Urban dog densities reveal environmental inequities in Santiago, Chile.

Dogs can negatively affect the wellbeing of people and nature, but if this changes along a socioeconomic gradient, then social inequity might be at fault. Here, we identify environmental injustice at the city scale by modeling differences in the density of urban dog populations according to varying levels of socioeconomic development across municipalities of Chile's capital, Santiago. Our analysis demonstrates a strong relation between dog density and social inequity, specifically because dog density increases along with poverty, but decreases in municipalities with higher municipal income. We offer specific proposals to ameliorate and reverse this inequity. These results expose another aspect of the impacts people and nature are subjected to by dogs, adding a new social lens to address the dog problem worldwide.

Obstetric violence as immigration injustice: A view from the United States and Colombia.

In September 2020, Project South, along with numerous other organizations, released a report detailing abuses in a Georgia Detention Center - including forced hysterectomies. Whatever other factors are at play, one of them is an intrinsic connection between obstetric violence against pregnant migrants and immigration injustice. It is not incidental that these acts - in US detention centers, along the US-Mexico border, in Colombian hospitals and clinics - are being perpetrated on immigrant bodies. And it is not accidental or random which immigrant bodies are vulnerable to these violations. Understanding and confronting obstetric violence directed at pregnant migrants, though, requires reconceptualizing the nature of obstetric violence itself. In particular, we must recognize that obstetric violence against pregnant Latin American migrants in the United States and Colombia is a type of immigration injustice, a means to perpetrate immigration injustice, and a product of immigration injustice. As such, bioethicists need to collaborate with immigration scholars to resist it. After providing some background on the nature of obstetric violence and some ways it is perpetuated against pregnant migrants in the United States and Colombia, I will give a brief overview of how I conceptualize immigration justice. From there, I explain how this type of obstetric violence constitutes a type of immigration injustice, a means to perpetrate immigration injustice, and a product of immigration injustice. My hope is that this analysis motivates bioethicists throughout the Americas to engage with immigration scholars and activists to confront the issue more forcefully.

Estigma e injustiça epistêmica: experiência de adoecimento e tratamento no CAPS AD III sob a ótica do usuário / Stigma and epistemic injustice: experience of illness and treatment at CAPS AD III from the user's perspective

Resumo Este artigo parte de uma pesquisa qualitativa que busca dar voz aos usuários, tornando-os atores através de uma pesquisa participativa. Trouxe à tona discursos estigmatizados e experiências afetadas pela perda de credibilidade testemunhal, conceito introduzido por Miranda Fricker como injustiça epistêmica. Todos os dados foram gerados através de um modelo de entrevista (MINI) no primeiro momento da pesquisa. No segundo momento, foi feita uma pesquisa participativa sob a lógica do cuidado que requer uma prática baseada na sensibilidade em relação às experiências do mundo dos usuários participantes. Diante desta perspectiva, ter voz emergiu como ponto essencial, e é nessa lógica que a pesquisa realizada no CAPS AD III, para que os usuários fizessem parte de uma abordagem participativa, teve a intenção de produzir mudanças.

Abstract This article is part of a qualitative research that seeks to give users a voice, making them actors through participatory research. It brought up stigmatized discourses and experiences affected by the loss of credibility, a concept introduced by Miranda Fricker as epistemic injustice. All data were generated through an interview model (MINI) in the first stage of the research, in the second moment, a participatory research was carried out under the logic of care that requires a practice based on sensitivity in relation to the experiences of the participating users in the world. Given this perspective, having a voice emerged as an essential point, and it is in this logic that the research carried out at CAPS AD III, so that users were part of a participatory approach, had the intention of producing changes.

Tackling the 'Planned Lack of Care': Could a Right to Development Treaty Promote Universal Social Protection Systems?

The opportunity offered by the adoption of a Treaty on the Right to Development could relaunch aspirations of sovereignty, self-determination and cooperative solidarity, breaking with the structural inequalities among and within nations. The aim of this article is to mobilize political actors in favour of the Treaty as a stepping-stone to achieve universal social protection systems.

