Duration of Fecal Excretion of Clostridium Botulinum and Botulinum Neurotoxin in Patients Recovering from Infant Botulism.

This study sought to determine duration of fecal excretion of Clostridium botulinum organisms and neurotoxin after onset of infant botulism in 66 affected infants. Median excretion was longer for type A than type B patients (organisms: 5.9 vs 3.5 weeks, toxin: 4.8 vs 1.6 weeks, respectively). Toxin excretion always ceased before organism excretion. Antibiotic therapy did not affect duration of excretion.

Botulismo del lactante en Argentina. Trabajo multicéntrico / Infant botulism in Argentina. Multicentric work

Resumen El botulismo del lactante (BL), es la forma más frecuente del botulismo humano en la actualidad, es una enfermedad "rara" o "huérfana" ya que afecta a menos del 0,05 % de la población. El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar la Incidencia del BL en la Argentina, evaluar el diagnóstico y tratamiento realizado, comparar la evolución y las secuelas al alta en pacientes con y sin tratamiento específico y, considerar las características climáticas (precipitaciones y vientos) y los estudios de muestras de suelos de las provincias con mayor cantidad de casos de BL. Presentamos un estudio multicéntrico, de cohorte (longitudinal) observacional, retrospectivo analizando las historias clínicas de los pacientes con BL, que ingresaron a Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos con asistencia respiratoria mecánica, desde el 1 de enero de 2010 hasta 31 de diciembre de 2013. Se consideró: edad, sexo, días previos al ingreso hasta diagnóstico por laboratorio, total internación en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos con asistencia respiratoria mecánica, alimentación por sonda nasogástrica, tratamiento y secuelas. En Argentina entre 2010 al 2013 se registraron 216 casos de BL. En este trabajo se analizaron 79 pacientes provenientes de 11 provincias, que ingresaron a Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos. La edad promedio de los pacientes ingresados fue de 4 meses, de los cuales 90% recibía alimentación materna. Dieciocho pacientes de seis provincias recibieron antitoxina botulínica equina. El promedio de días de enfermedad previos al ingreso fue de 2 días en los pacientes que recibieron tratamiento con antitoxina botulínica equina y 4 días en los pacientes no tratados. Diagnóstico de laboratorio (Toxina A y Clostridium botulinum) a los 5 días en los tratados con antitoxina botulínica equina, y a los 11,5 en los no tratados. En los pacientes tratados con antitoxina botulínica equina, el promedio de días de internación fue de 30 versus 70 días en los no tratados (p=0,0001). El promedio días en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos de los pacientes tratados fue de 20 versus 54 días en los no tratados (p=0,0001). Los días de asistencia respiratoria mecánica en los tratados fue de 16 versus 43 días en los no tratados (p=0,0001) y los tratados requirieron 29 días de alimentación por sonda nasogástrica versus 70 días en los no tratados (p=0,0001). El 40% de los pacientes tratados presentaron neumonía asociada a respirador versus el 56% de los no tratados (p=0,0038), sepsis el 11% versus el 34% (p=0,005) y secuelas al alta 6% versus 64% (p=0,0001), respectivamente. En zonas con mayor número de casos, se observó una alta frecuencia de esporas en los suelos, asociado a clima seco y ventoso. Los resultados sugieren que el tratamiento precoz con antitoxina botulínica equina es una alternativa hasta disponer de inmuno-globulina botulínica humana. Los climas secos y ventosos favorecen la enfermedad.

