The accessory vascularization of the tensor fasciae latae muscle: towards a new classification?

PURPOSE: The tensor fasciae latae (TFL) muscle is supplied by the lateral femoral circumflex artery (LCFA), arising from the deep femoral artery. However, it has been noted that there is also a consistent vascular anastomotic network. The aim of this study was to describe the accessory vascularization of the TFL muscle through a descriptive anatomical study, in order to hypothesize the feasibility of harvesting a TFL flap in the event of an injury to the main pedicle. In addition, we illustrate this hypothesis with a successful clinical case of Scarpa freconstruction following ligature of the deep femoral artery. METHODS: The description of the accessory vascularization was obtained by injecting dye into seven lateral femoral circumflex arteries (LCFA), six superficial circumflex iliac arteries (SCIA), and three inferior gluteal arteries (IGA). RESULTS: The TFL muscle was vascularized primarily by the LCFA. A vascular anastomotic network with the SCIA and the IGA was observed. After selective injection to the SCIAs and IGAs, the subsequent injection to the LCFA showed a diffusion of the TFL skin paddle with a perforasome overlapping between the different vascular territories. CONCLUSION: The ascending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex plays a dominant role in the vascularization of the TFL muscle. As a result of a periarticular anastomotic network of the hip, this artery establishes several connections with the proximal arteries. Consequently, in cases where blood flow through the LCFA is interrupted, it should be equally possible to harvest the TFL flap through its accessory vascularization.

The inferior gluteal artery anatomy: a detailed analysis with implications for plastic and reconstructive surgery.

BACKGROUND: The inferior gluteal artery (IGA) is a large terminal branch of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery (ADIIA). There is a significant lack of data regarding the variable anatomy of the IGA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted to establish anatomical variations, their prevalence and morphometrical data on IGA and its branches. The results of 75 consecutive patients who underwent pelvic computed tomography angiography were analysed. RESULTS: The origin variation of each IGA was deeply analysed. Four origin variations have been observed. The most common type O1 occurred in 86 of the studied cases (62.3%). The median IGA length was set to be 68.50 mm (lower quartile [LQ]: 54.29; higher quartile [HQ]: 86.06). The median distance from the origin of the ADIIA to the origin of the IGA was set to be 38.22 mm (LQ: 20.22; HQ: 55.97). The median origin diameter of the IGA was established at 4.69 mm (LQ: 4.13; HQ: 5.45). CONCLUSIONS: The present study thoroughly analysed the complete anatomy of the IGA and the branches of the ADIIA. A novel classification system for the origin of the IGA was created, where the most prevalent origin was from the ADIIA (type 1; 62.3%). Furthermore, the morphometric properties (such as the diameter and length) of the branches of the ADIIA were analysed. This data may be incredibly useful for physicians performing operations in the pelvis, such as interventional intraarterial procedures or various gynaecological surgeries.

An atypical inferior gluteal artery passing through the piriformis muscle.

PURPOSE: In this article, we report a case of an atypical inferior gluteal artery that passed through the piriformis muscle when it emerged from the pelvic cavity in an elderly Japanese female cadaver. We speculate that this atypical artery could be entrapped and compressed by the piriformis muscle and may therefore be associated with piriformis syndrome; however, the anatomical characteristics of such an atypical artery have not been previously reported. To assess this potential association, the atypical inferior gluteal artery was anatomically examined. METHODS: The cadaver examined in this report was a 97-year-old Japanese female who was donated to The Nippon Dental University for use in medical education and research. The atypical inferior gluteal artery and surrounding structures in half of the pelvis were examined macroscopically. RESULTS: The atypical inferior gluteal artery arose from the common arterial trunk, formed by itself and the superior gluteal artery, passed through the superior proximal part of the piriformis muscle, and left the pelvic cavity. It supplies branches to the lower half of the gluteus maximus and proximal part of the long head of the biceps femoris muscle. The piriformis muscle originates from the 2nd to 4th sacral vertebrae and attaches to the greater trochanter via a single short tendon. CONCLUSION: According to our findings, when the atypical inferior gluteal artery is entrapped and compressed, ischemic signs and symptoms may emerge in the lower buttocks and proximal posterior thigh. These results provide a new perspective for the diagnosis and treatment of piriformis syndrome.

