeres indígenas; autonomía relativa como marcos de la sexualidad; y concepciones frente al abordaje occidental de la salud sexual y reproductiva. Esta última categoría identificó que los aspectos de la salud sexual y reproductiva como constructo occidental son desconocidos por las participantes, quienes vislumbran formas propias de comprender la salud-enfermedad como parte integrada a todas las dimensiones de la vida/muerte. La interrelación entre las tradiciones ancestrales de los pueblos originarios y el abordaje occidental de la salud exige a profesionales, servicios y sistema un enfoque intercultural que reconozca la autonomía relativa personal y relacional.

Saúde mental indígena em território de conflitos: o caso da comunidade Tupinambá da Serra do Padeiro no sul da Bahia / Indigenous mental health in conflict territory: the case of the Tupinambá community of Serra do Padeiro in southern Bahia

Resumo Este artigo apresenta uma perspectiva da saúde mental a partir do estudo dos efeitos dos conflitos pela terra e da organização comunitária na aldeia Tupinambá da Serra do Padeiro, no sul da Bahia. A luta pela terra com a retomada do território destaca-se enquanto força produtora de saúde, com potência de suplantar as agruras vividas em um contexto de ameaças, violências e traumas. Para isso, diferentes saberes, práticas e atores, indígenas e não indígenas, são continuamente articulados. Os modos de organização da comunidade se inserem como elemento-chave para prevenção e recuperação da saúde mental, evitando agravos nos conflitos territoriais e promovendo condições para reabilitação e inserção social. A espiritualidade, o trabalho, a cultura, a coletividade e o diálogo interétnico são aspectos centrais de proteção e promoção da saúde mental.

Abstract This study offers a mental health perspective based on the study of the effects of conflicts over land and community organization at Aldeia Tupinambá in Serra do Padeiro in southern Bahia. The struggle for land with the repossession of the territory stands out as a force that produces health with the power to overcome the hardships experienced in a context of threats, violence, and trauma. For this, Indigenous and non-Indigenous knowledges, practices, and actors are continuously articulated. The community's ways of organizing itself are inserted as a key-element to prevent and recover mental health, avoid injuries in territorial conflicts, and promote conditions for rehabilitation and social insertion. Spirituality, work, culture, community and interethnic dialogue are central aspects of protecting and promoting mental health.

Panorama dos recursos humanos da saúde em terras indígenas da Amazônia Legal / Panorama of health human resources in indigenous lands in the Legal Amazon

As especificidades do subsistema de saúde indígena, em particular na Amazônia Legal, trazem desafios para o planejamento do provimento de profissionais de saúde para atuar nos territórios indígenas, pois ainda não existem normas e parâmetros que indiquem qual a proporção é adequada para áreas indígenas. O presente artigo traz um inédito panorama da situação atual dos recursos humanos que atuam junto aos Distritos Sanitários Especiais Indígena (DSEIs) da Amazônia Legal. Os dados foram obtidos por meio do banco de dados registrados no Sistema de Gerenciamento de Recursos Humanos da Secretaria Especial de Saúde Indígena (SESAI). Foi realizada uma análise descritiva dos recursos humanos e infraestrutura dos serviços de atenção primária à saúde indígena. Verificou-se que não há uma padronização no dimensionamento da força de trabalho que atua na saúde indígena. Não foi possível identificar se tais variações estão relacionadas à falta de um padrão no dimensionamento de profissionais, ou se refletem a dificuldade de fixação de profissionais na saúde indígena, ou até mesmo se são adequações locais ao perfil do território. A dificuldade de fixação de profissionais na saúde indígena é multifatorial, se associada à falta de dimensionamento da força de trabalho pode gerar vazios assistenciais.

The specificities of the indigenous health subsystem, particularly in the Legal Amazon, bring challenges to planning the provision of health professionals to work in indigenous territories, as there are still no standards and parameters that indicate what proportion is appropriate for indigenous areas. This article provides an unprecedented overview of the current situation of human resources working with Special Indigenous Health Districts (DSEIs) in the Legal Amazon. The data were obtained through the database registered in the Human Resources Management System of the Special Secretariat for Indigenous Health (SESAI). A descriptive analysis of human resources and infrastructure of primary care services for indigenous health was carried out. It was found that there is no standardization in the size of the workforce that works in indigenous health. It was not possible to identify whether such variations are related to the lack of a standard in the sizing of professionals, or whether they reflect the difficulty of retaining professionals in indigenous health, or even whether they are local adjustments to the profile of the territory. The difficulty in retaining professionals in indigenous health is multifactorial, and if associated with the lack of dimensioning of the workforce, it can generate care gaps.