Abstract Infant botulism (BL), the most common form of human botulism today, is a "rare" or "orphan" disease as it affects less than 0.05% of the population. The objective of this work is to determine the incidence of BL in Argentina. Evaluate the diagnosis and treatment performed. To compare evolution and sequelae at discharge in patients with and without specific treatment. Consider the climatic characteristics (precipitations and winds) and the studies of soil samples from the provinces with the highest number of BL cases. We present a retrospective, observational, multicenter, cohort (longitudinal) study analyzing the medical records of patients with BL, who were admitted to Pediatric Intensive Care Units with mechanical ventilation, from January 1,2010 to December 31,2013. The following were considered: age, sex, days prior to admission, until laboratory diagnosis, Pediatric Intensive Care Units, me-chanical respiratory assistance, average hospital days, nasogastric tube feeding, treatment and sequelae. In the country, 216 cases of BL were registered between 2010 and 2013. We analyzed 79 who were admitted to Pediatric Intensive Care Units from 11 provinces. Average age 4 months. Maternal nutrition 90%. Eighteen patients (6 provinces) received equine botulinum antitoxin .Mean days of illness prior to admission: 2 in those treated with equine botulinum antitoxin and 4 in those not treated. Laboratory diagnosis (Toxin A and Clostridium botulinum) at 5 days in treated with equine botulinum antitoxin, at 11.5 in untreated. Patients with equine botulinum antitoxin average hospital days 30 vs 70 in untreated patients (p=0.0001). Mean Pediatric Intensive Care Unit days 20 vs 54 (p=0.0001) of mechanical respiratory assistance 16 vs 43 (p=0.0001) and nasogastric tube feeding 29 vs 70 (p=0.0001). Those treated presented ventilator-associated pneumonia 40% vs 56% (p=0.0038) and sepsis 11% vs 34% (p=0.005). Sequelae at discharge 6% vs 64% (p=0.0001) in those not treated. In areas with a higher number of cases, high frequency of spores in soils, dry and windy weather. The results suggest that early treatment with equine botulinum antitoxin is an alternative until human botulinum immunoglobulin is available. The dry and windy climates favor the disease.

Botulismo del lactante grave por toxina tipo A y uso de antitoxina equina AB luego de 5 días de evolución, reporte de caso y revisión bibliográfica / Severe infant botulism due to type A toxin and use of equine AB antitoxin AB after 5 days of evolution, a case report and literature review

Resumen El botulismo del lactante (BL) es una enfermedad neuroparalítica potencialmente grave que afecta a niños menores de un año, ocasio nada por la ingesta y germinación de esporas de la bacteria del género Clostridium en tubo digestivo y la producción in situ de toxina botulínica (TB). Ésta se absorbe de manera intermitente y puede ser sostenida en el tiempo, condicionando una mayor exposición a la TB respecto a otras formas de botulismo. La TB representa el agente más letal conocido para el ser humano, con capacidad de producir parálisis flácida descendente, insuficiencia respiratoria y la muerte. Los lactantes representan la población más susceptible a esta toxiinfección. El eje central del manejo del BL radica en el diagnóstico precoz y tratamiento de sostén adecuado y oportuno. Si bien en la bibliografía consultada se describe que el tratamiento específico con antitoxina botulínica humana (BabyBIG® reduce el tiempo de hospitalización y estadía en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, la misma no se encuentra disponible en muchos países, incluida la Argentina. En nuestro país se encuentra disponible la antitoxina botulínica de origen equino (AtBE) bivalente A-B. La misma no posee indicación formal para el tratamiento del BL por la escasa experiencia en esta población, su corta vida media y los efectos adversos descritos, como son la sensibilización a antígenos equinos de por vida y posibles reacciones anafilácticas más graves en lactantes, basados en trabajos de la década de 1980 y opiniones de expertos. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 5 meses asistida en el Hos pital de Niños "Superiora Sor María Ludovica" con BL severo, con requerimientos de asistencia ventilatoria mecánica y deterioro clínico durante la internación. Recibió AtBE a los 48 días de enfermedad, con respuesta favorable, a partir de una búsqueda bibliográfica sobre la eficacia y el perfil de seguridad de la AtBE en BL grave y la eficacia de su administración luego de 5 días de inicio del cuadro. A pesar de no haberse hallado bibliografía que avale la eficacia de la AtBE pasados 5 días de evolución, se plantea su uso en pacientes con BL grave e indicadores compatibles con presencia de TB en circulación, como la intensificación de la hipotonía muscular o la identificación de TB en materia fecal o suero. La búsqueda realizada arrojó datos sobre posibles beneficios de su uso, tanto antes como después de los 5 días de evolución del cuadro, y la ausencia de reportes de reacciones adversas severas en lactantes. Se concluye que el uso de la AtBE podría ser una opción terapéutica frente a la ausencia de BabyBIG® en pacientes con BL grave confirmado que requieran cuidados intensivos con soporte ventilatorio mecánico, frente a indicadores compatibles con TB circulante, independientemente del tiempo de evolución.

