Usefulness of severity scales for cardiogenic shock in-hospital mortality. Proposal for a new prognostic model.

Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a condition comprising multiple etiologies, which associates high mortality rates. Some scoring systems have been shown to be good predictors of hospital mortality in patients admitted to Critical Care Units (CCU). The main objective of this study is to analyze their usefulness and validity in a cohort of CS patients. METHODS: Observational unicentric study of a cohort of CS patients. SOFA, SAPS II and APACHE II scores were calculated in the first 24 h of CCU admission. RESULTS: 130 patients with CS were included. SOFA, SAPS II and APACHE II scores revealed good discrimination for hospital mortality: (AUC) ROC values (AUC: 0.711, 0.752 and 0.742 respectively; P = .6). Calibration, estimated by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test, was adequate in all cases. Acute coronary syndrome, lactate serum values, SAPS II score and vasoactive inotropic score (VIS) were found to be independent predictors for mortality, upon ICU admission. With these variables, a specific prognostic indicator was developed (SAPS-2-LIVE), which improved predictive capability for mortality in our series (AUC) ROC, 0.825 (95% CI 0.752-0.89). CONCLUSION: In this contemporary CS cohort, the aforementioned scores have been shown to have good predictive ability for hospital mortality. These findings could contribute to a more accurate risk stratification in CS.

Utilidad de las escalas de gravedad en la predicción de mortalidad intrahospitalaria en el shock cardiogénico. Propuesta de un nuevo modelo pronóstico / Usefulness of severity scales for cardiogenic shock in-hospital mortality. Proposal for a new prognostic model

El shock cardiogénico (SC) es una entidad que comprende múltiples etiologías y asocia elevada mortalidad. Algunas escalas de gravedad han demostrado ser buenos predictores de mortalidad hospitalaria en pacientes ingresados en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI). El objetivo principal de este estudio es analizar su utilidad y validez en una cohorte de pacientes en SC. Métodos: Estudio observacional unicéntrico. Se calcularon las escalas SOFA, SAPSII y APACHEII en las primeras 24horas de ingreso en UCI. Resultados: Se incluyeron 130 pacientes con SC. Las escalas SOFA, SAPSII y APACHEII mostraron buena discriminación para la mortalidad hospitalaria, obteniendo valores de área bajo la curva (AUC) ROC similares (AUC: 0,711, 0,752 y 0,742, respectivamente; p=0,6). La calibración, estimada por el test de Hosmer-Lemeshow, fue adecuada en todos los casos, SOFA (p=0,787), SAPSII (p=0,078) y APACHEII (p=0,522). Resultaron: predictores independientes de mortalidad intrahospitalaria: el síndrome coronario agudo (SCA), los valores de lactato sérico, el SAPSII y el índice de vasoactivos inotrópicos (VIS) en las primeras 24horas de ingreso en UCI.Con estas variables se desarrolló un indicador pronóstico específico para el SC (SAPS-2-LIVE) que mejora la capacidad predictiva de mortalidad en nuestra serie (AUC) ROC, 0,825 (IC 95% 0,752-0,89). Conclusión: En esta cohorte contemporánea de SC, las escalas SOFA, SAPSII y APACHEII han demostrado una buena capacidad de predicción de mortalidad hospitalaria. Estos hallazgos podrían contribuir a una mejor estratificación del riesgo en el SC.(AU)

Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a condition comprising multiple etiologies, which associates high mortality rates. Some scoring systems have been shown to be good predictors of hospital mortality in patients admitted to Critical Care Units (CCU). The main objective of this study is to analyze their usefulness and validity in a cohort of CS patients. Methods: Observational unicentric study of a cohort of CS patients. SOFA, SAPSII and APACHEII scores were calculated in the first 24hours of CCU admission. Results: 130 patients with CS were included. SOFA, SAPSII and APACHEII scores revealed good discrimination for hospital mortality: (AUC) ROC values (AUC: 0.711, 0.752 and 0.742 respectively; p=0.6). Calibration, estimated by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test, was adequate in all cases.Acute coronary syndrome, lactate serum values, SAPSII score and vasoactive inotropic score (VIS) were found to be independent predictors for mortality, upon ICU admission. With these variables, a specific prognostic indicator was developed (SAPS-2-LIVE), which improved predictive capability for mortality in our series (AUC) ROC, 0.825 (95% CI 0.752-0.89). Conclusion: In this contemporary CS cohort, the aforementioned scores have been shown to have good predictive ability for hospital mortality. These findings could contribute to a more accurate risk stratification in CS.(AU)

[Resuscitation strategy for patients with sepsis and septic shock]. / Estrategia integral de reanimación del paciente con sepsis y shock séptico.

