Drought Has a Greater Negative Effect on the Growth of the C3Chenopodium quinoa Crop Halophyte than Elevated CO2 and/or High Temperature.

Plant growth and productivity are predicted to be affected by rising CO2 concentrations, drought and temperature stress. The C3 crop model in a changing climate is Chenopodium quinoa Willd-a protein-rich pseudohalphyte (Amaranthaceae). Morphophysiological, biochemical and molecular genetic studies were performed on quinoa grown at ambient (400 ppm, aCO2) and elevated (800 ppm, eCO2) CO2 concentrations, drought (D) and/or high temperature (eT) treatments. Among the single factors, drought caused the greatest stress response, inducing disturbances in the light and dark photosynthesis reactions (PSII, apparent photosynthesis) and increasing oxidative stress (MDA). Futhermore, compensation mechanisms played an important protective role against eT or eCO2. The disruption of the PSII function was accompanied by the activation of the expression of PGR5, a gene of PSI cyclic electron transport (CET). Wherein under these conditions, the constant Rubisco content was maintained due to an increase in its biosynthesis, which was confirmed by the activation of rbcL gene expression. In addition, the combined stress treatments D+eT and eCO2+D+eT caused the greatest negative effect, as measured by increased oxidative stress, decreased water use efficiency, and the functioning of protective mechanisms, such as photorespiration and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, decreased PSII efficiency and increased non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) were not accompanied by the activation of protective mechanisms involving PSI CET. In summary, results show that the greatest stress experienced by C. quinoa plants was caused by drought and the combined stresses D+eT and eCO2+D+eT. Thus, drought consistently played a decisive role, leading to increased oxidative stress and a decrease in defense mechanism effectiveness.

Exploring the Influence of Family Attitudes and Individual Psychological Factors on Antibiotic Utilization: A Pilot Study.

The inappropriate use of antibiotics gives rise to detrimental consequences, both physical and emotional, with a decreased quality of life and higher levels of anxiety and depression. The current observational study aimed to investigate the association between awareness, beliefs, and behaviors toward antibiotics, highlighting the modulating role of individual and psychological factors in response to illness and medication. Through an online questionnaire, several psychological indexes, as well as knowledge of, attitude toward, and experiences with antibiotics, both individual and family-related, were assessed in a sample of 100 responders (74 females, mean age 33.37 ± 11.36). A positive association between intake behavior, awareness, and individual attitude emerged. Familial approach to antibiotics appears as a predictor of individual attitude and behavior toward these drugs, and awareness about antibiotic risks mediate the relationship between the tendency to be more compliant with prescriptions (R2 = 0.300; MSE = 1.541; F(2, 98) = 20.737; p < 0.0001). Moreover, individuals with a personality characterized by higher conscientiousness are more aware of antibiotic risks (p < 0.01), whereas individuals with a lower awareness are those with higher indexes of psychophysical discomfort (i.e., anxiety, perceived stress, somatization) and levels of emotional rebound (p < 0.05). Anxiety (F(3, 96) = 3.874; p = 0.012; R2 = 0.108) and somatization (F(2, 97) = 3.114; p = 0.030; R2 = 0.089) also significatively moderated the intake behavior, despite the family approach. Overall, the current study provides preliminary findings regarding the way in which family experiences and individual psychological aspects may be influencing factors in the behavior and attitude towards antibiotics and can be used to plan patient-centered therapeutic communication and education.

Individual, family, and environmental correlates of fundamental motor skills among school-aged children: a cross-sectional study in China.

OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional study examined the socio-ecological factors influencing fundamental motor skills (FMS) in Chinese school-aged children. METHODS: A total of 1012 parent-child pairs were randomly sampled between March-1st and April-15th, 2022. Based on the socio-ecological model of Children's FMS, three levels of factors: individual-level (e.g., demographic, physical, psychological, and behavioral characteristics of children), family-level (e.g., caregiver demographics, parental support, and socioeconomic status), and environmental factors (e.g., availability of physical activity equipment) were assessed using self-reported scales (e.g., the Self-perception Profile for Children, the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale, and the 12-item Psychological Well-Being Scale for Children) and objective measures (e.g., ActiGraph GT3X, the Chinese National Student Physical Fitness Standard, and the Test of Gross Motor Development-Third Edition). Multi-level regression models were employed using SPSS. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that children's age, sex, physical fitness, parental support, and the quality of home and community physical activity environments consistently influenced all three types of FMS, including locomotor, ball, and composite skills. Additionally, seven individual-level factors (children's age, sex, body mass index, light physical activity, sleep duration, perceived motor competence, and physical fitness) were associated with different types of FMS. CONCLUSIONS: The findings underscore the multidimensional and complex nature of FMS development, with individual-level factors playing a particularly significant role. Future research should adopt rigorous longitudinal designs, comprehensive assessment tools covering various FMS skills, and objective measurement of parents' movement behaviors to better understand the strength and direction of the relationship between socio-ecological factors and children's FMS.

Identifying the communication of burnout syndrome on the Twitter platform from the individual, organizational, and environmental perspective.

Addressing the escalating prevalence of burnout syndrome, which affects individuals across various professions and domains, is becoming increasingly imperative due to its profound impact on personal and professional aspects of employees' lives. This paper explores the intersection of burnout syndrome and human resource management, recognizing employees as the primary assets of organizations. It emphasizes the growing importance of nurturing employee well-being, care, and work-life balance from a human resource management standpoint. Employing social media analysis, this study delves into Twitter-based discourse on burnout syndrome, categorizing communication into three distinct dimensions: individual, organizational, and environmental. This innovative approach provides fresh insights into interpreting burnout syndrome discourse through big data analysis within social network analysis. The methodology deployed in this study was predicated upon the enhanced Social Media Analysis based on Hashtag Research framework and frequency, topic and visual analysis were conducted. The investigation encompasses Twitter communication from January 1st, 2019, to July 31st, 2022, comprising a dataset of 190,770 tweets. Notably, the study identifies the most frequently used hashtags related to burnout syndrome, with #stress and #mentalhealth leading the discussion, followed closely by #selfcare, #wellbeing, and #healthcare. Moreover, a comprehensive analysis unveils seven predominant topics within the discourse on burnout syndrome: organization, healthcare, communication, stress and therapy, time, symptoms, and leadership. This study underscores the evolving landscape of burnout syndrome communication and its multifaceted implications for individuals, organizations, and the broader environment, shedding light on the pressing need for proactive interventions. In organizations at all levels of management, the concept of burnout should be included in the value philosophy of organizations and should focus on organizational aspects, working hours and work-life balance for a healthier working environment and well-being of employees at all levels of management.

Individual and community level factors for modern contraceptives utilization among reproductive aged women in Amhara region, Mixed effect multi-level modeling, Data from Mini-EDHS, 2019.

BACKGROUND: Modern contraceptive has been identified as a key strategy to control unintended pregnancy, protect the health of the mother and child, and promote women wellbeing. Despite this and increasingly wider availability of modern contraceptives, however, there are still high levels of unmet need for birth interspacing and contraceptive use in Amhara regions. This study aimed to identify factors associated with the enhancing of modern contraceptives utilization among reproductive aged women in Amhara region, using a mixed effects multilevel modeling data from mini-EDHS 2019. METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 711(wt = 100%) samples of reproductive-aged women. The data were interviewed by trained data collectors using a semi-structured questionnaire for the final mini-EDHS 2019 data set. A multilevel binary logistic regression model was fitted to identify the enhancing factors for modern contraceptive utilization Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) was used to identify factors associated with utilization. RESULT: The median age of the participants was 31 with (IQR ± 13) years. The overall modern contraceptive utilization was 42.3% (95%CI: 38.7; 46.1). Individual and community factors accounted for 21.4% of the variation in modern contraceptive utilization at the cluster level. Being age 25 years (AOR = 12.99; 95%CI: 4.5-37.2), 26-35 years (AOR = 8.8, 95%CI: 3.25- 24), 36-45 years (AOR = 5.6, 95%CI: 2.2-16.2), being married (AOR = 4.2, 95%CI: 2.21-6.97), educated women (AOR = 11.6, 95%CI: 3.22-40.4), and being middle-economic class (AOR = 3.03; 95%CI: 1.87-4.91) were identified as individual enhancing factors. Whereas, being urban resident (AOR = 5.19; 95%CI: 5.19: 41.7) and having media exposure (AOR = 1.5; 95%CI: 1.58-3.7) were community-level enhancing factors for modern contraceptive utilization. CONCLUSION: Compared to earlier studies, in Amhara region, a lower prevalence rate of modern contraceptive utilization was reported. The variation in utilization at the cluster level, 21.4%, was attributed to individual and community-level factors. Healthcare providers should prioritize raising awareness about contraceptive side effects to encourage new users and decrease the number of individuals who discontinue contraceptive methods.