Abstract Infant botulism (BL) is a potentially serious neuroparalytic disease that affects children under one year old, caused by the ingestion and germination of spores of the Clostridium genus bacterium in the digestive tract and the in situ production of botulinum toxin (TB), which is absorbed intermittently and can be sustained over time, with longer exposure time to TB than other botulism forms. The TB represents the most lethal toxin known to humans and can cause descending flaccid paralysis, respiratory failure and death. Infants represent an especially susceptible population. Early diagnosis and supportive care are the cornerstone of BL management. Although specific treatment with human botulinum antitoxin (BabyBIG® has shown to reduce the hospitalization time and Intensive Care Unit stay in the consulted bibliography, it is not currently available in many countries, including Argentina. Botulinum antitoxin of equine origin (AtBE) bivalent A-B is available in our country. This antitoxin has not a formal indication in BL due to the limited experience of its use in this population, its short half-life and the adverse effects described, such as lifelong sensitization to equine antigens and possible more severe anaphylactic reactions in infants, based on studies from the 1980s and expert opinions. We present the case of a 5 month old patient assisted at the Children's Hospital "Superiora Sor María Ludovica" with severe BL, in need of mechanical ventilatory assistance and worsening of her clinical state during hospitalization, who received ATBE at 48 days of illness with a favorable response. A bibliographic search was carried out on the efficacy and safety profile of AtBE in severe BL and the efficacy of its administration after 5 days of illness onset. Even though bibliography on efficacy of ATBE after 5 days of evolution was not found, its use is proposed in patients with compatible indicators of circulating TB, such as worsening of muscular hypotonia or TB presence in feces or serum in severe ill patients. The carried out search has shown data of the possible benefits of its use, both before and after 5 days of disease onset, and the absence of severe adeverse reaction reports in infants. We concluded that the use of AtBE could be a therapeutic option in absence of BabyBIG® in patients with confirmed severe BL who require intensive care with mechanical ventilatory support and compatible indicators with circulating TB, regardless of the evolution time.

More Clinical Mimics of Infant Botulism.

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the actual diagnoses of 76 patients (2005-2015) whose clinical presentations so closely resembled infant botulism that the patients were treated with Human Botulism Immune Globulin Intravenous (BIG-IV; BabyBIG), but whose illnesses subsequently were not laboratory confirmed as infant botulism ("clinical mimics" of infant botulism). STUDY DESIGN: The California Department of Public Health produces BIG-IV and distributes it nationwide as a public service (ie, not-for-profit) orphan drug to treat patients hospitalized with suspected infant botulism. During the study period, admission records and discharge summaries for all patients treated with BIG-IV but who lacked a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of infant botulism were collected and abstracted. The patients' discharge diagnoses were identified, categorized, and compared with previously reported clinical mimics categories for 32 patients (1992-2005). RESULTS: From 2005 to 2015, 76 clinical mimic illnesses were identified. These illnesses were distributed into the 5 categories previously reported of (1) probable infant botulism lacking confirmatory testing (26.3%); (2) spinal muscular atrophy (19.7%); (3) miscellaneous (15.8%); (4) metabolic disorders (11.8%); and (5) other infectious diseases (10.6%). Of the 76 clinical mimic illnesses, 15.8% had no alternate diagnosis established and were therefore categorized as undetermined. CONCLUSIONS: Over the 23 years 1992-2015, patients presenting with illnesses so clinically similar to infant botulism that they were treated with BIG-IV had actual diagnoses that were distributed into 5 main categories. These categories and their individual components constitute a working bedside differential diagnosis of infant botulism.

Efficacy of Human Botulism Immune Globulin for the Treatment of Infant Botulism: The First 12 Years Post Licensure.