Fluid and vasopressor resuscitation is, along with antimicrobial therapy and control of the focus of infection, a basic issue of the treatment of sepsis and septic shock. There is currently no accepted protocol that we can follow for the resuscitation of these patients and the Surviving Sepsis Campaign proposes controversial measures and without sufficient evidence support to establish firm recommendations. We propose a resuscitation strategy adapted to the situation of each patient: in the patient in whom community sepsis is suspected, we consider that the early administration of 30mL/kg of crystalloids is effective and safe; in the patient with nosocomial sepsis, we must carry out a more in-depth evaluation before initiating aggressive resuscitation. In patients who do not respond to initial resuscitation, it is necessary to increase monitoring level and, depending on the hemodynamic profile, administer more fluids, a second vasopressor or inotropes.

Calidad en la administración de medicamentos inotrópicos en profesionales de enfermería de un hospital de Tabasco, México / Quality in the administration of inotropic medications in nursing professionals of a hospital in Tabasco, Mexico

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la calidad en la administración de medicamentos inotrópicos por parte del personal de enfermería de un hospital de alta especialidad en Tabasco, México. Es un estudio observacional, transversal, analítico. Se obtuvo una muestra por conveniencia de 80 profesionales de enfermería. Para evaluar el conocimiento se utilizó el cuestionario de calidad y seguridad de la administración de medicamentos inotrópicos de Ipanaque y Pérez. El cumplimiento de los estándares de calidad, se evaluó con la cédula oficial de administración de medicamentos del Sistema Nacional de Indicadores de Calidad en Salud en México. Para el análisis de los datos, se empleó estadística descriptiva y analítica, además, se utilizó el SPSS Versión 22.0. El nivel de calidad en la administración de inotrópicos en el hospital evaluado fue insuficiente en un 73.8% (59). Las enfermeras del servicio de cuidados intensivos fueron las mejor evaluadas en el 66% con una X2 de 20.622 y un valor de p=.002, el cual es estadísticamente significativo. A diferencia de las enfermeras del área de urgencias que alcanzaron el nivel más bajo de calidad en el 27.1% de ellas. Se concluye que el nivel de calidad y seguridad en la administración de inotrópicos fue insuficiente. Por lo tanto, se sugiere supervisión y capacitación constante en los puntos críticos encontrados para evitar eventos adversos y garantizar la seguridad del paciente.

Abstract The aim was to evaluate the quality in the administration of inotropic medications in the nursing staff of a high specialty hospital in Tabasco, Mexico. It is an observational, cross-sectional, analytical study. A sample was obtained for the convenience of 80 nursing professionals. To assess the knowledge, the quality and safety questionnaire of the administration of inotropic medications from Ipanaque and Pérez was used. Compliance with quality standards was evaluated with the official drug administration card of the National System of Health Quality Indicators in Mexico. For data analysis, descriptive and analytical statistics were used, SPSS Version 22.0 was used. The level of quality in the administration of inotropics in the hospital evaluated was insufficient in 73.8% (59). The nurses in the intensive care service were the best evaluated in 66% with an X2 of 20,622 and a statistically significant value of p = .002. Unlike nurses in the emergency department who reached the lowest level of quality in 27.1% of them. Conclusions: the level of quality and safety in the administration of inotropics was insufficient. Constant supervision and training is suggested at the critical points found to avoid adverse events and ensure patient safety.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade na administração de medicamentos inotrópicos na equipe de enfermagem de um hospital de alta especialidade em Tabasco, México. Estudo observacional, transversal, analítico. Uma amostra a conveniência foi obtida de 80 profissionais de enfermagem. Para avaliar o conhecimento, foi utilizado o questionário de qualidade e segurança da administração de medicamentos inotrópicos de Ipanaque e Pérez. A conformidade com os padrões de qualidade foi avaliada com o cartão oficial de administração de medicamentos do Sistema Nacional de Indicadores de Qualidade em Saúde no México. Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se estatística descritiva e analítica, SPSS Versão 22.0. O nível de qualidade na administração de inotrópicos no hospital avaliado foi insuficiente em 73,8% (59). Os enfermeiros do serviço de terapia intensiva foram os melhores avaliados em 66% com um X2 de 20.622 e um valor estatisticamente significante de p = 0,002. Diferentemente dos enfermeiros do pronto-socorro, que atingiram o nível mais baixo de qualidade em 27,1% deles. Conclusões: o nível de qualidade e segurança na administração de inotrópicos foi insuficiente. Supervisão e treinamento constantes são sugeridos nos pontos críticos encontrados para evitar eventos adversos e garantir a segurança do paciente.