Deported, homeless, and into the canal: Environmental structural violence in the binational Tijuana River.

INTRODUCTION: The US deports more Mexicans to Tijuana than any other borderland city. Returning involuntarily as members of a stigmatized underclass, many find themselves homeless and de-facto stateless. Subject to routinized police victimization, many take refuge in the Tijuana River Canal (El Bordo). Previous reports suggest Tijuana River water may be contaminated but prior studies have not accessed the health effects or contamination of the water closest to the river residents. METHODS: A binational, transdisciplinary team undertook a socio-environmental, mixed methods assessment to simultaneously characterize Tijuana River water quality with chemical testing, assess the frequency of El Bordo residents' water-related diseases, and trace water contacts with epidemiological survey methods (n = 85 adults, 18+) in 2019, and ethnographic methods in 2019-2021. Our analysis brings the structural violence framework into conversation with an environmental injustice perspective to documented how social forces drive poor health outcomes enacted through the environment. RESULTS: The Tijuana River water most proximate to its human inhabitants fails numerous water-quality standards, posing acute health risks. Escherichia coli values were ∼40,000 times the Mexican regulatory standard for directly contacted water. Skin infections (47%), dehydration (40%) and diarrhea (28%) were commonly reported among El Bordo residents. Residents are aware the water is contaminated and strive to minimize harm to their health by differentially using local water sources. Their numerous survival constraints, however, are exacerbated by routine police violence which propels residents and other people who inject drugs into involuntary contact with contaminated water. DISCUSSION: Human rights to drinking water, sanitation and hygiene are routinely violated among El Bordo inhabitants. This is exacerbated by violent policing practices that force unhoused deportees to seek refuge in waterways, and drive water contacts. Furthermore, US-Mexico 'free-trade' agreements drive rapid growth in Tijuana, restrict Mexican environmental regulation enforcement, and drive underinvestment in sewage systems and infrastructure.

Where are race-based oral health inequities bound? Protocol for a systematic review on interventions to tackle racial injustice in dental outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Only three literature reviews have assessed the impact of interventions on the reduction of racial inequities in general health to date; none has drawn from attempts at promoting racial oral health equity. This protocol aims to increase transparency and reduce the potential for bias of an ongoing systematic review conceived to answer the following questions: Are there any interventions to mitigate racial oral health inequities or improve the oral health of racially marginalized groups? If so, how successful have they been at promoting racial oral health equity? How do conclusions of previous reviews change by taking the findings of oral health interventions into account? METHODS: Reviewed studies must deploy interventions to reduce racial gaps or promote the oral health of groups oppressed along ancestral and/or cultural lines. We will analyze randomized clinical trials, natural experiments, pre-post studies, and observational investigations that emulate controlled experiments by assessing interactions between race and potentially health-enhancing interventions. Either clinically assessed or self-reported oral health outcomes will be considered by searching for original studies in MEDLINE, LILACS, PsycInfo, SciELO, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase from their earliest records to March 2022. Upon examining abstracts of conference proceedings, trial registries, reports of related stakeholder organizations, as well as contacting researchers for unpublished data, we will identify studies in the grey literature. If possible, we will carry out a meta-analysis with subgroup and sensitivity analysis, including formal meta-regression, to address potential heterogeneity and inconsistency among selected studies. DISCUSSION: Conducting a systematic review of interventions to mitigate racial oral health inequities is crucial for determining which initiatives work best and under which conditions they succeed. Such knowledge will help consolidate an evidence base that may be used to inform policy and practice against persistent and pervasive racial inequities in general and oral health. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: This protocol has been registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews, under the identification number CRD42021261450 .

Analytical categories to describe deficit attributions in deep disagreements between citizens and experts.