Identifying the Factors Affecting Methamphetamine Use: A Scoping Review.

Background: One of the critical factors affecting chronic diseases is the use of drugs, especially industrial substances, such as methamphetamine. Methamphetamine use is increasingly common among the younger members of society. Methamphetamine is not only physically and mentally destructive, but also has a significant impact on the families of abusers and society, and imposes a financial burden on society. The present study aims to identify the factors affecting methamphetamine use in a scoping review. Methods: Different keywords of methamphetamine were selected in the Mesh database and were searched in valid English databases from January 1, 2008, to April 5, 2022. Inclusion and exclusion criteria in this study were languages, reported findings, time range, and type of article. This study was designed by scoping review method developed by Askey Malley'O. Results: The total articles that were finally analyzed in this article were 42 including 12 English articles and 30 Persian articles. Among these articles, the most important factors affecting Methamphetamine are individual, social, and family factors, which have received the most cited. Conclusion: The majority of research highlights the importance of individual factors, society, and family factors, respectively, while formulating policies for prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation must be considered. It is suggested that structural path analysis be determined by prioritizing the identified factors and the weights of these components.

Determinants of functional disability trajectories: An assessment of the disablement model and life-course perspective.

AIM: Functional disability is a widespread challenge faced by the older population in China, where those with functional disabilities demand greater healthcare and geriatric services. This study performs a longitudinal analysis examining the effects of physiological conditions, intra-, and extra-individual factors, and life-course socioeconomic status risk factors on the disability levels and change rates of functional disability trajectories in old age. METHODS: Data for this study came from the four waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey. A latent growth model was used to analyze the functional disability of 5044 older adults aged 60 and over in 2011 who survived to 2018. RESULTS: Pathologies are closely associated with functional disability trajectories, and higher numbers of comorbidities relate to more disabilities. Risk factors and intra- and extra-individual factors affect functional disability trajectories and work through independent and shared mechanisms. The effects of risk factors can be traced to childhood conditions, and higher childhood and adulthood socioeconomic status is related to fewer functional disabilities. CONCLUSION: Functional disability trajectories are dynamic processes related to pathologies, intra-, and extra-individual factors, and life-course risk factors, and thus prevention and control measures should focus on both childhood and adulthood. Promoting working in later life and improving childhood socioeconomic status deserve prompt attention. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2023; 23: 817-829.

How people perceive malicious comments differently: factors influencing the perception of maliciousness in online news comments.

This study proposes a comprehensive model to investigate the factors that influence the perceived maliciousness of online news comments. The study specifically examines individual factors, including demographic characteristics (e.g., gender and age), personality traits (e.g., empathy and attitudes toward online news comments), and reading-related factors (e.g., the amount of news comment reading). Contextual factors such as issue involvement, perceived peer behavior, and the presence of malicious comments in news articles are also considered. The results suggest that most of the proposed variables have a significant impact on the perceived maliciousness of online news comments, except for morality and issue involvement. The findings have important theoretical implications for research on malicious online news comments and provide practical guidelines for online news platforms on how to reduce malicious comments by visualizing them alongside other news comments.

