Responsiveness of functional performance and muscle strength, power, and size to resistance training: A systematic review.

There is a recent and growing interest in assessing differential responders to resistance training (RT) for diverse outcomes. Thus, the individual ability to respond to an intervention for a specific measurement, called responsiveness, remains to be better understood. Thus, the current study aimed to summarize the available information about the effects of RT on functional performance and muscle strength, power, and size in healthy adults, through the prevalence rate in different responsiveness classifications models. A systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, CRD42021265378). PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Embase databases were systematically searched in October 2023. A total of 13 studies were included, totaling 921 subjects. Only two studies presented a low risk of bias. Regarding the effectiveness of RT, the prevalence rate for non-responders ranged from 0% to 44% for muscle strength, from 0% to 84% for muscle size, and from 0% to 42% for functional performance, while for muscle power, the only study found showed a responsiveness rate of 37%. In conclusion, a wide range of differential responders is described for all variables investigated. However, the evidence summarized in this systematic review suggested some caution while interpreting the findings, since the body of evidence found seems to be incipient, and widely heterogeneous in methodological and statistical aspects.

Ethics in infectious diseases: latent challenges. Part I / Ética en enfermedades infecciosas: retos latentes. Parte I

Abstract Infectious diseases socially imply individual and community medical problems. Therefore, they require actions aimed at social processes that affect the well-being of the individuals without losing sight of social groups. Faced with this panorama, we ask ourselves: is there a direct relationship between ethics and infectious diseases? To elucidate an answer, let us remember the peak period of the COVID-19 pandemic when guidelines based on ethical principles were issued to facilitate medical decisions on allocating scarce resources in periods of maximum demand. In those moments, since there was no inclusive component of society, the decisions made produced massive criticism. The reactions demonstrated the need to analyze in detail the criteria that had been considered correct. Consequently, we affirm that bioethical principles are transcendental in medical decisions and must be examined, not only for the individual but also with a view to public health. Moreover, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic has lived with us for decades, and it continues to show its tragic face in the form of new cases, chronic illnesses, and deaths. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS brings us closer to a complex reality where the fight against disease and global health are interrelated with other problems, such as the need to reduce inequality, for which human rights, gender equality, social protection, and the development of research projects, where the ethics committees in research in community processes are constituents.

Resumen Las enfermedades infecciosas implican problemas médicos individuales y comunitarios, por lo que requieren acciones dirigidas a procesos sociales que incidan en el bienestar de los individuos, sin perder de vista a los grupos sociales. Nos preguntamos: ¿existe relación directa entre la ética y las enfermedades infecciosas? Para dilucidar una respuesta, recordemos el periodo más álgido de la pandemia por COVID-19, cuando se emitieron guías fundamentadas en principios éticos para facilitar las decisiones médicas en la asignación de recursos escasos en periodos de máxima demanda. Al no haber un componente inclusivo con la sociedad, las decisiones que se tomaron produjeron críticas masivas, que demostraron la necesidad de analizar a detalle los criterios que se habían considerado correctos. En consecuencia, afirmamos que los principios bioéticos son trascendentales en las decisiones médicas y deben ser examinados, no solo frente al individuo, sino de cara a la salud pública (bien común e individualidad). Por otra parte, la epidemia del SIDA (síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida) convive con nosotros desde hace décadas. ONUSIDA (Programa Conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre el VIH/SIDA) nos acerca una realidad compleja, como es que la lucha contra la enfermedad y por la salud global se interrelaciona con otros problemas como la necesidad de reducer la desigualdad, por los derechos humanos, la igualdad de género, la protección social y el desarrollo de proyectos de investigación, donde los comités de Ética en investigación en procesos comunitarios son constituyentes.

Ethics in infectious diseases: latent challenges. Part I.

Infectious diseases socially imply individual and community medical problems. Therefore, they require actions aimed at social processes that affect the well-being of the individuals without losing sight of social groups. Faced with this panorama, we ask ourselves: is there a direct relationship between ethics and infectious diseases? To elucidate an answer, let us remember the peak period of the COVID-19 pandemic when guidelines based on ethical principles were issued to facilitate medical decisions on allocating scarce resources in periods of maximum demand. In those moments, since there was no inclusive component of society, the decisions made produced massive criticism. The reactions demonstrated the need to analyze in detail the criteria that had been considered correct. Consequently, we affirm that bioethical principles are transcendental in medical decisions and must be examined, not only for the individual but also with a view to public health. Moreover, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic has lived with us for decades, and it continues to show its tragic face in the form of new cases, chronic illnesses, and deaths. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS brings us closer to a complex reality where the fight against disease and global health are interrelated with other problems, such as the need to reduce inequality, for which human rights, gender equality, social protection, and the development of research projects, where the ethics committees in research in community processes are constituents.