Disagreements often arise from citizen-expert collaboration, as both agents share a different epistemic worldview. Fogelin, following Wittgenstein, proposed that some disagreements (i.e. deep disagreements) cannot be rationally solved when participants share different forms of life. Citizen-expert is an exemplar of this sort of disagreement. Moreover, deep disagreements are often followed by deficit attributions from one of the agents to the other, regarding their epistemic understanding, credibility, and motives. Articulating the notions of deep disagreements and deficit attributions, as well as reviewing the complementary concept of epistemic injustice, we have constructed analytical categories that allow us to understand two things: (1) how deficit attributions operate in dialogical contexts of deep disagreements and (2) what types of deficit attributions we can find. We expect that this characterization can serve to analyze citizen-expert dialogues and the pursuit of more modest and inclusive forms of conversation.

"Sé que me cortaron, pero lo olvidé inmediatamente cuando te vi". La violencia obstétrica como un nuevo marco para dotar de inteligibilidad las memorias y experiencias de los partos en la argentina reciente / "I know I was cut open, but I immediately forgot when I saw you". Obstetric violence as a new framework to grant intelligibility to memories and experiences of childbirths in recent Argentina / "Eu sei que fui cortada, mas o esqueci imediatamente quando te vi". A violência obstétrica como um novo marco para prover de inteligibilidade as memórias e experiências dos partos na Argentina recente

Resumen El artículo problematiza la categoría violencia obstétrica a partir de la emergencia de un cuadro moral/cognitivo de referencia que permite establecer el significado de la violencia en ciertas prácticas obstétricas vinculadas al parto. Se sostiene que las memorias y experiencias de los partos de las mujeres cis están siendo reconfiguradas a partir de la emergencia de una arena pública vinculada al derecho al parto humanizado en un contexto de construcción de la violencia de género como problema público en la Argentina reciente. En primer lugar, se retoman claves conceptuales del feminismo y la antropología de la reproducción para abordar a la violencia en términos analíticos. A continuación, se describe la emergencia de una arena pública vinculada a la disputa por el parto humanizado, y retoma la categoría de injusticia hermenéutica (Fricker, 2017) para problematizar la construcción de un nuevo marco cognitivo que dota de inteligibilidad las memorias y experiencias de los partos de mujeres cis. A modo de cierre, se señalan algunos sesgos cissexistas que reproducen las normativas y los colectivos por la humanización del parto.

Abstract This article sets forth the issue of obstetric violence from the rising of a moral/ cognitive framework of reference which allows determining the meaning of violence in certain obstetric practices linked to childbirths. It is held that the memories and experiences of childbirths among cis women are being reconfigured since the emergence of the public arena linked to the right to humanized childbirth, in the context of the construction of gender violence as a public issue in recent Argentina. In the first place, key concepts from feminism and the anthropology of reproduction are applied once again so as to approach violence in analytical terms. Following, there is a description of the emergence of a public arena linked to the dispute for humanized childbirth, and the category of hermeneutical injustice (Fricker, 2017) is resumed to put forward the construction of a new cognitive framework which grants intelligibility to the memories and experiences of cis women. To conclude, some cissexist bias are pointed out that reproduce the norms and groups for the humanization of childbirth.

Resumo O artigo discorre sobre a categoria violência obstétrica a partir da emergência de um marco moral/cognitivo de referência que permite estabelecer o significado da violência em determinadas práticas obstétricas ligadas ao parto. Se afirma que as memórias e experiencias dos partos nas mulheres cis gênero estão sendo reconfiguradas a partir da emergência de uma arena pública ligada ao direito ao nascimento humanizado num contexto de construção da violência de gênero como problema publico na Argentina recente. Num primeiro lugar, se retomam elementos conceituais do feminismo e a antropologia da reprodução para nos aproximar da violência em termos analíticos. Logo depois, descreve-se a emergência de uma arena pública ligada à disputa pelo parto humanizado, e retoma-se a categoria de injustiça hermenêutica (Friker, 2017) para problematizar a construção de um novo marco cognitivo que empreste inteligibilidade às memórias e experiências dos partos das mulheres cis gênero. Finalmente, aponta-se alguns aspectos cis sexistas reproduzidos por normativas e coletivos pela humanização do parto.