Unleashing Intrapreneurial Behavior: Exploring Configurations of Influencing Factors among Grassroots Employees.

Effectively promoting employees' intrapreneurial behavior has become the focus of enterprises. This study takes the middle and grassroots employees in enterprises as subjects and explores the configuration effect of multiple influencing factors on employees' intrapreneurial behavior. Based on employee expectation theory and individual-environment matching theory, this study collates six influencing factors: entrepreneurial self-efficacy, entrepreneurial competence, task school level, perceived value, management support, and reward mechanism. A total of 163 samples were obtained, and the qualitative comparative analysis method based on fuzzy set was used to analyze the influence mechanism and result path of employees' intrapreneurial behavior from the perspective of the interaction between individual factors and organizational factors. Six influencing paths of employees' high intrapreneurial behavior were found, which can be divided into ability-driven and value-driven factors, revealing that the six factors can produce equivalent results in different configurations. Furthermore, five influencing paths of employees' non-high intrapreneurial behavior were divided into three types: ability obstacle type, perception obstacle type, and value obstacle type. These have an asymmetric causal relationship with employees' high intrapreneurial behavior. This study provides management support for effectively stimulating employees' intrapreneurial behavior.

'Being Actively Confident in All Contexts': A Qualitative Exploration of Thriving as an Emerging Adult of Diverse Sexual Orientation.

When one thrives, they grow, develop and succeed. For people of diverse sexual orientations (DSO) thriving within one's sexuality is often restricted by heteronormativity, minority stress and poor mental health outcomes. Particularly at risk, are DSO "emerging adults" aged between 18-29 years who seek stability before transitioning to adulthood. Therefore, this qualitative study interviewed 12 participants between the ages of 18-29 years to investigate perceptions of thriving within one's sexuality and factors that may foster or hinder its occurrence. The results indicated participants perceived thriving as a spectrum of states and processes involving a sense of personal safety with high levels of self-acceptance to believe one could exist freely as a person of DSO. The findings suggested thriving within one's sexuality during emerging adulthood is fostered through the factors of seeking personal growth, social representation/visibility, affirming social support and opportunities to support other DSO people. In contrast, identity denial, unsupportive social environments, erasure/tokenism, and experiences of discrimination eroded one's ability to thrive. Psychological interventions focusing on establishing a strong sense of identity, building a social support network and encouragement to seek thriving opportunities, may foster thriving experiences for Australian DSO emerging adults.

Exploring the influence of individual factors on the perception of mental workload and body postures.

Studies have revealed that physical and mental demands, psychosocial factors, and individual factors can contribute to the development of WMSDs. Yet, much is still unknown regarding the effects of individual characteristics on WMSDs susceptibility. Previous studies discovered people assumed more awkward body postures to perform an activity when the perception of mental workload is higher. This research study explored if individual characteristics such as age, sex, personality, and anxiety help explain changes or differences in the perception of mental workload and body postures assume when performing activities. The study provided evidence that these individual characteristics have a modifying role on perceived mental workload and body postures. The results suggest that perceived mental workload is influenced to a higher extent by individual characteristics such as anxiety, sex, and personality traits. Women have a higher (18.7%) mental workload perception than men. Likewise, NASA-TLX scores are 22% higher for feelers than thinkers. In general, higher perceptions of mental workload were observed in participants with higher anxiety levels. On the other hand, body postures seem to be influenced by different individual factors depending on the nature of the activity. RULA scores increased on average by 13.1% between baseline and time constraint conditions. Larger differences were observed in certain individuals (e.g. introverts (19.7%) and intuitors (13.8%)) across conditions.

This study looked to explore if individual factors such as age, sex, personality, and anxiety have any effect in perceived mental workload and body postures. Participants performed two physical activities under four levels of mental workload. Results indicated that personality traits (sensors/intuitors), anxiety, and sex exhibited the higher contributions.