Repercussões da COVID-19 na morbidade e mortalidade de crianças indígenas: revisão integrativa / Repercussions of COVID-19 on the morbidity and mortality of indigenous children: integrative review

A doença causada pelo COVID-19 repercutiu na saúde de comunidades indígenas, com taxas de internação e óbitos, principalmente, no segmento infantil. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar evidências científicas acerca das repercussões da COVID-19 na morbidade e mortalidade de crianças indígenas. Trata-se de um estudo de revisão integrativa com a questão de pesquisa: Quais as repercussões da pandemia de COVID-19 nas crianças indígenas? Foram acessadas as fontes de dados PUBMED, WEB OF SCIENCE, LILACS e SCOPUS durante o mês de dezembro de 2023 com as estratégias de busca: "indigenous population" AND "child" AND "coronavirus infections" e "native" AND "child" AND "coronavirus infections" com recorte temporal a partir de 2020. A partir dos critérios de inclusão selecionou-se nove produções científicas. Após a interpretação dos resultados, identificou-se que crianças indígenas apresentam maior risco de mortalidade comparada às crianças não indígenas da mesma idade. Isto pode estar relacionado ao aumento da vulnerabilidade, dificuldade de acesso a alimentos e à prematuridade. Concluiu-se que crianças indígenas apresentaram maiores taxas de mortalidade e outras implicações relacionadas à COVID-19 e repercussões relacionadas às desigualdades sociais já existentes e às vulnerabilidades que aumentaram com a pandemia. Destaca-se a escassa produção científica acerca da população indígena, em especial, às crianças.

The disease caused by COVID-19 had an impact on the health of indigenous communities, with hospitalization and death rates, mainly in the children's segment. The objective of the study was to identify scientific evidence about the repercussions of COVID-19 on the morbidity and mortality of indigenous children. This is an integrative review study with the research question: What are the repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic on indigenous children? The PUBMED, WEB OF SCIENCE, LILACS and SCOPUS data sources were accessed during the month of December 2023 with the search strategies: "indigenous population" AND "child" AND "coronavirus infections" and "native" AND "child" AND "coronavirus infections", taking 2020 as the epidemiological milestone. Based on the inclusion criteria, nine scientific productions were selected. After interpreting the results, it was identified that indigenous children have a higher risk of mortality compared to non-indigenous children of the same age. This may be related to increased vulnerability, difficulty accessing food and prematurity. It was concluded that indigenous children had higher mortality rates and other implications related to COVID-19 and repercussions related to existing social inequalities and vulnerabilities that increased with the pandemic. The scarce scientific production regarding the indigenous population stands out, especially with regard to children.

Narrativas de participantes do Curso Introdução à Saúde dos Povos Indígenas: protagonismo e diversidade para o trabalho nos contextos indígenas / Narratives from participants in the Introduction to Indigenous Peoples' Health Course: protagonism and diversity for work in indigenous contexts

Há uma demanda de formação de profissionais para atuação nos contextos de saúde indígena e cresce o protagonismo indígena nos diversos campos de saber para tratar de suas próprias questões sociopolíticas. O presente artigo traz uma análise documental com abordagem qualitativa e análise temática de conteúdo. Os documentos analisados foram narrativas redigidas por participantes do curso Introdução à Saúde dos Povos Indígenas, ofertado por uma universidade, com participação de indígenas e não indígenas, lideranças, trabalhadores e estudantes da saúde de diversas regiões do Brasil. Analisaram-se três categorias de experiências: presença e protagonismo indígena na experiência do curso; aprendizagens no encontro de diversidades com metodologias ativas de ensino-aprendizagem; formação para o trabalho na saúde indígena. Percebeu-se que a utilização de metodologias ativas possibilitou um curso participativo, com valorização da presença e do protagonismo indígenas. Apresentou-se de forma inovadora ao ofertar espaços de construção de conhecimentos e de formação profissional de forma acessível, no modelo remoto, com valorização dos diferentes conhecimentos e trajetórias dos participantes.

There is a demand for training professionals to work in indigenous health contexts and indigenous protagonism is growing in different fields of knowledge to address their own sociopolitical issues. This article presents a documentary analysis with a qualitative approach and thematic content analysis. The documents analyzed were narratives written by participants in the Introduction to the Health of Indigenous Peoples course, offered by a university, with the participation of indigenous and non indigenous people, leaders, health workers and students from different regions of Brazil. Three categories of experiences were analyzed: indigenous presence and protagonism in the course experience; learning in the encounter of diversities with active teaching-learning methodologies; training for work in indigenous health. It was noticed that the use of active methodologies enabled a participatory course, valuing indigenous presence and protagonism. It presented an innovative way by offering spaces for knowledge construction and professional training in an accessible way, in a remote model, valuing the different knowledge and trajectories of the participants.