"isso é tirar a vida das pessoas": barragens e violação de direitos / "eso es quitarle la vida a las personas": represas y violación de derechos / "this is taking people's lives": dams and violation of rights

Resumo Este estudo possui o objetivo de analisar as interfaces entre a implantação da hidrelétrica de Itá em Santa Catarina e a violação dos Direitos Humanos de agricultores atingidos pela obra que permaneceram residindo no entorno reservatório após a finalização do empreendimento. O estudo, de cunho qualitativo, fundamentou-se na pesquisa participante. A coleta de dados iniciou em fevereiro de 2016 e foi concluída em dezembro do mesmo ano. Foram entrevistadas 12 pessoas atingidas pela construção da barragem de Itá, além de observações participantes periódicas em toda região rural do entorno do reservatório. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam que, os participantes do estudo tiveram violados os direitos à saúde, educação, emprego e infraestrutura, perdendo também projetos de vidas. Portanto, é necessário atentar para o atual formato de implantação de barragens construindo políticas públicas que garantam os direitos das populações atingidas por estes empreendimentos.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio es analizar las relaciones entre la implantación de la hidroeléctrica de Itá, en Santa Catarina, y la violación de derechos humanos de agricultores que permanecieron viviendo en el entorno del embalse tras su finalización y que fueron afectados por él. El estudio, de tipo cualitativo, se fundamentó en la investigación participativa. La recolección de datos empezó en febrero de 2016 y concluyó en diciembre del mismo año. Se entrevistaron a 12 personas afectadas por la construcción de dicha represa, además de la realización de periódicas observaciones participantes en su entorno rural. Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos al análisis de contenido. Los resultados demostraron que los entrevistados sufrieron violación de derechos a salud, educación, empleo e infraestructura, perdiendo, incluso, proyectos de vida. Así, es necesario examinar las actuales formas de implantación de represas a través de políticas públicas que garanticen los derechos de las poblaciones afectadas.

Abstract This study aims to analyze the interfaces between the implementation of Itá hydroelectric power plant in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina and the violation of human rights of the farmers who remained living in the reservoir's surrounding area after the project was finished and who were affected by it. The qualitative study was based on participant research. Data collection began in February 2016 and was completed in December of the same year. Twelve people affected by the construction of Itá dam were interviewed, and there were periodic participant observations in all rural areas surrounding the reservoir. Data were submitted to content analysis. Research results indicated that the research participants had their rights to health, education, employment and infrastructure violated, losing also their life projects. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on the current model for dam implantation by developing public policies that ensure the rights of populations affected by these enterprises.

United States Congressmen support the legalization of environmental health injustice in Puerto Rico.

OBJECTIVES: Analyze the role of two members of the United States Congress, two private enterprises, and the government of Puerto Rico in the approval of the counterproductive law "Ban on the Deposit and Disposal of Coal Ash or Coal Combustion Residuals in Puerto Rico" (Law No. 40) in the framework of the four principles for environmental policy making. METHODS: The gathered text documents were structured, reviewed, and coded using a content analysis protocol to produce coding categories and the final analysis. RESULTS: Two US congressmen, apparently influenced by private enterprises, had a decisive role in the approval of Law No. 40 which failed to comply with any of the four principles for environmental public policy making. CONCLUSIONS: Puerto Rico's Government succumbed to the extortion strategy of two US congressmen and private economic interests, and finally approved Law No. 40 which mistreats the general public and the environmental health of two low socioeconomic status communities in the municipalities of Guayama and Peñuelas. This law has the potential to negatively affect public health and the environment island-wide.

"Please pay $800 to read this article": An open letter to paywall companies / "Por favor pague $800 para leer este artículo": Una carta abierta para las compañías de pago

Abstract Significant amounts of economic resources are spent by poor countries for access to scientific information that is blocked by pay-walls, and when fees are corrected for local economies, they can be the equivalent of hundreds of dollars per article. Pay-walls, is controlled by a small group of companies in rich countries, block knowledge from the societies that need it most. These companies should adjust their fees according to local economies: this would be fairer and would benefit everyone, including the same companies.