Psychological and institutional factors that predispose to the appearance of corrupt behavior in public and private entities

The purpose of the article is to identify individual factors affecting and the factors of the institutions associated with the occurrence of corrupt conduct. Corruption has been studied in several disciplines; its causes vary from structural issues in the political and economic spheres to decline of individual morality and cultural differences (Julián & Bonavía, 2017). According to Bautista (2015), there have been attempts to fight corruption from outside the individual level. External controls, audits and monitoring systems have been created to this end. However, few initiatives aim to rectify the issue at the individual level of education, perceptions, beliefs and values. When ethical values are promoted, they enhance integrity and dignity in individual behavior, generating honest behavior, oriented toward fulfillment of duty. Conversely, when values are weakened or absent, anti-values and corrupt practices appear immediately. This is a qualitative study, and information was collected through interviews. It adopted a systematic design, characterized by open, axial, and selective coding. Eleven interviews were conducted with legal professionals specializing in the investigation of financial crimes, who have identified the factors involved in corruption and fraud. The information was analyzed using the ATLAS TI 6.5 software. The results showed that lack of control was the most important factor that led to corruption in entities, and in second place is the power of senior executives. On the other hand, ambition, greed, and acceptance of corrupt conduct were the most common factors in the individual sphere. Identifying the factors associated with corruption is relevant for proposing preventive measures.

El propósito del artículo es identificar los factores individuales e institucionales asociados con la ocurrencia de conductas corruptas. La corrupción ha sido estudiada en varias disciplinas; sus causas van desde problemas estructurales en el ámbito político y económico hasta el declive de la moralidad individual y las diferencias culturales (Julián & Bonavía, 2017). Según Bautista (2015), ha habido intentos de combatir la corrupción desde fuera del ámbito individual. Para ello se han creado controles externos, auditorías y sistemas de seguimiento. Sin embargo, pocas iniciativas apuntan a rectificar el problema a nivel individual (educación, percepciones, creencias y valores). Cuando se promueven los valores éticos, se potencia la integridad y dignidad en el comportamiento individual. Por el contrario, cuando los valores están debilitados o ausentes, los antivalores y las prácticas corruptas aparecen de inmediato. Este es un estudio cualitativo, la información se recolectó a través de entrevistas, adoptando un diseño sistemático, caracterizado por una codificación abierta, axial y selectiva. Se realizaron once entrevistas a profesionales del derecho especialistas delitos financieros, quienes han identificaron los factores que intervienen en la corrupción. La información se analizó mediante el software ATLAS TI 6.5. Los resultados mostraron que la falta de control es el factor más relevante que conduce a la corrupción en las entidades, y en segundo lugar se encuentra el poder de los altos ejecutivos. Por otro lado, la ambición, la codicia y la aceptación de conductas corruptas fueron los factores más comunes en el ámbito individual. Identificar los factores asociados con la corrupción permite proponer medidas preventivas.

Growing resilience capacity for learners presenting with specific learning disability in learners with special education needs schools.

Background: Preventing adversity from accelerating among learners with specific learning disabilities (SLD) is imperative. Continuous adversities, such as social-emotional, psychological and academic difficulties, characterise learners with SLD. Prior studies have been conducted on learners with SLD developing a disorder because of the difficulties they face. However, very few studies offer evidence of how learners presenting with SLD cope despite their learning disability. Objectives: The study sought to investigate what resilience resources are available among learners with SLD in learners with special education needs (LSEN) schools and to provide stakeholders with evidence of resilience enablers for learners with SLD. Method: An exploratory quantitative research study was adopted, and 217 respondents with SLD were selected through purposive sampling in four LSEN schools. These learners completed the Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM-28). Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and the custom table was used as a statistical technique. Results: Even though the presence of SLD negatively affects an individual's academic, psychological, social and emotional functioning, the results of this study show that individual qualities, relationships with caregivers and peers and contextual resources were resilience-enabling resources for learners with SLD. Conclusion: The study's results show that the combination of individual attributes, relational and environmental factors enables the resilience of learners with SLD. When given accessible and meaningful support, learners with SLD can develop resilience. Contribution: The study contributes to the dearth of knowledge regarding the resilience of learners with SLD in LSEN schools.