Las enfermedades infecciosas implican problemas médicos individuales y comunitarios, por lo que requieren acciones dirigidas a procesos sociales que incidan en el bienestar de los individuos, sin perder de vista a los grupos sociales. Nos preguntamos: ¿existe relación directa entre la ética y las enfermedades infecciosas? Para dilucidar una respuesta, recordemos el periodo más álgido de la pandemia por COVID-19, cuando se emitieron guías fundamentadas en principios éticos para facilitar las decisiones médicas en la asignación de recursos escasos en periodos de máxima demanda. Al no haber un componente inclusivo con la sociedad, las decisiones que se tomaron produjeron críticas masivas, que demostraron la necesidad de analizar a detalle los criterios que se habían considerado correctos. En consecuencia, afirmamos que los principios bioéticos son trascendentales en las decisiones médicas y deben ser examinados, no solo frente al individuo, sino de cara a la salud pública (bien común e individualidad). Por otra parte, la epidemia del SIDA (síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida) convive con nosotros desde hace décadas. ONUSIDA (Programa Conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre el VIH/SIDA) nos acerca una realidad compleja, como es que la lucha contra la enfermedad y por la salud global se interrelaciona con otros problemas como la necesidad de reducer la desigualdad, por los derechos humanos, la igualdad de género, la protección social y el desarrollo de proyectos de investigación, donde los comités de Ética en investigación en procesos comunitarios son constituyentes.

On identity, indiscernibility and (non-)individuality in the quantum domain.

The topics of identity, individuality and indiscernibility had already entered the domain of the philosophy of physics, mainly in what respects the philosophy of quantum theories. In this paper, I present the main ideas of an underlying metaphysics that considers the basic entities of quantum physics as non-individuals, that is, as entities to which the standard theory of identity of classical logic and standard mathematics (set theory) does not apply. Two things must be emphasized: the first is that we pursue Erwin Schrödinger's ideas that the notion of identity (or sameness) does not apply to quantum things; the second is to follow Heinz Post's claim that the non-individuality of quantum entities 'must be introduced right at the start' and not by taking individuals and making them pretend to be non-individuals 'by hand', say by confining them to non-rigid structures. Thus, this paper should be regarded as an attempt to justify the metaphysics of non-individuals and the logical systems that cope with them, although these systems are here only referred to. We also answer some criticisms that have been directed to such a view. The paper is directed to an audience of both physicists interested in foundations and philosophers of physics. This article is part of the theme issue 'Identity, individuality and indistinguishability in physics and mathematics'.

A no-individuals account of quantum mechanics.

One of the most famous metaphysical problems in the philosophy of quantum mechanics concerns the individuality status of quantum entities: are they individuals, or non-individuals? The typical approach to the problem consists in defending one of the options by appealing directly to features of quantum mechanics with the addition, eventually, of theoretical virtues the favoured proposal may have. In this paper, we argue that this strategy is inappropriate, because the problem of individuality is ill formulated in the case of quantum mechanics. In a nutshell, our point is that considerations exclusively from quantum mechanics are too general and generic to grant the level of particularity required for providing for a principle of individuality. Problems of individuality appear only at the level of particular applications of the theory in specific contexts, and in these cases, we shall argue, search for a metaphysical notion of individuality may be substituted by an epistemic notion of individuation. The approach also has the benefits of dissolving the problems created by metaphysical underdetermination on this front. This article is part of the theme issue 'Identity, individuality and indistinguishability in physics and mathematics'.

Coloniality, clonality, and modularity in animals: The elephant in the room.

Nearly half of the animal phyla contain species that propagate asexually via agametic reproduction, often forming colonies of genetically identical modules, that is, ramets, zooids, or polyps. Clonal reproduction, colony formation, and modular organization have important consequences for many aspects of organismal biology. Theories in ecology, evolution, and development are often based on unitary and, mainly, strictly sexually reproducing organisms, and though colonial animals dominate many marine ecosystems and habitats, recognized concepts for the study of clonal species are often lacking. In this review, we present an overview of the study of colonial and clonal animals, from the historic interests in this subject to modern research in a range of topics, including immunology, stem cell biology, aging, biogeography, and ecology. We attempt to portray the fundamental questions lying behind the biology of colonial animals, focusing on how colonial animals challenge several dogmas in biology as well as the remaining puzzles still to be answered, of which there are many.

Anxiety and Leisure-Domain Physical Activity Frequency, Duration, and Intensity During Covid-19 Pandemic.

This study investigated relationships between state anxiety and leisure-domain physical activity levels during Covid-19 pandemic. We used frequency, duration, and intensity as key variables of physical activity. Trait anxiety, state anxiety before pandemic, age, gender, and education level were also included in the analysis. Our general hypothesis was that participants who declared doing more physical activity levels would exhibit lower levels of anxiety during the Covid-19 pandemic. A convenient sample of 571 volunteer adults (mean age 39 ± 14 years) was drawn mainly from São Paulo State (89.2% of the sample), the epicenter of Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil. To obtain the participants' levels of anxiety (trait, state before pandemic, and state during pandemic) we used a validated short-version of the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory. Levels of physical activity were measured via questions from VIGITEL, a validated questionnaire about the individual's habits on risk factors. Answers were given regarding the first week of March 2020 (before pandemic) and at the very moment the participant was filling in the electronic form (June 2020). Data analyses were conducted through descriptive and inferential techniques, with the use of non-parametric tests and linear regression models. Overall, participants' responses indicate that anxiety levels were higher during the pandemic compared to the period that preceded the pandemic, and that frequent and long physical activity in the leisure-domain reduced anxiety, regardless its intensity. The regression models revealed an inverse relationship between physical activity and anxiety (the more physical activity, the less anxiety) and independent of gender, age, education level, trait anxiety, and physical activity before pandemic.