Resumen Los países pobres gastan cantidades significativas de recursos económicos en acceso a la información científica bloqueada por los llamados "muros de pago" o paywalls, y si se ajustan los precios según las economías locales, pueden ser equivalentes a cientos de dólares por artículo. Estos paywalls, controlados por un pequeño grupo de empresas de los países ricos, bloquean el conocimiento a las sociedades que más lo necesitan. Estas empresas deberían ajustar sus tarifas de acuerdo con las economías locales: eso sería más justo y beneficiaría a todos, incluidas las mismas empresas.

A legitimação da injustiça social e ambiental: análise da legislação no campo da construção de hidrelétricas no Brasil / The legitimation of social and environmental injustice: analysis of legislation on the construction of hydroelectric power plants in Brazil

Este artigo pretende apresentar, a partir da análise da legislação vigente no campo da construção de hidrelétricas no Brasil, os diferentes ângulos da banalização do sofrimento das populações atingidas por estas obras. A pesquisa qualitativa teve um delineamento exploratório-descritivo e se apoiou na técnica da análise documental. O estudo dos materiais foi orientado pelas seguintes questões: a) como o documento aborda o sofrimento das populações atingidas pela construção de hidrelétricas; b) quais são os elementos do documento que contribuem para a invisibilidade da injustiça e do sofrimento das populações atingidas pela construção de hidrelétricas? Destaca-se a invisibilidade das populações atingidas pelos grandes empreendimentos no contexto da legislação vigente, excluindo aspectos que vão do sofrimento até questões atreladas à saúde, trabalho, relações sociais e culturais. Em contrapartida, privilegiam-se normativas que garantem a comercialização dos recursos naturais e o direito dos consumidores.

This paper intends to show, based on analysis of current legislation regarding the construction of hydroelectric power plants in Brazil, the different perspectives of suffering trivialization of populations affected by these enterprises. The qualitative research had an exploratory-descriptive design of qualitative based on document analysis technique. The following questions guided the material analysis: a) how does the document address the suffering of populations affected by the construction of hydroelectric power plants; b) which document components increase the invisibility of injustice and suffering of populations affected by the construction of hydroelectric power plants? The invisibility of the populations affected by the big enterprises in current legislation is evidenced, since it excludes aspects ranging from suffering to health, working, social and cultural relation issues. On the other hand, it favors regulations that guarantee commercialization of natural resources and consumers rights.

"Stay cool, sell stuff cheap, and smile": Examining how reputational management of dental tourism reinforces structural oppression in Los Algodones, Mexico.

Los Algodones, Mexico is characteristic of other medical border towns whose proximity to the Mexico-United States border enables American and Canadian patients to take advantage of economic asymmetries on either side of the border to access desired health care. Los Algodones is unique, however, in its focus on the provision of dental care and claims by local residents that it has the highest concentration of dentists per capita in the world. In this paper, we present an analysis of interviews with employees working in Los Algodones' dental tourism industry to examine interviewees' participation in practices related to reputational management of the industry site. Drawing on our interview discussions, we argue that many of these reputational management practices reinforce structural injustices and raise concerns for structural exploitation in the industry. This analysis nuances ethical considerations for medical tourism by highlighting structural factors informing unjust practices within the industry, factors which might be relevant to other medical tourism contexts.

Concepção de justiça e injustiça de docentes do ensino fundamental / Conception of justice and injustice in Primary School Teachers

Investigamos a concepção de justiça de professoras do ensino fundamental. Realizamos entrevistas com base no método clínico piagetiano. Verificamos que a temática dos direitos foi abordada pelas participantes em todas as perguntas e justificativas do estudo. Por outro lado, obtivemos poucas referências com relação à igualdade e à equidade. Também encontramos citações que versam sobre a oportunidade de desenvolvimento pessoal, o julgamento e a punição, a valorização ou desvalorização da vida e da profissão, entre outros. De maneira geral, os dados mostram que as concepções de justiça possuem predominância de características da moral autônoma. No entanto, chamamos a atenção para a ocorrência de dados que revelam a existência de traços de uma moral heterônoma na concepção das docentes.