Incomplete HPV Vaccination among Individuals Aged 27-45 Years in the United States: A Mixed-Effect Analysis of Individual and Contextual Factors.

Background: In the United States, the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is approved for use in individuals up to age 45. Individuals 15 years and older require three doses of the vaccine to complete the recommended dosing series. Incomplete HPV vaccination rates (i.e., one or two doses) among those over age 26, however, remain high. This study examined the independent effects of individual- and neighborhood-level factors on incomplete HPV vaccination rates in the United States (U.S.) among those aged 27-45 years. Methods: This retrospective cohort study used administrative data from Optum's de-identified Clinformatics® Data Mart Database to identify individuals aged 27-45 years who received one or more doses of HPV vaccine between July 2019 and June 2022. Multilevel multivariable logistic regression models were applied to the data on 7662 individuals identified as being fully or partially vaccinated against HPV, nested within 3839 neighborhoods across the U.S. Results: Approximately half of the patients in this study (52.93%) were not completely vaccinated against HPV. After adjusting for all other covariates in the final model, being older than 30 years old decreased the odds of not completing the HPV vaccine series. Participants living in South-region neighborhoods of the U.S. had enhanced odds of not completing the vaccine series compared with those residing in Northeast-region neighborhoods (aOR 1.21; 95% CrI 1.03-1.42). There was significant clustering of incomplete HPV vaccination rates at the neighborhood level. Conclusions: This study revealed that individual- and neighborhood-level factors were associated with the risk of not completing the HPV vaccine series among individuals aged 27-45 years in the U.S. Interventions to improve HPV vaccination series completion rates for this age group should take into consideration both individual and contextual factors.

Who Is Searching for Cyberhate? Adolescents' Characteristics Associated with Intentional or Unintentional Exposure to Cyberhate.

Cyberhate is one of the online risks that adolescents can experience online. It is considered a content risk when it is unintentionally encountered and a conduct risk when the user actively searches for it. Previous research has not differentiated between these experiences, although they can concern different groups of adolescents and be connected to distinctive risk factors. To address this, our study first focuses on both unintentional and intentional exposure and investigates the individual-level risk factors that differentiate them. Second, we compare each exposed group of adolescents with those who were not exposed to cyberhate. We used survey data from a representative sample of adolescents (N = 6,033, aged 12-16 years, 50.3 percent girls) from eight European countries-Czechia, Finland, Flanders, France, Italy, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia-and conducted multinomial logistic regression. Our findings show that adolescents with higher sensation seeking, proactive normative beliefs about aggression (NBA), and who report cyberhate perpetration, are at higher risk of intentionally searching for cyberhate contents compared with those who are unintentionally exposed. In comparison with unexposed adolescents, reporting other risky experiences was a risk factor for both types of exposure. Furthermore, NBA worked differently-reactive NBA was a risk factor for intentional exposure, but proactive NBA did not play a role and even decreased the chance of unintentional exposure. Digital skills increased both types of exposure. Our findings stress the need to differentiate between intentional and unintentional cyberhate exposure and to examine proactive and reactive NBA separately.

Latency of breast cancer stigma during survivorship and its influencing factors: A qualitative study.