OBJECTIVES: To report the efficacy of Human Botulism Immune Globulin Intravenous (BIG-IV) in the first 12 years following its licensure in 2003 and to characterize its use nationwide in treating patients with infant botulism. STUDY DESIGN: Medical records and billing information were collected for US patients treated with BIG-IV from 2003 to 2015. Length of hospital stay (LOS) and hospital charge information for treated patients were compared with the BIG-IV Pivotal Clinical Trial Placebo Group to quantify decreases in LOS and hospital charges. RESULTS: The use of BIG-IV reduced mean LOS from 5.7 to 2.2 weeks. This shortened hospital stay resulted in a mean decrease in hospital charges of $88 900 per patient. For all US patients 2003-2015, total decreases in LOS and hospital charges were 66.9 years and $86.2 million, respectively. The decrease in mean LOS was time dependent: BIG-IV treatment on hospital days 0-3 reduced mean LOS by 3.7 weeks (P <.001 vs the BIG-IV Pivotal Clinical Trial Placebo Group), on hospital days 4-7 by 2.6 weeks (P <.001 vs the BIG-IV Pivotal Clinical Trial Placebo Group) and on hospital days 8-10 by just 1 week (P = NS). Since licensure, 1192 patients in 48 states and Washington, DC, have been treated with BIG-IV. CONCLUSIONS: The use of BIG-IV since its licensure in 2003 treated approximately 93% of US patients with laboratory-confirmed infant botulism, and prevented >65 years in hospital stay and >$85 million in hospital charges from occurring. The greatest LOS reduction was achieved when BIG-IV was administered soon after hospital admission. Effective and appropriate use of BIG-IV in the US has continued in the postlicensure period.

Neurotoxins from Clostridium botulinum (serotype A) isolated from the soil of Mendoza (Argentina) differ from the A-Hall archetype and from that causing infant botulism.

The type A of neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum is the prevalent serotype in strains of Mendoza. The soil is the main reservoir for C.botulinum and is possibly one of the infection sources in infant botulism. In this study, we characterized and compared autochthonous C. botulinum strains and their neurotoxins. Bacterial samples were obtained from the soil and from fecal samples collected from children with infant botulism. We first observed differences in the appearance of the colonies between strains from each source and with the A Hall control strain. In addition, purified neurotoxins of both strains were found to be enriched in a band of 300 kDa, whereas the A-Hall strain was mainly made up of a band of ∼600 kDa. This finding is in line with the lack of hemagglutinating activity of the neurotoxins under study. Moreover, the proteolytic activity of C. botulinum neurotoxins was evaluated against SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein receptor) proteins from rat brain. It was observed that both, SNAP 25 (synaptosomal-associated protein 25) and VAMP 2 (vesicle-associated membrane protein) were cleaved by the neurotoxins isolated from the soil strains, whereas the neurotoxins from infant botulism strains only induced a partial cleavage of VAMP 2. On the other hand, the neurotoxin from the A-Hall strain was able to cleave both proteins, though at a lesser extent. Our data indicate that the C.botulinum strain isolated from the soil, and its BoNT, exhibit different properties compared to the strain obtained from infant botulism patients, and from the A-Hall archetype.

Linden flower (Tilia spp.) as potential vehicle of Clostridium botulinum spores in the transmission of infant botulism / El té de tilo como vehículo potencial de esporas de Clostridium botulinum en la transmisión del botulismo infantil

Infant botulism is an intestinal toxemia caused principally by Clostridium botulinum. Since the infection occurs in the intestinal tract, numerous food products have been investigated for the presence of C. botulinum and its neurotoxins. In many countries, people use linden flower (Tilia spp) tea as a household remedy and give it to infants as a sedative. Therefore, to help provide a clear picture of this disease transmission, we investigated the presence of botulinum spores in linden flowers. In this study, we analyzed 100 samples of unwrapped linden flowers and 100 samples of linden flowers in tea bags to determine the prevalence and spore-load of C. botulinum. Results were analyzed by the Fisher test. We detected a prevalence of 3% of botulinum spores in the unwrapped linden flowers analyzed and a spore load of 30 spores per 100 grams. None of the industrialized linden flowers analyzed were contaminated with botulinum spores. C. botulinum type A was identified in two samples and type B in one sample. Linden flowers must be considered a potential vehicle of C. botulinum, and the ingestion of linden flower tea can represent a risk factor for infant botulism.