We investigated the conception of justice of primary school teachers. We conducted interviews based on Piaget’s clinical method. We found that the thematic of rights was addressed by participants in all questions and rationale of the study. Moreover, we found few references in relation to equality and fairness. We also find quotes that talk about the opportunity for personal development, trial, and punishment, the appreciation or depreciation of life and profession, among others. Overall, the data show that the conceptions of justice have predominant features of autonomous morality. However, we draw attention to the occurrence of data that reveal the existence of heteronomous moral traits in the teachers’ conception.

Empoderamento e sentimento de injustiça nos trabalhadores da atenção primária do SUS / Empowerment and sense of injustice in primary care workers of SUS / Empoderamiento y sentimiento de injusticia de los trabajadores de la atención primaria de SUS

Neste artigo, aborda-se a injustiça como uma construção cognitiva e afetiva, que difere da justiça, não só por ser seu oposto, mas por possuir outra dimensão de significado. A abordagem estruturalista das representações sociais norteou o planejamento metodológico desta investigação. Procurou-se investigar a injustiça vivenciada pelos prestadores de serviço do Sistema Único de Saúde, por ser um objeto de estudo socialmente relevante, que pode demonstrar o sofrimento destes trabalhadores e, além disso, evidenciar a estrutura da representação social neste grupo, com o objetivo de demonstrar que a forma como as pessoas lidam com a injustiça depende do poder que elas têm de intervir na realidade. Os resultados demonstram que a maneira como pessoas vivenciam a injustiça é modulada por suas pertenças sociais, sendo que os profissionais de nível superior se sentem muito mais empoderados que os de nível médio.

This article deals with the injustice as a cognitive and affective construction that differs from justice, not only for being its opposite, but by owning another dimension of meaning. The structuralist approach of social representations has guided the methodological planning of this investigation. we tried to investigate the injustice experienced by service providers of the health system, for being a socially relevant study object that can reveal the suffering of these workers and, besides, demonstrate the structure of social representation in this group, with the aim of showing that the way people deal with injustice depends on the power they have to intervene in reality. The results shows that the way people experience injustice is modulated by their social belonging, and the higher level professionals feel much more empowered than those of middle level.

En este artículo se discute la injusticia como una construcción cognitiva y afectiva que difiere de la justicia, no sólo por ser su contrario, sino porque tiene otra dimensión de significado. El enfoque estructuralista de las representaciones sociales guió la planificación metodológica de esta investigación. El objetivo es investigar la injusticia vivida por los proveedores de servicios del Sistema Único de Salud, como un tema de relevancia social que puede revelar el sufrimiento de estos trabajadores y también destacar la estructura de la representación social en este grupo, como también demuestran que la forma de hacer frente a la injusticia depende del poder han de intervenir en la realidad. los resultados muestran que la forma en que la gente experimenta la injusticia es modulada por su pertenencia social, y que los profesionales de alto nivel se sienten mucho más empoderados que los de nivel medio.

Cara y ceca de la injusticia: visión judía de los linchamientos / Heads and tails of injustice: Jewish Vision of lynchings

El análisis desde la óptica judía del fenómeno de los linchamientos actuales en el marco de una profunda impunidad e inseguridad social, indica que el motivo de dicha problemática es el abandono de los conceptos fundacionales de justicia, concausa de la pérdida de estructura y sentido social y estatal

A análise, desde a óptica judia do fenômeno dos linchamentos atuais no marco de uma profunda impunidade e insegurança social, assinala que o motivo dessa problemática é o abandono dos conceitos fundacionais de justiça, com causa da perda de estrutura e do sentido social bem como do Estado

Current lynchings phenomenon seen from the jewish point of view in the context of a deep impunity and social insecurity, indicates that the reason for this problem is the abandonment of the foundational concepts of Justice, concausa's loss of structure and State and social sense

Desviaciones de instrumento formal 'manifestación de impacto ambiental' en México / Deviations ofthee 'environmental impact statement' formal instrument in Mexico