Mortality from COVID-19 in Amazonian and Andean original indigenous populations of Peru.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the mortality rates from COVID-19 among indigenous populations of the Amazon and Andean regions of Peru during the years 2020, 2021 and 2022. METHODS: Secondary analysis of 33,567 data from the COVID-19 Notification System of the National Epidemiology Center, Prevention and Control of Diseases (CDC-Peru), from the years 2020-2022. The variables were age, sex, belonging to the Andean or Amazonian ethnic group, number and type of symptoms and risk conditions, abnormal findings in chest X-rays, year of data collection for hospitalization and death from COVID-19. Poisson family generalized linear regression models with logarithmic linkage and robust variance were used to establish differences in mortality between ethnic groups. Crude and adjusted risk ratio (RR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. RESULTS: 33,567 participants with an average age of 33.6 years were included, 44.4 % were men and 70.2 % belonged to the Amazonian ethnic group. Most of those affected by COVID-19 presented 2 symptoms (38.8 %), 4.8 % presented some risk condition, 1451 (4.3 %) were hospitalized, and 433 (1.3 %) died. The adjusted analysis showed that the Andean group, compared to the Amazonian, tended to have a higher probability of death, and this association was statistically significant, RR =7.6, 95 % CI (5.5-10.5). CONCLUSIONS: Patients from Andean indigenous communities had an almost 8 times higher risk of death from COVID-19.

Assessing essential service provision for prevention and management of violence against women in a remote indigenous community in Amantaní, Peru.

BACKGROUND: Women living in indigenous communities in Peru currently experience extremely high rates of intimate partner violence (IPV). Over the past 10 years, there has been a large multi-sectoral initiative to establish a national network of Centros de Emergencia de la Mujer (Women's Emergency Centres) that integrate health and police services, and substantial increase in efforts from non-governmental organisations in supporting survivors of violence. However, there is currently little evidence on how existing services meet the needs of indigenous women experiencing violence in Peru. METHODS: As part of a broader mixed-methods participatory VAWG prevention study, we assessed existing service provision for women experiencing violence in an indigenous Quechua community from Amantaní, Peru. This involved 17 key informant interviews with legal, government, police, and civil society representatives. We used the UN Women Essential Services Package for Women and Girls Subject to Violence framework to guide our analysis. RESULTS: Participants identified major gaps in existing services for indigenous women survivors of violence in Peru. They discussed survivors and perpetrators not being identified by the health system, a lack of IPV response training for health professionals, IPV not being prioritised as a health concern, and a lack of health services that are culturally appropriate for indigenous populations. Survivors who report to police are often treated poorly and discriminated against. Legal systems were perceived as insufficient and ineffective, with inadequate legal measures for perpetrators. While legal and policy frameworks exist, they are often not applied in practice. Service provision in this region needs to adopt an intercultural, rights based, gendered approach to IPV response and prevention, considering cultural and linguistic relevance for indigenous populations. CONCLUSION: The role of structural violence in perpetuating indigenous women's experiences of violence and undermining their access to services must be central to designing and implementing appropriate policies and services if they are to meet the needs of indigenous women in Peru.

Snakebites from the standpoint of an indigenous anthropologist from the Brazilian Amazon.

Conflicting attempts between indigenous caregivers trying to exercise their healing practices in hospitals have been recorded in the Brazilian Amazon. In this work, we present an interview with the Baniwa indigenous anthropologist Francy Baniwa. In an external and colonial interpretation, it was previously stated that indigenous people attribute the origin of snakebites as supernatural and that indigenous medicine, when it saves a patient from complications and death, has symbolic efficacy. In this interview, we observed that this form of interpretation is asymmetric because, for indigenous people, their understanding of nature is broader than ours, with more possibilities of ways of existence, including non-human entities as well or ill-intentioned as humans. The interaction of humans with these identities produces a form of existence with its own clinical reality, which is full of symbolism. Effective communication between health agents and indigenous patients and caregivers must undergo this exercise of otherness and interculturality.

Tracing the evolutionary history of hepatitis B virus genotype H endemic to Mexico.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) spreads efficiently among all human populations worldwide. HBV is classified into ten genotypes (A to J) with their geographic distribution and clinical features. In Mexico, HBV genotype H is the leading cause of hepatitis B and has been detected in indigenous populations, suggesting that HBV genotype H may be native to Mexico. However, little is known about the evolutionary history of HBV genotype H. Thus, we aimed to determine the age of HBV genotype H in Mexico using molecular dating techniques. Ninety-two HBV sequences of the reverse transcriptase (RT) domain of the polymerase gene (~1,251 bp) were analyzed; 48 were genotype H, 43 were genotype F, and the oldest HBV sequence from America was included as the root. All sequences were aligned, and the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) time was calculated using the Bayesian Skyline Evolutionary Analysis. Our results estimate a TMRCA for the genotype H in Mexico of 2070.9 (667.5-4489.2) years before the present (YBP). We identified four major diversification events in genotype H, named H1, H2, H3, and H4. The TMRCA of H1 was 1213.0 (253.3-2638.3) YBP, followed by H2 1175.5 (557.5-2424.2) YBP, H3 949.6 (279.3-2105.0) YBP, and H4 1230.5 (336.3, 2756.7) YBP. We estimated that genotype H diverged from its sister genotype F around 8140.8 (1867.5-18012.8) YBP. In conclusion, this study found that genotype H in Mexico has an estimated age of 2070.9 (667.5-4489.2) YBP and has experienced at least four major diversification events since then.