Choque cardiogénico: de la definición al abordaje / Cardiogenic shock: from definition to the approach / Choque cardiogênico: da definição à abordagem

Resumen: El choque cardiogénico es la mayor catástrofe del infarto agudo al miocardio y de las cardiopatías en general. Se define como un estado en el cual el gasto cardiaco es ineficiente para perfundir y oxigenar los tejidos, por lo que se manifiesta con signos de hipoperfusión tisular y congestión capilar. Aunque las últimas guías no exijan el diagnóstico por medio de medidas hemodinámicas, el basarse sólo en lo clínico puede generar errores hasta en 30%. Las causas se dividen en isquémicas y no isquémicas, siendo la primera la más común. Pese a la aparición de nuevos dispositivos mecánicos, aunados al soporte médico, sólo se ha demostrado la mejora de los desenlaces con las terapias endovasculares.

Abstract: Cardiogenic shock (CSh) is the major catastrophe of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and heart disease in general. It is defined as a state in which cardiac output (CO) is inefficient to perfuse and oxygenate tissues, which is why it manifests with signs of tissue hypoperfusion and capillary congestion. Although the latest guidelines do not require diagnosis with hemodynamic measures, relying only on the clinical can generate errors up to 30%. The causes are divided into ischemic (AMI) and non-ischemic, with the former being the most common. Despite the appearance of new mechanical devices, coupled with medical support, it has only shown the improvement of outcomes with endovascular therapies.

Resumo: O choque cardiológico (ChC) é a principal catástrofe do infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) e das cardiopatias em geral. Definida como um estado no qual o débito cardíaco (DC) é ineficiente para perfundir e oxigenar os tejidos, razão pela qual se manifiesta com sinais de hipoperfusão tecidual e congestão capilar. Embora as diretrizes mais recentes não exijam diagnóstico por meio de medidas hemodinâmicas, depender apenas da clínica pode gerar erros de até 30%. As causas são divididas em isquêmicas (IAM) e não isquêmicas, sendo a primeira a mais comum. Apesar do surgimento de novos dispositivos mecânicos aliados ao suporte médico, só demonstrou-se a melhora dos resultados com terapias endovasculares.

Continuous Intravenous Inotropes in Ward Units: Expanding Therapy Outside Intensive Care using a Safety-Oriented Protocol / Inotrópicos Intravenosos Contínuos em Unidades de Enfermaria: Expandindo o Tratamento Além da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Utilizando um Protocolo Orientado em Segurança

Abstract Selected clinically stable patients with heart failure (HF) who require prolonged intravenous inotropic therapy may benefit from its continuity out of the intensive care unit (ICU). We aimed to report on the initial experience and safety of a structured protocol for inotropic therapy in non-intensive care units in 28 consecutive patients hospitalized with HF that were discharged from ICU. The utilization of low to moderate inotropic doses oriented by a safety-focused process of care may reconfigure their role as a transition therapy while awaiting definitive advanced therapies and enable early ICU discharge.

Resumo Pacientes selecionados com insuficiência cardíaca (IC), clinicamente estáveis que necessitam de terapia inotrópica intravenosa prolongada podem se beneficiar de sua continuidade fora da unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). Nosso objetivo foi relatar a experiência inicial e a segurança de um protocolo estruturado para terapia inotrópica em unidades de terapia não-intensiva em 28 pacientes consecutivos hospitalizados com IC que receberam alta da UTI. A utilização de doses inotrópicas baixas a moderadas, orientadas por um processo de cuidado focado na segurança, pode reconfigurar seu papel como terapia de transição enquanto aguarda terapias avançadas definitivas e permite a alta precoce da UTI.

Vasoactive Inotropic Score as a Predictor of Mortality in Adult Patients With Cardiogenic Shock: Medical Therapy Versus ECMO.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: This study investigated whether the vasoactive inotropic score (VIS) is independently predictive of mortality in cardiogenic shock (CS). METHODS: This study was retrospective, observational study. Patients who were admitted to the cardiac intensive care unit from January 2012 to December 2015 were screened, and 493 CS patients were finally enrolled. To quantify pharmacologic support, the patients were divided into 5 groups based on a quintile of VIS: 1 to 10, 11 to 20, 21 to 38, 39 to 85, and > 85. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: In-hospital mortalities in the 5 VIS groups in increasing order were 8.2%, 14.1%, 21.1%, 32.0%, and 65.7%, respectively (P < .001). Multivariable analysis indicated that VIS ranges of 39 to 85 (aOR, 3.85; 95%CI, 1.60-9.22; P = .003) and over 85 (aOR, 10.83; 95%CI, 4.43-26.43; P < .001) remained significant prognostic predictors for in-hospital mortality. With multiple logistic regression to remove any confounding effects, we found that the localized regression lines regarding the odds of death intersected each other's (medical therapy alone and combined extracorporeal membrane oxygenation group) path at VIS = 130. In contrast to linear correlation between VIS and mortality for patients treated with medical therapy alone, there was little association between a VIS of 130 or more and the probability of in-hospital mortality for patients who were treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. CONCLUSIONS: A high level of vasoactive inotropic support during the first 48hours was significantly associated with increased in-hospital mortality in adult CS patients.