Feasibility of Perineal Defect Reconstruction with Simplified Fasciocutaneous Inferior Gluteal Artery Perforator (IGAP) Flaps after Tumor Resection of the Lower Rectum: Incidence and Outcome in an Interdisciplinary Approach.

BACKGROUND: Extralevator abdominoperineal excision (ELAPE) is a relatively new surgical technique for low rectal cancers, enabling a more radical approach than conventional abdominoperineal excision (APE) with a potentially better oncological outcome. To date, no standard exists for reconstruction after extended or extralevator approaches of abdominoperineal (ELAPE) resection for lower gastrointestinal cancer or inflammatory tumors. In the recent literature, techniques with myocutaneous flaps, such as the VY gluteal flap, the pedicled gracilis flap, or the pedicled rectus abdominis flaps (VRAM) are primarily described. We propose a tailored concept with the use of bilateral adipo-fasciocutaneous inferior gluteal artery perforator (IGAP) advancement flaps in VY fashion after ELAPE surgery procedures. This retrospective cohort study analyzes the feasibility of this concept and is, to our knowledge, one of the largest published series of IGAP flaps in the context of primary closure after ELAPE procedures. METHODS: In a retrospective cohort analysis, we evaluated all the consecutive patients with rectal resections from Jan 2017 to Sep 2021. All the patients with abdominoperineal resection were included in the study evaluation. The primary endpoint of the study was the proportion of plastic reconstruction and inpatient discharge. RESULTS: Out of a total of 560 patients with rectal resections, 101 consecutive patients with ELAPE met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study evaluation. The primary direct defect closure was performed in 72 patients (71.3%). In 29 patients (28.7%), the defect was closed with primary unilateral or bilateral IGAP flaps in VY fashion. The patients' mean age was 59.4 years with a range of 25-85 years. In 84 patients, the indication of the operation was lower rectal cancer or anal cancer recurrence, and non-oncological resections were performed in 17 patients. Surgery was performed in a minimally invasive abdominal approach in combination with open perineal extralevatoric abdominoperineal resection (ELAPE) and immediate IGAP flap reconstruction. The rate of perineal early complications after plastic reconstruction was 19.0%, which needed local revision due to local infection. All these interventions were conducted under general anesthesia (Clavien-Dindo IIIb). The mean length of the hospital stay was 14.4 days after ELAPE, ranging from 3 to 53 days. CONCLUSIONS: Since radical resection with a broad margin is the standard choice in primary, sphincter-infiltrating rectal cancer and recurrent anal cancer surgery in combination with ELAPE, the choice technique for pelvic floor reconstruction is under debate and there is no consensus. Using IGAP flaps is a reliable, technical, easy, and safe option, especially in wider defects on the pelvic floor with minimal donor site morbidity and an acceptable complication (no flap necrosis) rate. The data for hernia incidence in the long term are not known.

The anatomy of the uterine artery: A meta-analysis with implications for gynecological procedures.