El botulismo del lactante es una toxiinfección causada, principalmente, por Clostridium botulinum. Debido a que esta infección ocurre en el tracto intestinal, la presencia de esta bacteria y sus neurotoxinas ha sido investigada en numerosos alimentos. En muchos países se utiliza el té de tilo (Tilia spp.) como sedante natural, el que se administra incluso a los lactantes. A fin de contribuir al esclarecimiento de la transmisión de esta enfermedad, se investigó la prevalencia y la carga de esporas botulínicas en esta hierba. Se analizaron 100 muestras de tilo comercializado a granel y 100 muestras de tilo industralizado en “saquitos”. Los resultados de prevalencia fueron analizados por el test de Fisher y la carga de esporas por la técnica del número más probable. Se halló una prevalencia de esporas de C. botulinum del 3% en el tilo comercializado a granel, con una carga de 30 esporas/100 g de hierba. En tanto, ninguna de las muestras en saquitos acusó la presencia del patógeno. Se identificaron tres cepas de C. botulinum, dos tipo A y una tipo B. En virtud de estos resultados, el tilo podría considerarse un potencial vehículo de esporas de C. botulinum y la administración de sus infusiones a menores y lactantes, un riesgo para la transmisión de la enfermedad.

Phenotypic characterization of Clostridium botulinum strains isolated from infant botulism cases in Argentina / Caracterización fenotípica de cepas de Clostridium botulinum aisladas de casos de botulismo del lactante en Argentina

Infant botulism is the most common form of human botulism; however, its transmission has not been completely explained yet. Some of the most recognized potential sources of Clostridium botulinum spores are the soil, dust, honey and medicinal herbs. In Argentina, 456 cases of infant botulism were reported between 1982 and 2007. C. botulinum type A was identified in 455 of these cases whereas type B was identified in just one case. However, in Argentina, types A, B, E, F, G, and Af have been isolated from environmental sources. It is not clearly known if strains isolated from infant botulism cases have different characteristics from strains isolated from other sources. During this study, 46 C. botulinum strains isolated from infant botulism cases and from environmental sources were typified according to phenotypic characteristics. Biochemical tests, antimicrobial activity, and haemagglutinin-negative botulinum neurotoxin production showed uniformity among all these strains. Despite the variability observed in the botulinum neurotoxin's binding to cellular receptors, no correlation was found between these patterns and the source of the botulinum neurotoxin. However, an apparent geographical clustering was observed, since strains isolated from Argentina had similar characteristics to those isolated from Italy and Japan, but different to those isolated from the United States.

El botulismo del lactante es la forma más común del botulismo humano; sin embargo, su forma de transmisión no ha sido totalmente explicada. El suelo, el polvo ambiental, la miel y algunas hierbas medicinales son potenciales fuentes de esporas de Clostridium botulinum. Entre 1982 y 2007 se informaron en Argentina 456 casos de botulismo del lactante, 455 casos debidos al serotipo A y uno al serotipo B. Sin embargo, los serotipos A, B, E, F, G y Af han sido aislados de suelos y otras fuentes en Argentina. No se conoce si las cepas aisladas de casos de botulismo del lactante poseen características diferentes de las cepas aisladas de otras fuentes. Durante este estudio se caracterizaron 46 cepas de C. botulinum. Las pruebas bioquímicas y de sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos y la producción de neurotoxina botulínica hemaglutinina-negativa mostraron uniformidad entre estas cepas. A pesar de la variabilidad observada respecto de la unión de la neurotoxina a receptores celulares, no se observó una correlación entre estos patrones de unión y la fuente de aislamiento. Sin embargo, se observó una aparente agrupación geográfica, ya que las cepas aisladas en Argentina tuvieron características similares a las observadas en las cepas aisladas en Italia y Japón, pero diferentes de las que se registraron en las cepas aisladas en los Estados Unidos.