Puntaje LVIS como predictor de mortalidad en choque séptico / LVIS as mortality predictor in septic shock / Pontuação LVIS como preditor de mortalidade em choque séptico

Resumen: Introducción: El uso de vasopresores en choque séptico es parte fundamental del tratamiento. El uso de un puntaje que integre los múltiples vasopresores e inotrópicos como LVIS (levosimendan vasopressor inotropic score), puede ser de utilidad para el seguimiento y pronóstico de estos pacientes. Se ha estudiado en población pediátrica y no ha sido validada en población adulta. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, longitudinal, retrolectivo en pacientes adultos admitidos a UCI con diagnóstico de choque séptico con el fin de investigar si el puntaje LVIS es capaz de predecir mortalidad y lesión renal aguda. Seguimiento a 30 días. Resultados: Incluimos 77 pacientes, 24 (21.2%) pacientes murieron y 41 (53.23%) presentaron lesión renal aguda. Se observó un AUC (área bajo la curva) para LVIS 0.89 con un punto de corte de 21.3 (sensibilidad 50% y especificidad de 82%). El puntaje LVIS > 21.3 con RR 2.09 (IC95% 1.15-3.7, p = 0.003) y un HR de 3.8 (IC95% 1.5-9.3, p = 0.003), LR+ 2.81 y LR- 0.61 para mortalidad. LVIS no fue significativo para predecir LRA (lesión renal aguda). Conclusiones: LVIS es útil para predecir mortalidad en choque séptico, con un punto de corte 21.3. Es necesario continuar estudios para validarlo en población adulta con otras formas de choque.

Abstract: Introduction: Vasopressors have a fundamental roll in the treatment of septic shock. LVIS (levosimendan vasopressor inotropic score) as a score that integrates the main vasopressors and inotropic drugs may be useful for monitoring and prognosis. It's been studied in pediatric population, but not validated in adult patients so far. Material and methods: Retrospective, longitudinal, retrolective study in adults admitted in ICU with septic shock. We looked to investigate if LVIS score is useful to predict mortality and acute kidney injury in ICU, with a follow-up of 30 days. Results: We included 77 patients, 24 (21.2%) patients died and 41 (53.23%) developed acute kidney injury. LVIS had an AUC of 0.89 with a cut-off of 21.3 (50% sensitivity and 82% of specificity). LVIS score above the cut-off 21.3, had RR 2.09 (CI95% 1.15-3.7, p = 0.003), HR de 3.8 (CI 1.5-9.3, p = 0.003), LR+ 2.81 and LR- 0.61 for mortality. LVIS could not predict AKI (acute kidney). Conclusions: LVIS score is useful to predict mortality in patients with septic shock, with a cut-off of 21.3. More research is left to be done to validate this score in other forms of shock in adult population.

Resumo: Introdução: O uso de vasopressores no choque séptico é uma parte fundamental do tratamento. O uso de um escore que integra múltiplos vasopressores e drogas inotrópicas como o LVIS (Levosimendan Vasopressor Inotropic Score), pode ser útil para o acompanhamento e prognóstico desses pacientes. Foi estudado na população pediátrica e não foi validado na população adulta. Material e métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, longitudinal, retrolectivo em pacientes adultos admitidos na UTI com o diagnóstico de choque séptico para investigar se o escore LVIS é capaz de predizer a mortalidade e a lesão renal aguda em um acompanhamento de 30 dias. Resultados: Foram incluídos 77 pacientes, 24 (21.2%) pacientes morreram e 41 (53.23%) apresentaram lesão renal aguda. Uma AUC (área sob a curva) foi observada para LVIS 0.89 com um ponto de corte de 21.3 (sensibilidade 50% e especificidade 82%). O escore LVIS > 21.3 com RR 2.09 (IC95% 1.15-3.7, p = 0.003) e uma HR de 3.8 (IC95% 1.5-9.3, p = 0.003), LR + 2.81 e LR -0.61 para mortalidade. O LVIS não foi significativa na predição da LRA (lesão renal aguda). Conclusões: O LVIS é útil para prever a mortalidade no choque séptico, com um ponto de corte de 21.3. É necessário continuar os estudos para validá-lo na população adulta com outras formas de choque.

Falla cardíaca en pacientes pediátricos. Fisiopatología y tratamiento. Parte II / Heart failure in paediatric patients: pathophysiology and treatment. Part II

Resumen La falla cardiaca en una patología poco reconocida en la edad pediátrica y tiene una alta tasa de mortalidad al no ser diagnosticada en forma temprana. Se hace una revisión del diagnóstico, la estratificación y el manejo actual de la falla cardiaca en niños y se mencionan las nuevas terapias actualmente en investigación.