The uterine artery (UA) is an arterial branch of the internal iliac artery in women, usually arising from the anterior division of the internal iliac artery. However, due to the high variability in the anatomy of the UA, embolization of this vessel may be challenging. Therefore, the objective of this meta-analysis was to provide physicians with transparent data on the anatomy of the UA, using the available data in the literature. Databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched to find all the relevant studies regarding the UA. A total of 16 articles met the required criteria. The UA was found to originate most frequently from the internal iliac artery as the pooled prevalence was set to be 61.72% (95% CI: 41.31%-80.31%). A pooled prevalence of the UA originating from the umbilical artery was established at 13.93% (95% CI: 2.76%-30.44%). A pooled prevalence of the UA originating from the inferior gluteal artery was set to be 5.22% (95% CI: 0.00%-15.44%). In conclusion, we believe that this is the most accurate and up-to-date study regarding the highly variable anatomy of the UA. The UA originates most frequently from the internal iliac artery (61.72%), however, other origins, such as from the umbilical artery (13.93%) or the inferior gluteal artery (5.22%) may occur. It is hoped that the results of the present meta-analysis will be a helpful tool for surgeons performing pelvic or gynecological surgeries.

Pedicled Chimeric Perforator Flap Based on Inferior Gluteal Vessel Axis for the Reconstruction of Stage-Four Primary Ischial Pressure Sores-A New Design.

Background "Subfascial void reconstruction" in ischial pressure sores (IPSs) goes a long way in the amelioration of the common complications like persistent drainage, infection, wound dehiscence, and late recurrence. No locoregional flaps suffice this requirement. So we have designed a chimeric pedicled flap based on the inferior gluteal vessel axis (IGVA) perforators with two tissue components: (1) Pacman-style fasciocutaneous flap on a perforator and (2) gluteus maximus muscle (inferior portion) on another independent perforator. Aim and Methods After confirming the feasibility of novel design of chimeric pedicled IGVA perforator flap with cadaver study, we embarked on the clinical study with this chimeric flap. In this prospective cohort study, the study and the control existed in the same patient so that the biological factors affecting the wound healing would be the same. Results Twenty-one patients were included whose mean age was 39 years. Late recurrence occurred in one patient (4.8%) of chimeric flap while the control group (who had undergone conventional reconstruction) had recurrence in 11 patients (52.4%). On assessment with overall institutional score, grade A was observed in 18 patients of the chimeric IGVA flap group ( p < 0.045), and in only 3 patients of the control group. Conclusions This anatomically construed flap, a new addendum in the armamentarium of reconstruction of IPSs, with its potential to congruently fill the ischiogluteal subfascial void may provide a lasting solution for preventing recurrences.

Hybrid Management of a Pseudoaneurysm of the Inferior Gluteal Artery Following a Stab Wound.

Aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms of the gluteal artery are rare. They represent less than 1% of the described arterial aneurysms. Those that touch the inferior gluteal artery are even rarer. Only a few cases have been described worldwide. Such cases often present with a variable time course, mode of injury, and associated symptoms, leading to their misdiagnosis and improper treatment. We present the case of a 30-year-old male, who presented to our emergency room one week after a stab wound in the left gluteal region causing a pseudoaneurysm of the left inferior gluteal artery with a sciatic compartment syndrome treated by a hybrid approach.

Successful reconstruction of ischial pressure sores with inferior gluteal artery descending branch perforator flap.

BACKGROUND: Ischial pressure sores often recur, the surgical choice often troubled the surgeon, because surgery repair should consider future reconstructive procedures. The purpose of this article is to present a new surgical option for the reconstruction of primary or recurrent ischial pressure sores by using an inferior gluteal artery of the descending branch perforator flap. METHODS: A study involving patients suffering from ischial pressure sores was performed from March 2016 to August 2020. Patients with large defects, for which direct closure was not possible, underwent reconstructive surgery using an inferior gluteal artery descending branch perforator flap. Collected data included age, diabetes, wound culture, size of the wound, whether or not negative pressure therapy was received, operative time, intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative complications. Patients were followed up through outpatient visits or by telephone. RESULTS: Five patients with ischial pressure sores (four primary and one recurrent) underwent reconstructive surgery with inferior gluteal artery descending branch perforator flap. One patient received colostomy and wound negative pressure therapy before lesion reconstruction. All patients successfully recovered without postoperative complications. The follow-up period ranged from 4 to 31 months. No wound disruption or recurrence was recorded. CONCLUSIONS: Inferior gluteal artery descending branch perforator flap treatment of ischial pressure sores is a simple and feasible method for preserving the inferior gluteal artery's main vascular perforators and could be used as a future surgical option.