Botulismo infantil: Comunicación de un caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Infant botulism: Case report and review

Botulism is a rare disease in Chile and of the known clinical presentation, infant botulism is the most common. We report the case of a previously healthy seven month oíd male infant with a two weeks history of rinorrea, cough, fatigue, constipation and progressive weakness after the consumption of honey. Stool cultures were positive for Clostridium botulinum group 1 type A and electromyography was compatible with the diagnosis. The patient evolved with arterial hypertension, interpreted as secondary to autonomic dysfunction, which responded to calcium channel blockers. Muscle tone improved progressively during the following four weeks. Infant botulism is a potentially fatal disease; diagnosis can be difficult given the broad clinical manifestations. Prevention should focus on education of parents of infants as well as medical personnell.

El botulismo es un trastorno poco frecuente en nuestro país. De las formas conocidas, el botulismo infantil da cuenta de la mayoría de los casos. Comunicamos el caso clínico de un paciente de siete meses, sexo masculino, sin antecedentes mórbidos. Historia de dos semanas de coriza, tos y decaimiento. Tras la ingesta de miel presentó exacerbación de la sinto-matología respiratoria, constipación y debilidad muscular progresiva. Se analizó muestra de heces resultando positiva para Clostridium botulinum grupo I tipo A. El estudio electromiográñco fue compatible con el diagnóstico. Presentó hipertensión arterial, atribuyéndose a disfunción autonómica, con buena respuesta a bloqueadores de los canales de calcio. Recuperó progresivamente el tono muscular. En un control ambulatorio se apreciaba importante regresión de la sinto-matología. El botulismo infantil es una enfermedad potencialmente letal de no tratarse oportunamente y de difícil diagnóstico, ya que su presentación es similar a otros cuadros clínicos. Es necesario educar a padres y personal médico sobre las medidas de prevención para los lactantes bajo doce meses de edad.

Esporos de Clostridium botulinum em mel comercializado no Estado de São Paulo e em outros Estados brasileiros / Clostridium botulinum spores in honey commercialized in São Paulo and other Brazilian states

O botulismo infantil tem afetado crianças abaixo de um ano de idade em várias regiões do mundo, e o mel tem sido identificado como uma das mais importantes fontes de intoxicação alimentar. Apesar disso, há dados escassos sobre o botulismo entre crianças no Brasil, especialmente no tipo de alimento comercial mais implicado nesta patologia. Este estudo pretendeu investigar a presença de esporos de Clostridium botulinum em mel comercializado no Brasil. Cem amostras de mel comercializado em seis diferentes Estados brasileiros (SP, MG, GO, CE, MT, SC) foram pesquisados para a presença de esporos de Clostridium botulinum, usando o choque térmico, seguido pela inoculação em caldo Cooked Meat Medium (Difco®) e incubado em condições anaeróbias. As culturas positivas foram analisadas através de esfregaços corados pelo Gram e semeadas em placas de Reinforced Clostrideo Agar (Difco®) e placas de Sulfito Polimixina Sulfadiazina -SPS (Difco®), as quais foram incubadas em condições anaeróbicas para obter colônias desta bactéria. As colônias positivas foram submetidas a teste de toxicidade através da inoculação em camundongos susceptíveis e caracterização bioquímica. Foram encontradas colônias de Clostridium botulinum que produzem toxinas ativas em 7 por cento das amostras de mel comercial, realçando a relevância deste microrganismo para a saúde pública devido ao alto risco potencial de o mel comercializado nestas regiões brasileiras causar o botulismo infantil, especialmente em crianças abaixo de um ano de idade.

Infant botulism has been affecting children under one year of age in several regions of the world and honey has been identified as one of the most important source of this food borne disease. Despite this, there are scarce data about botulism among children in Brazil, specially the type commercial food most implicated in this pathology. This study aimed at investigating the presence of spores of Clostridium botulinum in honey commercialized in Brazil. One hundred of honey samples commercialized in six different Brazilin states (SP, MG, GO, CE, MT, SC) were searched for the presence of spores of Clostridium botulinum, using thermal shock followed by the inoculation in Cooked Meat Medium (Difco®) and incubation in anaerobic conditions. The positives cultures were analyzed by Gram stain and seeded in Reinforced Clostrideo Agar (Difco®) and Sulfito Polimixina Sulfadiazina -SPS (Difco®) plates, which were incubated in anaerobic conditions in order to pick up the colonies of this bacteria. The positive colonies were submitted to toxicity test by inoculation in susceptible mice and to biochemical characterization. Clostridium botulinum colonies producing actively toxins were detected in 7 percent of the commercial honey samples, highlighting the relevance of this microorganism for public health due to the high potential risk of honey commercialized in these Brazilian regions to cause Infant Botulism, specially in children under one-year old.