Abstract Heart failure is a little known condition at paediatric age, and has a high mortality rate on not being diagnosed early. A review is presented on its diagnosis, stratification, and current management of heart failure in children, as well the new therapies currently under investigation.

Vasopresores e inotrópicos: uso en pediatría / Vasopressors and inotropes: use in paediatrics

Resumen: El sistema cardiovascular es un sistema dinámico cuya función es asegurar un adecuado suministro de oxígeno, nutrientes y hormonas a los tejidos, necesarios para el metabolismo celular, además sintetiza y modifican los componentes vasoactivos los cuales regulan el tono vascular y la función miocárdica. Estos componentes vasoactivos son fundamentales en el manejo del paciente pediátrico en estado crítico con falla cardiaca y choque en los cuales se ha comprobado sus efectos benéficos, sin embargo, su uso y abuso trae consigo efectos nocivos, tales como mayor riesgo de arritmias, aumento el consumo miocárdico de oxígeno lo cual podría favorecer la presencia de isquemia. Por lo tanto, es preciso conocer el mecanismo de acción de los distintos tipos de agentes vasoactivos, así como las indicaciones de dichos fármacos para minimizar dichos efectos. El propósito de esta revisión es describir la farmacología y las aplicaciones clínicas de los agentes inotrópicos y Vasopresores en el paciente pediátrico en estado crítico. © 2017 Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog´ıa Ignacio Cha´vez. Publicado por Masson Doyma Me´xico S.A. Este es un art´ıculo Open Access bajo la licencia CC BY-NC-ND (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Abstract: The cardiovascular system is a dynamic system, which is required to ensure adequate delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the tissues that are necessary for cell metabolism. It also synthesises and modifies the vasoactive components that regulate vascular tone and myocardial function. These vasoactive components have demonstrated their beneficial effects in the management of paediatric patients in a critical condition with heart failure and shock. However, their use and abuse brings harmful effects, increases mortality, and is associated with arrhythmias. An increase in myocardial oxygen consumption favours the presence of ischaemia, therefore it is necessary to know the mechanism of action and indications of these drugs to minimise their harmful effects. The purpose of this review is to describe the pharmacology and clinical applications of inotropic and vasopressor agents in the paediatric patient in acritical condition. © 2017 Instituto Nacional de Cardiologìa Ignacio Chàvez. Published by Masson Doyma Mèxico S.A. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Role of echocardiography in reducing shock reversal time in pediatric septic shock: a randomized controlled trial / Papel da ecocardiografia na redução do tempo de reversão do choque no choque séptico pediátrico: ensaio controlado randomizado

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the role of echocardiography in reducing shock reversal time in pediatric septic shock. Methods: A prospective study conducted in the pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital from September 2013 to May 2016. Ninety septic shock patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio for comparing the serial echocardiography-guided therapy in the study group with the standard therapy in the control group regarding clinical course, timely treatment, and outcomes. Results: Shock reversal was significantly higher in the study group (89% vs. 67%), with significantly reduced shock reversal time (3.3 vs. 4.5 days). Pediatric intensive care unit stay in the study group was significantly shorter (8 ± 3 vs. 14 ± 10 days). Mortality due to unresolved shock was significantly lower in the study group. Fluid overload was significantly lower in the study group (11% vs. 44%). In the study group, inotropes were used more frequently (89% vs. 67%) and initiated earlier (12[0.5-24] vs. 24[6-72] h) with lower maximum vasopressor inotrope score (120[30-325] vs. 170[80-395]), revealing predominant use of milrinone (62% vs. 22%). Conclusion: Serial echocardiography provided crucial data for early recognition of septic myocardial dysfunction and hypovolemia that was not apparent on clinical assessment, allowing a timely management and resulting in shock reversal time reduction among children with septic shock.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar o papel da ecocardiografia na redução do tempo de reversão do choque no choque séptico pediátrico. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo conduzido em uma UTIP de um hospital universitário de cuidados terciários de setembro de 2013 a maio de 2016. Foram randomizados 90 pacientes com choque séptico na proporção 1:1 para comparar a terapia guiada por ecocardiografia em série com a terapia padrão no grupo de controle com relação ao curso clínico, tratamento oportuno e resultados. Resultados: A reversão do choque foi significativamente maior no grupo de estudo (89% em comparação com 67%) com redução significativa do tempo de reversão do choque (3,3 em comparação com 4,5 dias). A permanência na UTIP no grupo de estudo foi significativamente mais curta (8 ± 3 em comparação com 14 ± 10 dias). A mortalidade devido ao choque não resolvido foi significativamente menor no grupo de estudo. A sobrecarga de fluidos foi significativamente menor no grupo de estudo (11% em comparação com 44%). No grupo de estudo, os inotrópicos foram usados com mais frequência (89% em comparação com 67%) e foram administrados antecipadamente (12 [0,5-24] em comparação com 24 [6-72] horas) e o menor escore inotrópico máximo dos vasopressores (120 [30-325] em comparação com 170 [80-395]) revela o uso predominante de milrinona (62% em comparação com 22%). Conclusão: A ecocardiografia em série forneceu dados fundamentais para o reconhecimento precoce da disfunção miocárdica séptica e hipovolemia não evidente na avaliação clínica, possibilitou o manejo tempestivamente adequado e resultou na redução do tempo de reversão do choque entre crianças com choque séptico.