Anti-vacinação, um movimento com várias faces e consequências / Anti-vaccination, a movement with multiple faces and its consequences

The anti-vaccination movement has gained worldwide strength despite the undeniable advances in vaccines in drastically reducing the incidence of contagious diseases. The causes for this breakthrough are still issues of discussion and research, but ignorance, ease of dissemination of false information, and the rise of populist policies have been implicated. The major challenge for the future will be the dichotomy between the interest of public health and individual freedoms. (AU).

El movimiento contra la vacunación ha ganado fuerza en todo el mundo a pesar de los innegables avances en las vacunas para reducir drásticamente la incidencia de enfermedades contagiosas. Las causas de este avance aún son temas de discusión e investigación, pero la ignorancia, la facilidad de difusión de información falsa y el auge de las políticas populistas han sido implicados. El principal desafío para el futuro será la dicotomía entre el interés de la salud pública y las libertades individuales. (AU).

O movimento anti-vacinação tem ganhado força no mundo inteiro, apesar dos inquestionáveis avanços obtidos com as vacinas na redução drástica da incidência das doenças contagiosas. As causas para este avanço ainda são temas de discussão e pesquisa, mas a ignorância, a facilidade da disseminação de informações falsas e a ascensão de políticas populistas têm sido implicadas. O grande desafio para o futuro será a dicotomia entre o interesse da saúde pública e as liberdades individuais. (AU).

Inter-individual Variability for High Fat Diet Consumption in Inbred C57BL/6 Mice.

Since inbred C57BL/6 mice are known to show inter-individual phenotypic variability for some traits, we tested the hypothesis that inbred C57BL/6 mice display a different tendency to consume a high fat (HF) diet. For this purpose, we used a compilation of HF intake data from an experimental protocol in which satiated mice were exposed to a HF pellet every morning for 2-h over 4 consecutive days. We found that mice displayed a large degree of variability in HF intake. Since day 1 HF intake significantly correlated with HF intake in successive days, we applied a hierarchical clustering algorithm on HF intake measurements in days 2, 3, and 4 in order to classify mice into "low" or "high" HF intake groups. "Low" HF intake group showed a day 1 HF intake similar to that seen in mice exposed to regular chow, while "high" HF intake group showed a higher day 1 HF intake as compared to "low" HF intake group. Both groups of mice increased HF consumption over the successive days, but "high" HF intake group always displayed a higher HF consumption than the "low" HF intake group. As compared to "low" HF intake group, "high" HF intake group showed a higher number of dopamine neurons positive for c-Fos in the VTA after the last event of HF intake. Thus, inbred C57BL/6 mice show inter-individual variability for HF intake and such feature may be linked to a different response to the rewarding properties of the HF diet.

Sociodemographic, Attitudinal, and Behavioral Correlates of Using Nutrition, Weight Loss, and Fitness Websites: An Online Survey.

BACKGROUND: Nutrition, diet, and fitness are among the most searched health topics by internet users. Besides that, health-related internet users are diverse in their motivations and individual characteristics. However, little is known about the individual characteristics associated with the usage of nutrition, weight loss, and fitness websites. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the individual factors associated with the usage of nutrition, weight loss, and fitness websites. METHODS: An invitation to an online survey was published on 65 websites and discussion forums. In total, we employed data from 623 participants (aged 13 to 39 years, mean 24.11 [SD 5.26]). The measures included frequency of usage of nutrition, weight loss and fitness websites, excessive exercise, eating disorder symptomatology, internalization of the beauty ideal, weight status, and perceived online social support. Participants' data were used as predictors in a base linear regression model. RESULTS: The final model had an acceptable fit (χ210 =14.1; P=.17; root mean square error of approximation=0.03; comparative fit index=0.99; Tucker-Lewis index=0.99). Positive associations were found between usage of (1) nutrition websites and being female, higher levels of excessive exercise, and perceived online social support; (2) weight loss websites and excessive exercise, internalization, being female, eating disorder symptomatology, and being overweight or obese; and (3) fitness websites and levels of excessive exercise, internalization, and frequency of internet use. CONCLUSIONS: The results highlighted the importance of individual differences in the usage of health-related websites.

O ódio primário e os processos de individualização / Primary hatred and individualization processes / El odio primario y los procesos de individualización / La haine primaire et les processus d'individualisation

O artigo desenvolve a ideia da existência de um ódio primário e estruturante, a partir dos conceitos freudianos concernentes à segunda tópica, principalmente os conceitos de pulsão de vida e pulsão de morte. Acrescentam-se contribuições de André Green e de outros autores sobre os processos de ligação e desligamento, relacionando as frustrações decorrentes do desencontro entre a demanda do bebê e o desejo materno, com o incremento de angústias do início da vida que repercutirão no destino das pulsões e na vida do sujeito. Por um lado, a pulsão de vida gera ligações e desperta o desejo, estando na base dos processos identificatórios. Por outro, a pulsão de morte, atenuada pelas ligações a representações, será expressa por desejos destrutivos em relação ao objeto. Chamamos esse processo de ódio primário, e entendemos que ele contribuiria, de maneira não menos importante, para o processo inicial de individualização. Se as ligações do ser com o objeto estabelecem a identidade (ser idêntico), os processos relacionados à destrutividade fornecem as marcas psíquicas para a construção da individualidade (aquilo que não se divide).