Esporos de Clostridium botulinum em mel comercializado no Estado de São Paulo e em outros Estados brasileiros / Clostridium botulinum spores in honey commercialized in São Paulo and other Brazilian states

O botulismo infantil tem afetado crianças abaixo de um ano de idade em várias regiões do mundo, e o mel tem sido identificado como uma das mais importantes fontes de intoxicação alimentar. Apesar disso, há dados escassos sobre o botulismo entre crianças no Brasil, especialmente no tipo de alimento comercial mais implicado nesta patologia. Este estudo pretendeu investigar a presença de esporos de Clostridium botulinum em mel comercializado no Brasil. Cem amostras de mel comercializado em seis diferentes Estados brasileiros (SP, MG, GO, CE, MT, SC) foram pesquisados para a presença de esporos de Clostridium botulinum, usando o choque térmico, seguido pela inoculação em caldo Cooked Meat Medium (Difco®) e incubado em condições anaeróbias. As culturas positivas foram analisadas através de esfregaços corados pelo Gram e semeadas em placas de Reinforced Clostrideo Agar (Difco®) e placas de Sulfito Polimixina Sulfadiazina -SPS (Difco®), as quais foram incubadas em condições anaeróbicas para obter colônias desta bactéria. As colônias positivas foram submetidas a teste de toxicidade através da inoculação em camundongos susceptíveis e caracterização bioquímica. Foram encontradas colônias de Clostridium botulinum que produzem toxinas ativas em 7 por cento das amostras de mel comercial, realçando a relevância deste microrganismo para a saúde pública devido ao alto risco potencial de o mel comercializado nestas regiões brasileiras causar o botulismo infantil, especialmente em crianças abaixo de um ano de idade.(AU)

Infant botulism has been affecting children under one year of age in several regions of the world and honey has been identified as one of the most important source of this food borne disease. Despite this, there are scarce data about botulism among children in Brazil, specially the type commercial food most implicated in this pathology. This study aimed at investigating the presence of spores of Clostridium botulinum in honey commercialized in Brazil. One hundred of honey samples commercialized in six different Brazilin states (SP, MG, GO, CE, MT, SC) were searched for the presence of spores of Clostridium botulinum, using thermal shock followed by the inoculation in Cooked Meat Medium (Difco®) and incubation in anaerobic conditions. The positives cultures were analyzed by Gram stain and seeded in Reinforced Clostrideo Agar (Difco®) and Sulfito Polimixina Sulfadiazina -SPS (Difco®) plates, which were incubated in anaerobic conditions in order to pick up the colonies of this bacteria. The positive colonies were submitted to toxicity test by inoculation in susceptible mice and to biochemical characterization. Clostridium botulinum colonies producing actively toxins were detected in 7 percent of the commercial honey samples, highlighting the relevance of this microorganism for public health due to the high potential risk of honey commercialized in these Brazilian regions to cause Infant Botulism, specially in children under one-year old.(AU)

Epidemiología y factores de riesgo asociados al botulismo de los alimentos y al botulismo infantil: ¿Dónde y cuándo? / Epidemiology and risk factors associated to foodborne and infant botulism: Where and when?

Foodborne botulism is caused by ingestión of a preformed toxin produced in food by C. botulinum. The most frequent source is home-canned foods, in which spores that survive an inadequate cooking and canning process germinate, reproduce, and produce this toxin in the anaerobic environment of the canned food. From 1992 to 2003, 34 cases of food-borne cases and 275 cases of infant botulism were reported in Argentina. The severity of symptoms depends on the amount of toxin ingested. Mild cases may not seek medical attention at all. A patient presenting only nausea and mild neurological symptoms may not raise the physician's attention and therefore the case will not be reported. It is important to make physicians aware of this potentially fatal disease. In Argentina, most botulism cases are related to home-canned food. Therefore, botulism can be prevented through the education of consumers in order to discourage the consumption of that kind of food.