[Vasopressors and inotropes: use in paediatrics]. / Vasopresores e inotrópicos: uso en pediatría.

The cardiovascular system is a dynamic system, which is required to ensure adequate delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the tissues that are necessary for cell metabolism. It also synthesises and modifies the vasoactive components that regulate vascular tone and myocardial function. These vasoactive components have demonstrated their beneficial effects in the management of paediatric patients in a critical condition with heart failure and shock. However, their use and abuse brings harmful effects, increases mortality, and is associated with arrhythmias. An increase in myocardial oxygen consumption favours the presence of ischaemia, therefore it is necessary to know the mechanism of action and indications of these drugs to minimise their harmful effects. The purpose of this review is to describe the pharmacology and clinical applications of inotropic and vasopressor agents in the paediatric patient in acritical condition.

Role of echocardiography in reducing shock reversal time in pediatric septic shock: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of echocardiography in reducing shock reversal time in pediatric septic shock. METHODS: A prospective study conducted in the pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital from September 2013 to May 2016. Ninety septic shock patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio for comparing the serial echocardiography-guided therapy in the study group with the standard therapy in the control group regarding clinical course, timely treatment, and outcomes. RESULTS: Shock reversal was significantly higher in the study group (89% vs. 67%), with significantly reduced shock reversal time (3.3 vs. 4.5 days). Pediatric intensive care unit stay in the study group was significantly shorter (8±3 vs. 14±10 days). Mortality due to unresolved shock was significantly lower in the study group. Fluid overload was significantly lower in the study group (11% vs. 44%). In the study group, inotropes were used more frequently (89% vs. 67%) and initiated earlier (12[0.5-24] vs. 24[6-72]h) with lower maximum vasopressor inotrope score (120[30-325] vs. 170[80-395]), revealing predominant use of milrinone (62% vs. 22%). CONCLUSION: Serial echocardiography provided crucial data for early recognition of septic myocardial dysfunction and hypovolemia that was not apparent on clinical assessment, allowing a timely management and resulting in shock reversal time reduction among children with septic shock.

Perfiles clínicos y hemodinámicos en pacientes con falla cardiaca aguda / Clinical and haemodynamic profiles of patients with acute heart failure

Resumen Objetivo: describir los perfiles clínicos y hemodinámicos de pacientes hospitalizados por falla cardíaca aguda. Métodos: estudio transversal de pacientes de 18 años o más, con diagnóstico de falla cardíaca aguda admitidos a un centro hospitalario de alta complejidad en Cali, Colombia, en un período de 7 meses. Se recolectó información sociodemográfica, clínica, perfiles clínicos y hemodinámicos de la falla cardiaca al ingreso, estancia hospitalaria y mortalidad. Se describieron las variables cuantitativas como promedios o medianas, y las categóricas como valor absoluto y porcentajes. Se realizaron tablas de frecuencia, y se graficaron los porcentajes de pacientes que ingresaron según el perfil clínico y hemodinámico de falla cardiaca aguda. Resultados: se incluyeron 99 pacientes con 143 episodios de falla cardíaca aguda. La mitad eran hombres y la mediana de edad 66 años (rango 21 a 97 años). 60% fueron afrodescendientes y 14,14% mestizos. Los perfiles clínicos más frecuentes fueron falla cardíaca aguda descompensada (72,46%), edema pulmonar agudo (10,14%) y falla cardiaca asociada a síndrome coronario agudo en 6,52%. Los perfiles hemodinámicos fueron ''caliente y seco'' 10,87%, ''caliente y húmedo'' 55,07%, ''frío y húmedo'' 28,26% y ''frío y seco'' en 5,8%. Conclusiones: la falla cardíaca aguda descompensada es el perfil de presentación clínica más común en nuestra población con dos tercios del total de casos. El perfil hemodinámico más frecuente fue el ''caliente y húmedo'' (Stevenson B), resultados que concuerdan con lo observado en estudios locales y registros internacionales.