Drawing on Freudian concepts concerning the second topic, and particularly the concepts of life drive and death drive, this paper develops the idea of existence of a structuring primary hatred. Additional contributions include views by André Green and others on attachment and detachment processes, where frustrations arising from the mismatch between the baby's demands and maternal desire are related with an increase in early life anxieties that will have impacts on the fate of drives and the subject's life. The life drive generates connections and awakens desire, being at the base of identificatory processes. On the other hand, the death drive, being attenuated by its connections with representations, will be expressed as destructive desires toward the object. Having termed this process "primary hatred," we understand it as contributing, no less importantly, to establishing the early individualization process. While the bonds between being and object establish an identity-i.e., being identical-the processes related to destructiveness provide the psychic marks for the construction of individuality- i.e., the indivisible.

El artículo desarrolla la idea de la existencia de un odio primario y estructurante, a partir de los conceptos freudianos concernientes a la segunda tópica, principalmente los conceptos de pulsión de vida y pulsión de muerte. Añadimos contribuciones de André Green y otros autores, sobre los procesos de conexión y separación, relacionando las frustraciones derivadas del desencuentro entre la demanda del bebé y el deseo materno, con el incremento de angustias del inicio de la vida que repercutirán en el destino posterior de las pulsiones y en la vida del sujeto. Por un lado, la pulsión de vida genera vínculos y despierta el deseo, estando en la base de los procesos de identificación. Por otro, la pulsión de muerte, atenuada por las conexiones a representaciones, será expresada por deseos destructivos en relación al objeto. Llamamos a este proceso "odio primario" y entendemos que contribuiría, de forma no menos importante, a establecer el proceso inicial de individualización. Si las conexiones del ser con el objeto establecen la identidad - ser idéntico, los procesos relacionados a la destructividad proporcionan las marcas psíquicas para la construcción de la individualidad - que no se divide.

L'article développe l'idée de l'existence d'une haine primaire et structurante, basée sur les concepts freudiens concernant la deuxième topique, principalement les concepts de pulsion de vie et de pulsion de mort. Nous ajoutons des contributions d'André Green et d'autres auteurs sur les processus de liaison et de déliaison par rapport aux frustrations découlant du déséquilibre entre la demande du bébé et le désir maternel, avec l'augmentation des angoisses du début de la vie, ce qui affectera le destin des pulsions et la vie du sujet. D'une part, la pulsion de vie génère des liens et éveille le désir, étant à la base des processus d'identification. En revanche, la pulsion de mort, atténuée par les liens avec les représentations, s'exprimera par des désirs destructeurs vis-à-vis de l'objet. Nous appelons ce processus "la haine primaire" et nous entendons qu'il contribuerait d'une manière tout autant importante, à établir le processus initial d'individualisation. Si les liens de l'être avec l'objet établissent l'identité - être identique -, les processus liés à la destructivité fournissent les marques psychiques pour la construction de l'individualité - ce qui ne se divise pas.

Esquemas de gênero do autoconceito e perfil idiocêntrico-alocêntrico em atletas de futebol / Gender schema of self concept and idiocentric-allocentric profile of soccer athletes / Esquemas de género de autoconcepto y perfil idiocentrico-alocéntrico de jugadores de fútbol

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar diferenças entre as posições ocupadas em campo por jogadores de futebol com relação à classificação dos esquemas de gênero do autoconceito e do perfil Idiocêntrico-Alocêntrico, e os fatores que compõem ambos os construtos. Participaram do estudo 152 atletas homens com idade entre 14 e 20 anos. Foram avaliados os esquemas de gênero e perfil idiocêntrico-alocêntrico. A estatística utilizada foi o teste de Qui Quadrado, Exato de Fisher e Kruskall-Wallis e Teste Dunn. Quanto aos resultados, o grupo se caracterizou como isoesquemático e isocêntrico, sem diferenças significantes entre as posições. Entretanto, ressalta-se que em relação à distância emocional da equipe, os meios-campistas diferiram dos atacantes. Conclui-se que os atletas estudados se apresentam de forma geral como isoesquemáticos e isocêntricos, com algumas peculiaridades no que diz respeito a fatores que compõem sua personalidade.