La causa más frecuente de botulismo de los alimentos es la elaboración y consumo de conservas caseras, que son procesadas de manera inapropiada, creando un ambiente anaeróbico que favorece la supervivencia de las esporas, su germinación, reproducción y síntesis de toxina. Entre 1992 y 2003, se han notificado en Argentina 34 casos de botulismo transmitido por alimentos y 275 casos de botulismo infantil. La gravedad de los síntomas depende de la ingesta de esporas viables por el paciente. Formas leves de botulismo pueden no requerir asistencia médica en absoluto, por lo que si un paciente presenta sólo náuseas y ligeros síntomas neurológicos, existe la posibilidad de que un caso de botulismo pueda no ser diagnosticado. En Argentina, la mayoría de los casos de botulismo se relacionan con alimentos de preparación casera. Es importante para la prevención, educar a los consumidores, desincentivando la ingesta de este tipo de alimentos.

Botulismo de origem alimentar / Foodbourne botulism

O botulismo alimentar ocorre pela ingestão de toxinas pré-formadas pelo Clostridium botulinum, consideradas as mais potentes dentre as toxinas conhecidas. Caracteriza-se como uma doença de extrema gravidade, de evolução aguda, provoca distúrbios digestivos e neurológicos, em conseqüência à ingestão de diversos tipos de alimentos. As conservas caseiras estão entre os alimentos que oferecem maior risco à população consumidora. Os produtos de origem animal são frequentemente associados aos surtos da doença, destacando-se os embutidos, tais como salsichas, salames, presuntos e patês. Derivados do leite e enlatados, bem como produtos fermentados, são passíveis de provocar a intoxicação. As outras formas naturais da doença são botulismo por feridas e botulismo infantil, normalmente associado ao consumo de mel contendo esporos do Clostridium botulinum.

Foodbourne botulism occurs after ingestion of preformed toxins produced by the Clostridium botulinum, which has been considered one of the most potent known one. The disease, acquired after ingestion of various kinds of foods, has acute character, and provokes gastrointestinal and neurologic symptoms. Homemade canned foods are those that represent higher risk to human health. Processed meat products are frequently associated with botulism outbreaks, mainly sausages, ham and pates. Dairy and canned food, as well as fermented foods, also may be related with this disease. Still, botulism may be caused by toxin production in deep wound, named wound botulism; and after ingestion of honey contaminated with spores by infants, named infant botulism.

Botulismo de origem alimentar / Foodbourne botulism

O botulismo alimentar ocorre pela ingestão de toxinas pré-formadas pelo Clostridium botulinum, consideradas as mais potentes dentre as toxinas conhecidas. Caracteriza-se como uma doença de extrema gravidade, de evolução aguda, provoca distúrbios digestivos e neurológicos, em conseqüência à ingestão de diversos tipos de alimentos. As conservas caseiras estão entre os alimentos que oferecem maior risco à população consumidora. Os produtos de origem animal são frequentemente associados aos surtos da doença, destacando-se os embutidos, tais como salsichas, salames, presuntos e patês. Derivados do leite e enlatados, bem como produtos fermentados, são passíveis de provocar a intoxicação. As outras formas naturais da doença são botulismo por feridas e botulismo infantil, normalmente associado ao consumo de mel contendo esporos do Clostridium botulinum.(AU)

Foodbourne botulism occurs after ingestion of preformed toxins produced by the Clostridium botulinum, which has been considered one of the most potent known one. The disease, acquired after ingestion of various kinds of foods, has acute character, and provokes gastrointestinal and neurologic symptoms. Homemade canned foods are those that represent higher risk to human health. Processed meat products are frequently associated with botulism outbreaks, mainly sausages, ham and pates. Dairy and canned food, as well as fermented foods, also may be related with this disease. Still, botulism may be caused by toxin production in deep wound, named wound botulism; and after ingestion of honey contaminated with spores by infants, named infant botulism.(AU)