Este artículo trata de evidenciar algunas de las deficiencias de la legislación mexicana y de determinadas herramientas de la misma, particularmente en el área ambiental y en lo referente al empleo del instrumento legal denominado Manifestación de Impacto Ambiental (MIA). Para lo cual fue practicado un análisis crítico propositivo de la aplicación del instrumento de estudio en el ejercicio real de cinco casos de expresiva importancia actual. Se muestran algunas de las disrupciones y limitaciones que el instrumento puede presentar y ha presentado, así como el rol que los intereses capitalistas y los grupos de poder pueden desempeñar; también las consecuencias negativas de la mala aplicación y mala elaboración del instrumento. Se concluye que todavía existe una clara distancia que separa a la legislación mexicana presente de la justicia ambiental deseable para perseguir campos y situaciones mejores de la sustentabilidad vinculada con elementos de educación ambiental pertinentes y humanizados.

This article tries to demonstrate some of the deficiencies of the Mexican legislation and certain tools of the same, particularly in the environmental area and in relation to the use of the legal instrument called Environmental Impact Statement (MIA). For this purpose, a proactive critical analysis of the application of the instrument of study in five cases of real expressive importance exercises was practiced. Some disruptions and limitations that the instrument might and has presented are submitted, as well as the role that capitalist interests and power groups can play; also the negative consequences of misapplication and bad preparation of the instrument are presented. It is concluded that there is still a clear distance that separates present Mexican legislation from the desirable environmental justice to pursue better fields and situations for sustainability linked to elements of relevant and humanized environmental education.

Análisis del significado de las ocupaciones atribuidas a ser mujer y madre para mujeres con discapacidad intelectual en la cuidad de Punta Arenas / Analysis of the meaning of occupations attributed to be women and mothers for women with intellectual disability in the city of Punta Arenas

Esta investigación pretende dar a conocer cuáles son los significados que las mujeres con discapacidad intelectual le brindan a las experiencias de ser mujer y madre, junto con los factores que les facilitan y obstaculizan este proceso. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa desde la mirada del paradigma interpretativo con un enfoque metodológico descriptivo-exploratorio; el tipo de diseño que se utilizó es el interaccionismo simbólico, en base a estudio de caso, donde la muestra está compuesta por tres mujeres con discapacidad intelectual y los resultados se analizaron según la Teoría Fundamentada. La principal conclusión obtenida en esta investigación es que, los significados atribuidos por este grupo de mujeres estudiadas al ser mujer y madre son la feminidad y tareas domésticas, unidos a factores emocionales y de cuidados básicos. Un hallazgo importante es, que este colectivo de personas es vulnerable a que haya una transgresión de género; al igual que la violación de sus derechos humanos más básicos en su vida diaria. Ellas no ejercen sus ocupaciones significativas de forma independiente, siendo víctimas de una situación de Apartheid Ocupacional e Injusticia Ocupacional.

This research aims to show what are the meanings that women with intellectual disabilities give to the experiences of being a woman and mother, alongside with the factors that facilitate and hinder this process. A qualitative methodology from the perspective of the interpretive paradigm was used, with a descriptive exploratory methodological approach, the type of design that was used is symbolic interactionism, based on case study, where the sample is composed of three women with intellectual disabilities and the results were analyzed according to Grounded Theory. The principal conclusion obtained in this investigation is that the meanings attributed by this group of women studied on having been woman and mother are the femininity and domestic tasks, joined emotional factors and of taken care basic. An important finding is that this group of persons is vulnerable to that there is a transgression of kind as the violation of his more basic human rights in his daily life, they do not exercise his significant occupations of independent form, being victims of a situation of Occupational Apartheid and Occupational Injustice.