Microsurgical Tissue Transfer in Breast Reconstruction.

Autologous breast reconstructions have grown in popularity because of their durability, aesthetic outcomes, symmetry, increase in external beam radiotherapy use, and potential aesthetic enhancement at the donor site. Increasing patient expectations for predictable high aesthetic outcomes with minimal complications or need for further procedures has been met by refinement in the use of flaps. The authors' microsurgical breast reconstruction center aims to provide this while delivering efficient service. The deep inferior epigastric flaps form 85% and transverse upper gracilis and profunda artery perforator flaps account for 10%; lumbar artery perforator flaps are a new addition to the authors' armamentarium.

The blood supply to the sacrotuberous ligament.

Knowledge of the vascular supply associated with the sacrotuberous ligament is incomplete, and at most attributed to a single coccygeal branch. Our aim was to investigate the sacrotuberous ligament vasculature with a focus on its origin and distribution. We dissected 21 hemipelvises (10 male and 11 female). The gluteus maximus was reflected medially, and a special emphasis was placed on the dissection of the vascular and neuronal structures. All specimens exhibited several (1-4) coccygeal arteries branching from the inferior gluteal artery penetrating the sacrotuberous ligament along its length. Seven specimens demonstrated the superior gluteal artery supplying sacral branches to the proximal superior border of the sacrotuberous ligament. Our study highlights several branches from a variety of origins as the supply to sacrotuberous ligament unlike previous reports stating only one vessel. Our results implicate surgical procedures in and around the area of the gluteal region such as decompressive procedures of the pudendal nerve, as it travels between the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments.

Microsurgical Tissue Transfer in Breast Reconstruction.

Autologous breast reconstructions have grown in popularity because of their durability, aesthetic outcomes, symmetry, increase in external beam radiotherapy use, and potential aesthetic enhancement at the donor site. Increasing patient expectations for predictable high aesthetic outcomes with minimal complications or need for further procedures has been met by refinement in the use of flaps. The authors' microsurgical breast reconstruction center aims to provide this while delivering efficient service. The deep inferior epigastric flaps form 85% and transverse upper gracilis and profunda artery perforator flaps account for 10%; lumbar artery perforator flaps are a new addition to the authors' armamentarium.

Inferior gluteal artery detection at the greater sciatic notch with a computer-assisted navigation system during pelvic and sacral tumor resection.

BACKGROUND: During pelvic and sacral tumor resection, important vessels, such as the inferior gluteal artery underneath the sciatic notch, are easily injured because of their invisibility. We employed a computer-assisted navigation system to preserve the inferior gluteal artery at the sciatic notch with visualization of the inferior gluteal artery at the sciatic notch, thus maintaining blood flow to the gluteus maximus. METHODS: We present the results of seven patients (five men and two women) with a mean age of 64.8 years (58.4-78.8) in whom computer-assisted navigation surgery had been carried out for pelvic and sacral tumor resections. RESULTS: Postoperative enhanced computed tomography (CT) confirmed the preservation of the inferior gluteal artery in all cases. At a mean follow-up of 21.3 months (3-39), the total postoperative complication rate was 25% (n = 2), including hematoma (n = 1) and wound necrosis (n = 1). There were no cases of deep infection. CONCLUSION: This new application of computer-assisted navigation to pelvic and sacral tumor resection can contribute to reducing postoperative complications related to insufficient flap perfusion.