The aim of this study was to analyze differences between the positions occupied in the field by football players regarding the classification of gender schemas of self and Idiocentric-Alocentric profile, and the factors that make up both constructs. Participated in the estudo152 male athletes aged between 14 and 20 years. We evaluated gender schemas and idiocentric--allocentric profile. The statistic used was the chi square test, Fisher's exact and Kruskall Wallis with Dunn posthoc. As for the results the group was characterized as isoesquematic and isocentric no significant differences between the positions. However, it is emphasized that in relation to the emotional distance of the team the midfielders differed from the attackers. : We conclude that the studied athletes present in a general way isoesquematics and isocentric, with some peculiarities regarding the factors that make up your personality.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las diferencias entre las posiciones ocupadas en el campo de los jugadores de fútbol en cuanto a la clasificación de los esquemas de género de autoconcepto y perfil idiocéntrico-alocéntrico y los factores que componen ambas construcciones. Participó en los estudo 152 atletas varones de edades comprendidas entre los 14 y los 20 años. Se evaluaron esquemas de género y el perfil idiocentrico-alocéntrico. El estadístico utilizado fue la prueba de chi cuadrado, prueba exacta de Fisher y Kruskall Wallis con post hoc de Dunn. En cuanto a los resultados del grupo se caracterizó por ser isoesquemático y isocéntrica no hay diferencias significativas entre las posiciones. Sin embargo, se resalta que en relación a la distancia emocional del equipo los medios campistas diferían de los atacantes. : Se concluye que los atletas estudiados presentan de una manera general y isoesquemáticos isocéntricos, con algunas peculiaridades con respecto a los factores que conforman su personalidad.

Extraversion/introversion and age-related differences in speed-accuracy tradeoff / Diferenças de extroversão/introversão e idade na troca velocidade-precisão / Diferencias de extroversión/introversión y edad en el cambio velocidad-precisión

ABSTRACT Introduction: Extraversion/introversion and age differences might influence speed-accuracy tradeoff. Objective: The speed-accuracy tradeoff was investigated in extroverted and introverted female children, young adults and older adults. Method: Participants carried out an alternative version of Fitts' task, which involved making alternate clicks with the mouse held in the dominant hand, moving as fast as possible, on two rectangular targets on a computer screen in order to make twelve attempts at six random levels of difficulty (twelve combinations of target widths and distances between targets). Each of the three groups was composed of 16 introverted and 16 extroverted subjects, based upon Brazilian versions of Eysenck's questionnaire. Results: Elderly introverts fell short of the target more often and committed more overall errors than the elderly extroverts. Additionally, compared to their younger adult counterparts, the elderly subjects fell short of the target more often and committed more overall errors, besides taking longer to complete the task with higher levels of difficulty. Conclusion: The findings were interpreted in light of theories designed to explain the main processes underlying extroversion/introversion and age-related differences. Level of Evidence II; Lesser quality prospective study.

RESUMO Introdução: Diferenças de extroversão/introversão e idade podem influenciar na troca velocidade-precisão. Objetivo: A troca velocidade-precisão foi investigada em garotas, jovens adultas e idosas extrovertidas e introvertidas. Método: As participantes realizaram uma versão alternativa da tarefa de Fitts, a qual consistia em clicar alternadamente com a mão dominante no mouse, o mais rápido possível, em dois alvos retangulares na tela do computador, a fim de fazer doze tentativas em seis níveis aleatórios de dificuldade (doze combinações de larguras e distâncias entre os alvos). Cada um dos três grupos era composto por 16 introvertidas e 16 extrovertidas, com base nas versões brasileiras do questionário de Eysenck. Resultados: As idosas introvertidas acertaram menos o alvo com mais frequência e cometeram mais erros gerais em comparação às idosas extrovertidas. Ainda, as idosas acertaram menos o alvo com mais frequência e cometeram mais erros gerais, além de demorarem mais tempo para concluírem as tarefas com níveis maiores de dificuldade quando comparadas com as jovens adultas. Conclusão: Os achados foram interpretados com base nas teorias criadas para explicarem os principais processos sobre as diferenças relacionadas à extroversão/introversão e à idade. Nível de Evidência II; Estudo prospectivo de menor qualidade.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las diferencias de extroversión/introversión y edad pueden influir en el cambio velocidad-precisión. Objetivo: El cambio velocidad-precisión fue investigado en mujeres jóvenes adultas y de la tercera edad introvertidas y extrovertidas. Método: Las participantes realizaron una versión alternativa de la tarea de Fitts, que consistía en hacer clic alternadamente con el ratón, usando la mano dominante, lo más rápidamente posible, en dos objetos rectangulares en la pantalla de la computadora, a fin de realizar doce tentativas con seis niveles aleatorios de dificultad (doce combinaciones de anchos y distancias entre los objetos). Cada uno de los tres grupos fue compuesto por 16 introvertidas y 16 extrovertidas, con base en las versiones brasileñas del cuestionario de Eysenck. Resultados: Las mujeres de tercera edad introvertidas acertaron menos el objeto con más frecuencia y cometieron más errores generales en comparación a las mujeres de tercera edad extrovertidas. Además, las mujeres de tercera edad acertaron menos el objeto con más frecuencia y cometieron más errores generales, además de demorar más tiempo para concluir las tareas con niveles mayores de dificultad cuando comparadas con las mujeres jóvenes adultas. Conclusión: Los hallazgos fueron interpretados con base en las teorías creadas para explicar los principales procesos sobre las diferencias relacionadas a la extroversión/la introversión y a la edad. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudio prospectivo de menor calidad.