Abstract Objective: To describe the clinical and haemodynamic profiles of patients admitted to hospital due to acute heart failure. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on patients aged 18 years or older with a diagnosis of acute heart failure admitted to a high complexity hospital in Cali, Colombia, during a 7-month period. Sociodemographic, clinical and haemodynamic information of the cardiac failure was recorded on admission, as well as hospital stay and mortality. The quantitative variables are described as means or medians, and the categorical variables as absolute value and percentages. Frequency tables were made, and a graph made of the percentages of patients admitted, according to the clinical and haemodynamic profile of the acute heart failure. Results: The study included as total of 99 patients with 143 episodes of acute heart failure. Half of the patients were male, and the median age was 66 years (range 21 to 97 years). The majority (60%) were of African descent and 14.14% were Mestizos. The most common clinical profiles were decompensated heart failure (72.46%), acute pulmonary edema (10.14%), and heart failure associated with acute coronary syndrome in 6.52%. The haemodynamic profiles were ''warm and dry'' in 10.87%, ''warm and wet'' in 55.07%, ''cold and wet'' in 28.26%, and ''cold and dry'' in 5.8%. Conclusions: Decompensated acute heart failure is the most common clinical presentation profile in the population studied, with two-thirds of all cases. The most frequent haemodynamic profile was ''warm and wet'', results that agree with those observed in local studies and in international registers.

Efecto de los inotrópicos sobre la mortalidad en falla cardiaca aguda. Metaanálisis en red de ensayos clínicos / Effect of inotropic drugs on mortality in acute heart failure. Network meta-analysis of clinical trials

Resumen Introducción: en pacientes con falla cardiaca aguda es necesario el uso de inotrópicos para lograr su estabilización. Objetivo: definir cuál de los medicamentos inotrópicos se asocia con menor mortalidad. Metodología: se realizó un metaanálisis en red con la aproximación frecuentista. La búsqueda sistemática incluyó PUBMED, EMBASE, CENTRAL, DARE, Epistemonikos, SieELO, LILACS y Open- Gray. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos con asignación aleatoria en pacientes con falla cardiaca aguda que recibieron dobutamina, levosimendán o milrinone que reportaran datos de mortalidad. Resultados: los 20 estudios incluidos asignaron en forma aleatoria 5.315 pacientes a cinco comparaciones. La mayoría de estudios mostró riesgo de sesgos de selección de la población y en el cegamiento de la intervención. Las diferentes comparaciones con placebo, dobutamina (OR 1,30 IP 95% 0,54-3,09), levosimendán (OR 0,86 IP 95% 0,38-1,93) y milrinone (OR 1,69 IP 95% 0,49-5,85), no mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas, al igual que las comparaciones entre ellos, dobutamina vs. levosimendán (OR 0,66 IP 95% 0,30-1,48), dobutamina vs. milrinone (OR 1,30 IP 95% 0,34-4,96) y levosimendán vs. milrinone (OR 1,97 IP 95% 0,53-7,29). El análisis por rangos demostró mayor probabilidad para milrinone seguido de dobutamina. Discusión: no hay diferencias en el uso de inotrópicos como dobutamina, levosimendán o milrinone en términos del desenlace de mortalidad, así que su utilización dependerá de otras consideraciones.

Abstract Introduction: Inotropic drugs are required in order to stabilise patients with acute heart failure. Objective: To determine which of the inotropic drugs are associated with lower mortality. Materials and method: A network meta-analysis was performed using the frequentist approach. The systematic search included PUBMED, EMBASE, CENTRAL, DARE, Epistemonikos, ScieELO, LILACS, and OpenGray data bases. Randomised clinical trials were included that provided data on mortality on patients with acute heart failure who received dobutamine, levosimendan or milrinone. Results: A total of 5,315 patients in the 20 studies include were randomly assigned to five comparisons. The majority of the studies showed bias risks in population selection and in the blinding of the intervention. The different comparisons with placebo, dobutamine (OR 1.30; 95% probability interval (PI); 0.54-3.09), levosimendan (OR 0.86; 95% PI; 0.38-1.93), and milrinone (OR 1.69; 95% PI; 0.49-5.85), did not show any statistically significant differences. The same applied to the comparisons between themselves, dobutamine vs. levosimendan (OR 0.66; 95%PI; 0.30-1.48), dobutamine vs. milrinone (OR 1.30; 95% PI; 0.34-4.96), and levosimendan vs. milrinone (OR 1.97; 95% PI; 0.53-7.29). The analysis by ranges showed a higher probability for milrinone, followed by dobutamine. Discussion: There are no differences in the use of inotropic drugs, such as dobutamine, levosimendan or milrinone in terms of mortality outcomes. Their use, therefore, will depend on other factors.

Cardiogenic shock: Inotropes and vasopressors. / Choque cardiogénico ­ fármacos inotrópicos e vasopressores.