Clinical importance of a star shaped branch of internal iliac artery and unusual branches of an abnormal obturator artery: rare vascular variations / Importância clínica de um ramo estrelado de artéria ilíaca interna e de ramos incomuns de artéria obturatória anormal: variações vasculares raras

The internal iliac artery (IIA) is one of the branches of the common iliac artery and supplies the pelvic viscera, the musculoskeletal part of the pelvis, the gluteal region, the medial thigh region and the perineum. During routine cadaveric dissection of a male cadaver for undergraduate Medical students, we observed variation in the course and branching pattern of the left IIA. The artery gave rise to two common trunks and then to the middle rectal artery, inferior vesicle artery and superior vesicle artery. The first, slightly larger, common trunk gave rise to an unnamed artery, the lateral sacral artery and the superior gluteal artery. The second, smaller, common trunk entered the gluteal region through the greater sciatic foramen, below the piriformis muscle and presented a stellate branching pattern deep to the gluteus maximus muscle. Two of the arteries forming the stellate pattern were the internal pudendal artery and the inferior gluteal artery. The other two were muscular branches.

A artéria ilíaca interna (AII) é um dos ramos da artéria ilíaca comum e supre as vísceras da pelve, a parte musculoesquelética da pelve, a região glútea, a região medial da coxa e o períneo. Durante a dissecção de rotina realizada em um cadáver do sexo masculino para estudantes de Medicina, observamos uma variação no curso e padrão de ramificação da AII esquerda. A artéria deu origem a dois troncos comuns e então à artéria retal média, artéria vesical inferior e artéria vesical superior. O primeiro tronco comum, ligeiramente maior, deu origem a uma artéria sem nome, à artéria sacral lateral e à artéria glútea superior. O segundo tronco comum, menor, adentrou a região glútea através do forame ciático maior, abaixo do músculo piriforme, e apresentou um padrão estrelado de ramificação na parte profunda do músculo glúteo máximo. Duas das artérias que formaram o padrão estrelado foram a artéria pudenda interna e a artéria glútea inferior. Os outros dois ramos eram musculares.

Clinical importance of a star shaped branch of internal iliac artery and unusual branches of an abnormal obturator artery: rare vascular variations.

The internal iliac artery (IIA) is one of the branches of the common iliac artery and supplies the pelvic viscera, the musculoskeletal part of the pelvis, the gluteal region, the medial thigh region and the perineum. During routine cadaveric dissection of a male cadaver for undergraduate Medical students, we observed variation in the course and branching pattern of the left IIA. The artery gave rise to two common trunks and then to the middle rectal artery, inferior vesicle artery and superior vesicle artery. The first, slightly larger, common trunk gave rise to an unnamed artery, the lateral sacral artery and the superior gluteal artery. The second, smaller, common trunk entered the gluteal region through the greater sciatic foramen, below the piriformis muscle and presented a stellate branching pattern deep to the gluteus maximus muscle. Two of the arteries forming the stellate pattern were the internal pudendal artery and the inferior gluteal artery. The other two were muscular branches.

A artéria ilíaca interna (AII) é um dos ramos da artéria ilíaca comum e supre as vísceras da pelve, a parte musculoesquelética da pelve, a região glútea, a região medial da coxa e o períneo. Durante a dissecção de rotina realizada em um cadáver do sexo masculino para estudantes de Medicina, observamos uma variação no curso e padrão de ramificação da AII esquerda. A artéria deu origem a dois troncos comuns e então à artéria retal média, artéria vesical inferior e artéria vesical superior. O primeiro tronco comum, ligeiramente maior, deu origem a uma artéria sem nome, à artéria sacral lateral e à artéria glútea superior. O segundo tronco comum, menor, adentrou a região glútea através do forame ciático maior, abaixo do músculo piriforme, e apresentou um padrão estrelado de ramificação na parte profunda do músculo glúteo máximo. Duas das artérias que formaram o padrão estrelado foram a artéria pudenda interna e a artéria glútea inferior. Os outros dois ramos eram musculares.