Individualidade moderna como particularidade / Modern individuality as particularity / Individualidad moderna como particularidad

Resumo O objetivo do ensaio é apresentar a proposição segundo a qual a individualidade moderna se coloca como uma categoria particular que medeia, na prática concreta dos homens, a relação entre os indivíduos concretos e a generidade ( Gattungsmässigkeit ) . Apresenta-se, assim, a individualidade moderna como exercitação do egoísmo racional sobretudo na personificação de categorias econômicas. Essa exercitação tendencial em bases de uma sociabilidade capitalista coabita com contratendências, o que permite apreender a individualidade concreta em constante assentamento tensionado com tendências da individualidade moderna por efeito sobretudo da compulsão econômica regente da sociabilidade presente.

Abstract The objective of this essay is to argument the modern individuality is a particular category which mediates through men's practical action, the relationship between concrete individuals and species-in-itself ( Gattungsmässigkeit ). The paper shows the modern individuality as the rational egoism exercitation, specially into economic categories. This tendential exercitation cohabits with countertendencies, which allows apprehend the concrete individuality in a constant tensioned putting with modern individuality tendencies as an effect of economic compulsion which rules the present sociability.

Resumen El objetivo del ensayo es presentar la propuesta según la cual la individualidad moderna se coloca como una categoría particular que media, en la práctica concreta de los hombres, la relación entre los individuos concretos y el ser genérico (Gattungsmässigkeit). Se presenta, así, la individualidad moderna como ejercicio del egoísmo racional, sobre todo en la personificación de categorías económicas. Este ejercicio tendencial sobre bases de una sociabilidad capitalista cohabita con contra-tendencias, lo que permite asimilar la individualidad concreta en constante asentamiento tensionado con tendencias de la individualidad moderna por efecto, sobre todo, de la compulsion económica reactiva de la sociabilidad presente.

Cuidado de enfermagem na perspectiva do sujeito do inconsciente e sua contribuição ao Projeto Terapêutico Singular / Nursing care based on the perspective of the subject of the unconscious and its contribution to the Singular Therapeutic Project / Cuidado de enfermería pautado en la perspectiva del sujeto del inconsciente y su contribución al Proyecto Terapéutico Singular

OBJETIVO: construir uma proposta de cuidado de enfermagem a partir da leitura do sujeito do inconsciente, por meio do método da Construção de Caso Clínico em Saúde Mental, apontando sua contribuição para o Projeto Terapêutico Singular. MÉTODO: realizou-se a construção de caso clínico de um paciente frequentador de um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial da rede municipal de saúde de Campinas. RESULTADOS: foram ordenados, por cotejamento, os principais significantes do discurso do sujeito, da família e da instituição. CONCLUSÃO: o cuidado de enfermagem ao paciente psicótico, fundamentado na singularidade, possibilita construir novos efeitos terapêuticos, pode favorecer que o paciente retome sua posição de sujeito e traz a contribuição do enfermeiro ao Projeto Terapêutico Singular.

OBJECTIVE: to build a proposal of nursing care from the perspective of the subject of the unconscious through the method of the Construction of Clinical Case in Mental Health and pointing out its contribution to the elaboration of the Singular Therapeutic Project. METHOD: the clinical case of a patient attending a CAPS of the municipal health services of Campinas was carried out. RESULTS: the main signifiers of the subject, family and institution discourse were ordered by collation. CONCLUSION: Nursing care for the psychotic patient based on the singularity allows the construction of new therapeutic effects, which may favor the restoration of the patient in his position of subject and bring the nurse's contribution for the Singular Therapeutic Project.

OBJETIVO: construir propuesta de cuidado de enfermería a partir de la lectura del sujeto del inconsciente por el método de la Construcción de Caso Clínico en Salud Mental y señalar su contribución en elaborar el Proyecto Terapéutico Singular. MÉTODO: se realizó la construcción de caso clínico de un paciente frecuentador de un CAPS de la red municipal de salud de Campinas. RESULTADOS: fueron ordenados, por el cotejo, los principales significantes del discurso del sujeto, de la familia y la institución. CONCLUSIÓN: El cuidado de enfermería al paciente psicótico fundamentado en la singularidad posibilita la construcción de nuevos efectos terapéuticos, pudiendo favorecer la reanudación del paciente en su posición de sujeto y aporta la contribución del enfermero al Proyecto Terapéutico Singular.

Conflict and desire into question: The tension of individualization in couple relationship experience in Chilean young adults / Sin conflicto y sin deseo: las tensiones de la individualización en la experiencia de pareja de jóvenes chilenos

Resumen Este artículo busca conocer y comprender las tensiones en las dimensiones de amor, sexualidad e intimidad en la experiencia de pareja en jóvenes hombres y mujeres de nivel socioeconómico medio y bajo, residentes en la ciudad de Santiago de Chile. La sociedad chilena ha vivido importantes transformaciones sociales y culturales que han impactado las formas de parentesco, en particular, las relaciones de pareja. Desde una perspectiva fenomenológico-hermenéutica, se analizaron e interpretaron los relatos de vida y el material recogido mediante grupos focales de hombres y mujeres entre 18 y 25 años. Los resultados evidencian tensiones y ambivalencias en el lugar dado al otro de la pareja en jóvenes chilenos. Los quiebres de los mandatos sobre la pareja, vinculados a la experiencia del conflicto, dependencia y deseo sexual, implican el despliegue de estrategias de regulación que tienden a minimizar las diferencias ya sea a través de la comunicación que intenta hacer transparente el mundo interno al otro, la evitación del conflicto o la suspensión de la relación.