Introduction: Breast cancer diagnosis and treatment have been shown in studies to have a negative impact on patients' physical, psychological, and social well-being, as well as overall quality of life. Psychologically, it's linked to sadness, anxiety, and demoralisation. Stigma contributes to the hidden burden of breast cancer as a chronic illness. Research on the elements that breast cancer survivors encounter as influences on stigma associated to the disease is lacking. Based on the lived experiences of breast cancer survivors, this study sought to investigate the factors that lead to the manifestations of both self- and public breast cancer stigma. Methods: Individual semi-structured interviews with 24 patients diagnosed with breast cancer were performed, followed by five focus groups with 25 patients diagnosed with breast cancer. Interviews were verbatim transcribed and analysed using thematic framework analysis. Results: Two major themes have emerged from the data: a) Breast cancer stigma among breast cancer survivors, highlighting the various manifestations of stigma and the variables that influence them; including disease-related factors, patients' views of cancer, public perceptions of breast cancer, family and interpersonal dynamics, and b) Stigma resilience and empowerment, emphasising the necessity of sociocultural transformation and coping strategies to preserve resilience. Conclusions: To improve the well-being of breast cancer survivors, practitioners and health policymakers should be aware of the breast cancer stigma that underpins patients' emotional and behavioural outlooks and its potential consequences on patients' quality of life. They need to develop interventions to address the different stages of cancer stigma taking into consideration sociocultural influences, norms, and beliefs.

Examining the relationship between health literacy and individual and sociodemographic factors in secondary school students.

Aim: Health literacy (HL) is an important factor in health promotion, especially regarding children and adolescents. The present study aims to identify the individual and sociodemographic factors related to secondary school students' HL. This should make it possible to find specific strategies to improve HL. Subject and methods: Data on the sociodemographic background (migrant background, number of books at home and spoken language at home), self-efficacy, online reading behaviour, subjective HL (adapted version of the European Health Literacy [HLS-EU] questionnaire) and the eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS) of 544 Austrian secondary school students (age 11-16, 46% girls) were collected. Regression analyses were conducted to test the hypotheses regarding those factors which influence students' subjective HL and eHL. Results: Students subjective HL (M = 3.79, SD = .63) and eHL (M = 3.46, SD = .77) scores were rather high on average. Subjective HL was predicted by age, gender and online reading behaviour. However, only students' online reading behaviour was highly significant and was found to be the most influential predictor of subjective HL. Age and online reading behaviour were also found to be highly significant predictors regarding eHL. Conclusion: Students' online reading behaviour and age are important factors linked to HL. Educational activities may serve to reduce health inequalities by fostering relevant internet skills, i.e. the skills needed to facilitate effective and critical use of internet information.

Russian heritage language development in narrative contexts: Evidence from pre- and primary-school children in Norway, Germany, and the UK.

The present study aims at obtaining a comprehensive picture of language development in Russian heritage language (RHL) by bringing together evidence from previous investigations focusing on morphosyntax and global accent as well as from a newly conducted analysis of a less-studied domain-lexical development. Our investigation is based on a narrative sample of 143 pre- and primary-school bilinguals acquiring RHL in Norway, Germany, and the United Kingdom. We performed a multiple-way analysis of lexical production in RHL across the different national contexts, across both languages (heritage and societal), also comparing bilinguals and monolinguals. The results revealed a clear and steady increase with age in narrative length and lexical diversity for all bilingual groups in both of their languages. The variation in lexical productivity as well as the differences between the bilingual groups and between bilinguals and monolinguals were attributed to input factors with language exposure in the home and age of starting preschool as the major predictors. We conclude that, overall, the results from lexical, grammatical, and phonological acquisition in RHL support the view that having longer exclusive or uninterrupted exposure to a heritage language in early childhood is beneficial for its development across domains.

Gaming disorder: A summary of its characteristics and aetiology.

The emergence, development, and maintenance of gaming disorder (GD) is the result of an interplay between gaming-related factors, individual factors, and environmental factors. None of these alone are sufficient to cause a disordered state, but it is the interactive co-occurrence of all these factors, which in some cases leads to GD. The goal of the present paper is to discuss in detail these three factors based on relevant and recent findings of the literature. Among gaming-related factors, we discuss online vs. offline videogames, the role of game genres, structural characteristics, game design elements, as well as some important monetization techniques. Among individual factors demographic risk factors, personality traits, motivational factors, comorbid psychopathology, genetic predisposition, and neurobiological processes are considered. Finally, among environmental factors we discuss family factors, early life experiences, the role of peers and school-related factors, as well as the broader context of culture including the popularity of esports.