The vascular supply of hip joint and its clinical significant / Suministro vascular de la articulación de la cadera y su significado clínico

The hip joint gains its vascular supply from the superior gluteal arteries as well as from the medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries with the first perforating artery. In gluteal trauma, the superior and inferior gluteal artery may be affected which may end with vascular insult of hip joint. The current study includes a dissection of 171 cadavers to examine the vascular supply of hip joint. In 99.3% of articular branch arises from the superior gluteal artery either directly or indirectly (95.4% or in 3.9%, respectively). In 81% of articular branch arises from the inferior gluteal artery either directly or indirectly in 78% or in 3%. In 20.3% of articular branch arises from the coexistence of sciatic artery either directly or indirectly (17.7% or in 2.6%, respectively). Infrequently, the internal pudendal artery gives articular branch in 0.4%. Further, there is no difference between male and female in hip joint supply in current study. Based on current study's result, the dominant articular branch of vascular supply of the hip joint comes from the superior gluteal artery whereas the inferior gluteal artery comes beyond due its congenital absence. The coexistence sciatic artery is a replacement artery for superior or inferior gluteal artery in case of congenital absence. Due to aneurysm of the three previous arteries after trauma, it is important to study their course and articular branches to avoid iatrogenic fault of joint vascular insult during surgical management of either true or false aneurysm.

La articulación de la cadera obtiene su suministro vascular desde las arterias glúteas superiores, así como desde las arterias circunflejas femorales lateral y medial y la primera arteria perforante. En el trauma glúteo, las arteria glúteas superior e inferior pueden verse afectadas, lo que puede terminar con una lesión vascular de la articulación de la cadera. Este estudio incluyó la disección de 171 cadáveres con el fin de examinar el suministro vascular de la articulación de la cadera. El 99,3% de las ramas articulares se originan de la arteria glútea superior, ya sea directa o indirectamente (95,4% o en 3,9%, respectivamente). En 81% de los casos, la rama articular sse origina de la arteria glútea inferior, directa o indirectamente (78% y 3%, respectivamente). El 20,3% de la rama articular se origina de la conexistencia de la arteria ciática, ya sea directa o indirectamente (17,7% y 2,6%, respectivamente), y con poca frecuencia, la arteria pudenda interna origina una rama articular (0,4%). Además, los resultados no mostraron diferencia en el suministro de articulación de la cadera entre hombres y mujeres. En base a nuestros resultados, podemos señalar que la rama articular dominante de suministro vascular de la articulación de la cadera proviene de la arteria glútea superior, mientras que la arteria glútea inferior aporta de manera escasa debido a su ausencia congénita. La coexistencia de una arteria ciática, constituye un reemplazo de las arterias glútea superior o inferior en caso de ausencia congénita. En caso de un aneurisma de alguna de las tres arterias anteriores, posterior a un trauma, resulta importante estudiar su curso y ramas articulares para evitar una lesión vascular iatrogénica conjunta durante el tratamiento quirúrgico de aneurisma de tipo verdadero o falso.

Venous-supercharged freestyle posterior thigh flap without a descending branch of the inferior gluteal artery for reconstruction in the infragluteal region.

The posterior thigh flap is a workhorse flap for reconstruction in the gluteal region. The main vascular pedicle of the flap is commonly the descending branch of the inferior gluteal artery, although it is at risk for transection during sarcoma resection. We report successful reconstruction of an infragluteal defect resulting from sarcoma resection with a venous-supercharged freestyle posterior thigh flap in the absence of the descending branch of the inferior gluteal artery. A 77-year-old man underwent sarcoma resection in the infragluteal region. The descending branch of the inferior gluteal artery was sacrificed. We found a sizable perforator through the long head of the biceps femoris and harvested a posterior thigh flap on the basis of that perforator with a freestyle approach. The flap gradually developed a congestive appearance after transfer. We therefore anastomosed the vein of the second perforator to an accompanying vein of the sciatic nerve at the recipient site. The complete flap survived, and the postoperative course was uneventful. We believe that combined use of the freestyle approach and the perforator-supercharging technique can enhance the versatility and the safety of pedicled perforator flap transfer.