Abstract This paper intends to learn and understand tensions in love, sexuality, and intimacy dimensions according to the experience of couples ranked in middle and low socioeconomic status, which inhabit in Santiago de Chile. Chilean society has gone through significant social and cultural changes that have had an impact on kinship forms, especially in couple relationships. From a phenomenological and hermeneutic perspective, life narratives and material collected from focus groups of men and women between 18 and 25 years old were analyzed. Results evidenced pressure and ambivalence in regards to the Chilean young´s conception about the role of the other. Breakdowns in couple agreements, associated with conflict, dependence, and sexual desire involve in motion of regulatory strategies tending to minimize differences, either through communication, that might see through the other's inner world, or conflict avoidance, or the end of the relationship.

Principios filosóficos de la homeopatía / Philosophical principles of homeopathy

De una manera clara, directa y muy didáctica, los autores de este trabajo realizan un recorrido por los principios que configuran la estructura de la filosofía homeopática, rescatando muchos de los conceptos inscritos en algunas de las obras literarias del célebre Higinio G. Pérez, fundador de la Escuela Libre de Homeopatía, y del fisiólogo norteamericano Walter Bradford Cannon, los cuales, por supuesto, son coincidentes con muchos de los preceptos hipocráticos y hahnemaniannos. Para complementar su análisis, los investigadores refieren las opiniones de algunos otros científicos (fisiólogos y biólogos) y citan de manera textual diversos parágrafos del doctor Samuel Hahnemann, al tiempo que expresan su opinión sobre la vigencia de dichas premisas en la época moderna...

In a clear direct and very didactic manner the authors of this paper perform a journey by the principles that configure the philosophical structure of homeopathy, recovering many of the concepts written in various of the literary works of the notorious physician Higinio G. Pérez, founder of the Homeopathic Free Scholl and from the north American physiologist Walter Bradford Cannon, which of course, are coincidental with most of the Hippocratic an Hanemanniann precepts. In order to complete their analysis, these researchers refer the opinions of some other scientists (Physiologist and Biologists) and quoted verbatim various paragraphs of Dr. Samuel Hahnemann, at the same time, that they state their personal opinion on the validity of these assumptions in modern times...

Principios filosóficos de la homeopatía / Philosophical principles of homeopathy

De una manera clara, directa y muy didáctica, los autores de este trabajo realizan un recorrido por los principios que configuran la estructura de la filosofía homeopática, rescatando muchos de los conceptos inscritos en algunas de las obras literarias del célebre Higinio G. Pérez, fundador de la Escuela Libre de Homeopatía, y del fisiólogo norteamericano Walter Bradford Cannon, los cuales, por supuesto, son coincidentes con muchos de los preceptos hipocráticos y hahnemaniannos. Para complementar su análisis, los investigadores refieren las opiniones de algunos otros científicos (fisiólogos y biólogos) y citan de manera textual diversos parágrafos del doctor Samuel Hahnemann, al tiempo que expresan su opinión sobre la vigencia de dichas premisas en la época moderna. (AU)

In a clear direct and very didactic manner the authors of this paper perform a journey by the principles that configure the philosophical structure of homeopathy, recovering many of the concepts written in various of the literary works of the notorious physician Higinio G. Pérez, founder of the Homeopathic Free Scholl and from the north American physiologist Walter Bradford Cannon, which of course, are coincidental with most of the Hippocratic an Hanemanniann precepts. In order to complete their analysis, these researchers refer the opinions of some other scientists (Physiologist and Biologists) and quoted verbatim various paragraphs of Dr. Samuel Hahnemann, at the same time, that they state their personal opinion on the validity of these assumptions in modern times. (AU)

Unicismo, Pluralismo y Complejismo / Unicism, Pluralism and complexism

Durante mucho tiempo se ha discutido a veces acaloradamente acerca de la manera más adecuada de prescribir un medicamento homeopático. El reconocido médico Tarsicio Escalante describe de manera muy clara lo que es la prescripción unicista, la pluralista y la complejista, y acepta que el médico homeópata debe ser reconocido como tal, independientemente de la modalidad que haya elegido, “siempre y cuando tenga el cuidado de administrar como factor curativo al semejante”. El autor expone, asimismo, la posibilidad de que los tres tipos de especialistas mencionados puedan dejar de hacer Homeopatía a pesar de usar el semejante. Si nos referimos a los unicistas, porque existe la duda acerca de la cantidad de veces que se puede dividir la materia y, por lo tanto, incertidumbre acerca de la eficacia del medicamento homeopático. En el caso de los pluralistas, se cuestiona la validez de prescribir varios remedios para cubrir en su totalidad la tipología del paciente; finalmente, cuando se habla de los complejistas se infiere que no hay pruebas contundentes para demostrar que el organismo es capaz de elegir la sustancia más adecuada de entre varios remedios mezclados previamente. El artículo desglosa cómo los unicistas defienden los postulados del doctor Samuel Hahnemann, en el sentido de que recetar más de un medicamento propicia que el efecto de uno de ellos se diluya o desaparezca por completo. Los complejistas, deduce el especialista, podrían acudir al precepto hahnemanniano de la individualidad morbosa y decir que cada enfermo responde de manera diferente y, por tanto, no habría razón para que no surtiera efecto un remedio múltiple. Resulta una realidad, concluye el artículo, que la actitud de los unicistas en contra de los complejistas es tan anticientífica como la que muestran los alópatas que detestan a la Homeopatía. En ambos casos, parecería que se conociera a profundidad el funcionamiento de este método clínico terapéutico.