Exclusión social y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en personas entre 25 y 60 años de la zona nororiental de Medellín - Colombia, 2009 / Social exclusion and quality of life related to health in people from 25 to 60 years old living in the northeast zone, Medellín, 2009

OBJETIVO: identificar la percepción de exclusión social y sus dimensiones demográfica, económica, de participación social y política y su asociación con la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en las personas de 25 a 60 años de la zona nororiental de Medellín - Colombia, 2009. METODOLOGIA: se condujo un estudio transversal de asociación. El tamaño muestral se calculó con un nivel de confianza de 95%, un error de 4,5% y una proporción de 0,28 derivada de la investigación sobre exclusión social realizada en Medellín en el año 2008, para un total de 404 sujetos. La muestra fue obtenida mediante un muestreo probabilístico, por conglomerados, polietápico, proporcional por sexo sin reemplazo. Los datos se analizaron en el software SPSS v.15.0 y StataSE 10. RESULTADOS: el 22,8% de la población se percibió en situación de exclusión social. En la evaluación de la Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) se encontraron altos puntajes en todos los dominios del cuestionario SF-36, presentándose diferencias significativas en los puntajes del Desempeño Físico (p = 0,000), Desempeño Emocional (p = 0,000) y Salud Mental (p = 0,023), teniendo mayores puntajes en estos dominios las personas no excluidas. Conclusiones: los resultados sugieren que la percepción de exclusión social afecta la CVRS y las condiciones individuales de salud pueden incidir en la percepción de exclusión social. Esto puede deberse a que la salud (enfermedad) en sí es un generador de exclusión social o que la prestación de los servicios de salud en el sistema de salud colombiano, haga que las personas enfermas se sientan excluidas.

OBJECTIVE: to identify the perception of social exclusion and its demographic, economic, and sociopolitical participation dimensions as well as its association with the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) of people aged 25 to 60 living in the northeastern area of Medellin - Colombia, 2009. METHODOLOGY: a cross-sectional study of association was conducted. The sample size was calculated with a confidence level of 95%, an error of 4.5%, and a ratio of 0.28 derived from a study on social exclusion conducted in Medellín in 2008. The study was conducted with a total of 404 subjects. The sample was obtained through a probability, cluster, and multistage sampling that was proportional by sex and had no replacement. The data was analyzed using the SPSS v.15.0 and Stata 10 software. RESULTS: 22.8% of the population was perceived to be in a situation of social exclusion. The assessment of the Health-Related Quality of Life (hrqol) showed high scores in all the domains of the SF-36 questionnaire. Significant differences were observed in role physical (p = 0.000), role emotional (p = 0.000), and Mental Health (p = 0.023) scores. Non-excluded individuals showed higher scores in these domains. CONCLUSIONS: the results suggest that the perception of social exclusion affects HRQOL and individual health conditions may affect the perception of social exclusion. This may be due to the fact that health (disease) in itself generates social exclusion or that the healthcare services in the Colombian health system cause sick people to feel excluded.

Os refugos do mundo: figuras do pária / The outcasts of the world: images of the pariahs

Do século XVI ao século XVIII, o termo pária, cunhado por viajantes ocidentais, oficiais do império ou missionários para designar a degradação dos marginalizados na Índia, era corrente em círculos letrados portugueses, ingleses, franceses, alemães e holandeses. No discurso iluminista - e ao longo do século XIX -, o termo adquiriu um novo sentido, relacionado à conotação cada vez mais pejorativa de "casta". Assim, a metáfora do pária representa uma expressão idiomática de crítica à autoridade arbitrária e à exclusão social e política persistente. Graças à literatura, ao teatro e à opera, ela adentra os espaços públicos literário e plebeu europeus, dando nome às hierarquias modernas invisíveis e denunciando a construção desumanizadora do outro em um mundo que alega ter a universalidade dos direitos humanos como seu princípio fundador.

From the 16th to the 18th centuries, the term pariah, coined by Western travelers, imperial officials or missionaries to designate the abjection of the outcasts in India, circulated in Portuguese, English, French, German and Dutch literati circles. In the discourse of Enlightenment - and throughout the 19th century - it acquires a new meaning, related to the increasingly pejorative connotation of "caste". The metaphor of the "pariah" provides thus an idiom of the critique of arbitrary authority and the persisting social and political exclusion. Thanks to the literature, theater, and opera, it enters the European literary and plebeian public spaces, giving a name to the modern invisible hierarchies, and denouncing the dehumanizing construction of the other in a world claiming as its grounding principle the universality of human rights.