Anatomy study and clinical applications of complex tissue flap pedicled with inferior gluteal artery perforator for repairing giant sacrococcygeal pressure sore / 中华显微外科杂志

Objective To discuss the technical feasibility and clinical effectiveness of using complex tissue flap pedicled with inferior gluteal artery perforator for repair giant sacrococcygeal pressure sore.Methods Thirty embalmed lower limbs of adult cadavers perfused with red latex were used for anatomical study,and the followings were observed:①The course,branche and distribution of gluteal artery.②The course and distribution of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve.③Anastomosis between the posterior cutaneous branch of gluteal artery and nutrient vessels of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve.8 cases aging from 17 years to 56 years were completed during May 2007 to July 2013,6 cases were males and 2 cases were females.The sizes of pressure sore with the depth to Ⅳ degree were ranged from 16 cm × 9 cm to 22 cm × 10 cm.The sizes of flaps were harvested from 32 cm × 10 cm to 25 cm × 9 cm.Results The gluteal artery crossed the edge of the piriformis,the main stem was (3.1 ± 0.4) mm in diameter and gave out 2-5 muscular branches to supply the gluteus maximus.The posterior femoral cutaneous nerve crossed the edge of gluteus maximus and descended between biceps femoris and semitendinosus.Perforating deep fascia point located was (5.9 ± 0.8) cm above the line between medial and lateral femoral epicondyle.The constant anastomosis were formed by the posterior cutaneous branch of gluteal artery,the obturator artery perforator and the direct popliteal artery perforator around the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve.The complex flap survived successfully in all patients.Sutures were removed at 14 days postoperatively and the wounds healed well.All supplied areas were closed by directly suturing.Recurrent sacrococcygeal pressure sore was not observed in all cases with satisfied appearance and normal color during the outpatient follow-up period from 5 months to 5 years.Conclusion The united flap of gluteal myocutaneous flap and the posterior femoral cutaneous neurovascular flap pedicled with inferior gluteal artery perforator can be used to primary repair giant sacrococcygeal pressure sore.Rich blood supply,simple operation technique and high rate survival rate was considered as advantages of the flap.The lower recurrence of pressure sore was due to nice wear resisting with rich layer of anatomical structure in the flap and strong ability of anti-infection.The clinical effect was satisfied.

Delayed presentation and management of blunt traumatic inferior gluteal artery pseudoaneurysm with associated arteriovenous fistula.

Disruption of arterial wall integrity as a result of trauma, iatrogeny, inflammation, or infection may result in pseudoaneurysm formation. Gluteal artery aneurysms are rare and represent less than 1% of all arterial aneurysms. Pseudoaneurysms of the inferior gluteal artery (IGA) following blunt trauma are exceptionally rare with only 6 reported cases in the English literature. We describe an 82-year-old female with a remote history of a fall presenting with an enlarging buttock mass. Imaging confirmed an IGA pseudoaneurysm with associated arteriovenous fistula that was successfully treated with endovascular embolization.

Donor-site morbidity of the inferior gluteal artery perforator flap for breast reconstruction in teenagers.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Few options, apart from the buttock area, are available for autologous breast reconstruction in thin teenagers. The aim of the present study was to objectively evaluate and compare donor-site morbidity of the inferior gluteal artery perforator (IGAP) flap with that of the previously described inferior gluteal musculocutaneous flap. METHOD: A retrospective review of all IGAP flaps for breast reconstruction performed in teenagers between June 2006 and April 2011 at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, was performed. Patients were invited to undergo a specific physical evaluation and complete a questionnaire on aesthetic and functional outcomes. RESULTS: Thirteen records and 11 photographic charts were reviewed. Lateral buttock flattening was noticeable in nine of 11 cases. Three patients experienced some degree of inferior displacement of the gluteal crease. All six patients available for the appointment presented with a zone of dysesthesia or hypoesthesia in the territory of the operated buttock and/or posterior thigh. No motor impairment was found. The questionnaire, completed by eight patients, revealed that six were satisfied or very satisfied with the surgery. Appearance of the operated buttock was rated 3.4 on a scale from 1 to 5 (5 = normal) compared with the normal side. CONCLUSIONS: The IGAP flap remains a suitable option for breast reconstruction in slim teenagers. Similar to the myocutaneous flap, the major donor-site morbidity of the IGAP flap remains sensory impairment involving the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve. There is, however, less visible lateral depression when it is harvested as a perforator flap.