It has long been discussed, sometimes heatedly, about the best way to prescribe a homeopathic medicine. The renowned doctor, Tarcisio Escalante describes very clearly what the unicist, pluralist and complexist prescription are, and agrees that the homeopath must be recognized as such, regardless of the mode he has chosen, “provided that he has the care of administering the similar as the healing factor”. The author also presents the possibility that the three mentioned types of specialists may stop doing Homeopathy despite using the similar. If we refer to the unicists, because there is doubt about the amount of times you can divide the matter and, therefore, uncertainty about the effectiveness of homeopathic medicine. In thecase of pluralists, the validity of the prescription of several remedies to fully cover the type of patient is questioned; finally, when speaking of complexist it follows that there is no conclusive evidence to show that the body is able to choose the best of the several previously mixed remedies. The articles analyzes how unicists defend the tenets of Dr. Samuel Hahnemann, in the sense that to prescribe more than one drug may cause that the effect of one of them may be diluted or may disappear completely. The complexists, points out the specialist, may look to Hahnemann precepts about morbid individuality and say that each patient responds in a different manner, therefore, there would not be a reason not to take effect a multiple remedy. The article concludes that it is a reality, that the attitude of unicists against complexists is as unscientific as the allopathic attitude of those who detest Homeopathy. In both cases, it seems like it may be known, at a very profound level, the operation of this clinical therapeutic method.

Unicismo, Pluralismo y Complejismo / Unicism, Pluralism and complexism

Durante mucho tiempo se ha discutido a veces acaloradamente acerca de la manera más adecuada de prescribir un medicamento homeopático. El reconocido médico Tarsicio Escalante describe de manera muy clara lo que es la prescripción unicista, la pluralista y la complejista, y acepta que el médico homeópata debe ser reconocido como tal, independientemente de la modalidad que haya elegido, “siempre y cuando tenga el cuidado de administrar como factor curativo al semejante”. El autor expone, asimismo, la posibilidad de que los tres tipos de especialistas mencionados puedan dejar de hacer Homeopatía a pesar de usar el semejante. Si nos referimos a los unicistas, porque existe la duda acerca de la cantidad de veces que se puede dividir la materia y, por lo tanto, incertidumbre acerca de la eficacia del medicamento homeopático. En el caso de los pluralistas, se cuestiona la validez de prescribir varios remedios para cubrir en su totalidad la tipología del paciente; finalmente, cuando se habla de los complejistas se infiere que no hay pruebas contundentes para demostrar que el organismo es capaz de elegir la sustancia más adecuada de entre varios remedios mezclados previamente. El artículo desglosa cómo los unicistas defienden los postulados del doctor Samuel Hahnemann, en el sentido de que recetar más de un medicamento propicia que el efecto de uno de ellos se diluya o desaparezca por completo. Los complejistas, deduce el especialista, podrían acudir al precepto hahnemanniano de la individualidad morbosa y decir que cada enfermo responde de manera diferente y, por tanto, no habría razón para que no surtiera efecto un remedio múltiple. Resulta una realidad, concluye el artículo, que la actitud de los unicistas en contra de los complejistas es tan anticientífica como la que muestran los alópatas que detestan a la Homeopatía. En ambos casos, parecería que se conociera a profundidad el funcionamiento de este método clínico terapéutico.(AU)

It has long been discussed, sometimes heatedly, about the best way to prescribe a homeopathic medicine. The renowned doctor, Tarcisio Escalante describes very clearly what the unicist, pluralist and complexist prescription are, and agrees that the homeopath must be recognized as such, regardless of the mode he has chosen, “provided that he has the care of administering the similar as the healing factor”. The author also presents the possibility that the three mentioned types of specialists may stop doing Homeopathy despite using the similar. If we refer to the unicists, because there is doubt about the amount of times you can divide the matter and, therefore, uncertainty about the effectiveness of homeopathic medicine. In thecase of pluralists, the validity of the prescription of several remedies to fully cover the type of patient is questioned; finally, when speaking of complexist it follows that there is no conclusive evidence to show that the body is able to choose the best of the several previously mixed remedies. The articles analyzes how unicists defend the tenets of Dr. Samuel Hahnemann, in the sense that to prescribe more than one drug may cause that the effect of one of them may be diluted or may disappear completely. The complexists, points out the specialist, may look to Hahnemann precepts about morbid individuality and say that each patient responds in a different manner, therefore, there would not be a reason not to take effect a multiple remedy. The article concludes that it is a reality, that the attitude of unicists against complexists is as unscientific as the allopathic attitude of those who detest Homeopathy. In both cases, it seems like it may be known, at a very profound level, the operation of this clinical therapeutic method. (AU)