HISTORIQUE ET OBJECTIF: Il existe peu de foyers de prélèvement, à part la région des fesses, pour effectuer une reconstruction mammaire autologue chez des adolescentes minces. La présente étude visait à évaluer et à comparer objectivement la morbidité au foyer de prélèvement du lambeau de l'artère perforante du grand fessier inférieur (APFI) à celle décrite antérieurement au foyer de prélèvement du lambeau musculocutané du grand fessier inférieur. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Les chercheurs ont effectué une analyse rétrospective de tous les lambeaux de l'APFI en vue d'une reconstruction mammaire chez des adolescentes entre juin 2006 et avril 2011 au Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine de Montréal, au Québec. Les patientes étaient invitées à subir une évaluation physique précise et à remplir un questionnaire sur les issues esthétiques et fonctionnelles. RÉSULTATS: Les chercheurs ont analysé 13 dossiers médicaux et 11 dossiers photographiques. Ils ont remarqué un aplatissement de la partie latérale de la fesse dans neuf des 11 cas. Trois patientes ont subi un certain degré de déplacement inférieur du pli fessier. Les six patientes disponibles pour le rendezvous présentaient une zone de dysesthésie ou d'hypoesthésie dans le territoire de la fesse opérée ou de la cuisse postérieure. Aucune n'avait d'atteinte motrice. Le questionnaire, qu'avaient rempli huit patientes, a révélé que six d'entre elles étaient satisfaites ou très satisfaites de l'opération. L'apparence de la fesse opérée a obtenu une note de 3,4 sur une échelle de 1 à 5 (5=normal) par rapport au côté normal. CONCLUSIONS: Le lambeau de l'APFI demeure une possibilité acceptable pour procéder à une reconstruction mammaire chez des adolescentes minces. À l'instar du lambeau myocutané, la principale morbidité au foyer de prélèvement du lambeau de l'APFI est une atteinte sensorielle touchant le nerf cutané fémoral postérieur. La dépression latérale est toutefois moins visible lorsqu'on fait le prélèvement sous forme de lambeau de l'artère perforante.

Perforator propeller flaps for sacral and ischial soft tissue reconstruction.

The perforator-based flaps in the sacral and ischial region is designed according to the localization of perforators that penetrate the gluteus maximus muscle, reach the intra-fascial and supra-fascial planes with the overlying skin forming a rich vascular plexus. The perforator-based flaps described in this article are highly vascularized, have minimal donor site morbidity, and do not require the sacrifice of the gluteus maximus muscle. In a period between April 2008 and March 2009, six patients with sacral pressure sore were reconstructed with propeller flap method based on superior gluteal and parasacral artery perforators. One flap loss was noted. Three cases of ischial pressure sore were reconstructed with longitudinal propeller flap cover, based on inferior gluteal artery perforator. One flap suffered wound infection and dehiscence. Two cases of pilonidal sinus were reconstructed with propeller flap based on parasacral perforators. Both the flaps survived without any complications. Donor sites were closed primarily. In the light of this, they can be considered among the first surgical choices to re-surface soft tissue defects of the sacral and ischial regions. In the series of 11 patients, two patients (18%) suffered complications.