Cardiogenic shock is characterized by a decrease in myocardial contractility, and presents a high mortality rate. Inotropic and vasopressor agents have been recommended and used for several years in the treatment of patients in shock, but they remain controversial. Despite its beneficial effect on myocardial contractility, the side effects of inotropic therapy (arrhythmias and increased myocardial oxygen consumption) may be associated with increased mortality. The pharmacodynamics of different inotropic agents suggest benefits in specific situations, but these differences have not been reflected in reduced mortality in most studies, making it difficult to formulate recommendations. This review integrates data from different studies on the use of inotropes and vasopressors in patients with cardiogenic shock, proposing a therapeutic scheme for the pharmacological treatment of patients in cardiogenic shock according to the patient's hemodynamic profile.

Balón de contrapulsación e inotrópicos no catecolamínicos en el manejo del shock cardiogénico secundario a cardiopatía de Takotsubo: Una serie de casos / Intraaortic balloon pump and non-catecholamine inotropic drugs in the management of cardiogenic shock due toTakotsubo cardiomyopathy: A series of cases / Balão de contra-pulsação intra-aórtico e drogas inotrópicas não catecolamínicas no manejo de choque cardiogênico por cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo: Uma série de casos

Introducción. La cardiopatía por estrés o síndrome de Takotsubo suele complicarse con el desarrollo de shock cardiogénico, pudiendo requerir de apoyo inotrópico. En dicha situación la utilización de fármacos derivados de catecolaminas ha sido cuestionada, planteándose la utilidad del balón de contrapulsación e inotrópicos no catecolamínicos. Material y métodos. Fueron incluidos pacientes con cardiopatía de Takotsubo y desarrollo de shock cardiogénico tratados con balón de contrapulsación e inotrópicos no catecolamínicos, en dos hospitales universitarios. Resultados. Entre el 1º de Enero de 2010 y el 1º de Enero de 2014 fueron incluidas 6 pacientes de sexo femenino con un promedio de edad de 54 años, con criterios hemodinámicos de shock cardiogénico. En todas se implantó balón de contrapulsación, recibiendo además tres de ellas tratamiento con milrinona y tres con levosimendan. La evolución hemodinámica fue favorable, desarrollando una paciente fibrilación auricular y otra paciente pérdida de pulso en el miembro del balón. Conclusiones. En una serie de pacientes con cardiopatía de Takotsubo y desarrollo de shock cardiogénico, el manejo con balón de contrapulsación e inotrópicos no derivados de catecolaminas resultó efectivo y seguro. Estudios con un número apropiado de pacientes determinarán la utilidad de dicha terapéutica.

Introduction. Stress cardiomyopathy or Takotsubo's syndrome could be complicated with development of cardiogenic shock requiring inotropic support. In that situation the use of catecholamines drugs has been questioned, being proposed the utilization of intraaortic balloon pump and non-catecholamines inotropic drugs. Materials and methods. There were included patients with Takotsubo's cardiomyopathy and development of cardiogenic shock who were treated with intraaortic balloon pump and non-catecholamines inotropic drugs, in two university hospitals. Results. Between January 1 of 2010 and January 1 of 2014 there were admitted 6 female patients with an average age of 54 years, showing hemodynamic criteria of cardiogenic shock. All of them received an intraaortic balloon pump and were also treated with milrinone, in 3 cases, and levosimendan, the other 3 patients. The hemodynamic evolution was favorable presenting, as complications, an atrial fibrillation, in one case, and loosing pulse in the balloon`s limb in another case. Conclusions. In a series of patients with Takotsubo`s cardiomyopathy developing cardiogenic shock the treatment with intraaortic balloon pump and non-catecholamine inotropic drugs was effective and safe. Studies with an appropriate number of patients will determine the utility of this approach.

Introdução. A cardiomiopatia do estresse ou síndrome de Tako-tsubo poderia ser complicada com o desenvolvimento de choque cardiogênico, necessitando de suporte inotrópico. Nessa situação, o uso de drogas catecolamínicas tem sido questionado, sendo proposta a utilização de balão de contra-pulsação intra-aórtico e drogas inotrópicas não catecolamínicas. Materiais e métodos. Foram incluídos pacientes com cardiomiopatia de Tako-tsubo e desenvolvimento de choque cardiogênico que foram tratados com balão de contra-pulsação intra-aórtico e drogas inotrópicas não catecolamínicas, em dois hospitais universitários. Resultados. Entre 1 de Janeiro de 2010 e 1 de Janeiro de 2014 foram internadas 6 pacientes do sexo feminino, com uma média idade de 54 anos, mostrando critérios hemodinâmicos de choque cardiogênico. Todos eles receberam um balão de contra-pulsação intra-aórtico e também foram tratados com milrinona, em 3 casos, e levosimendan, os outras 3 pacientes. A evolução hemodinâmica foi favorável, desenvolvendo uma paciente fibrilação atrial e outra perda de pulso A evolução hemodinâmica estava apresentando favorável, como complicações, uma fibrilação atrial, em um caso, e perdendo impulso no membro do balão de contra-pulsação em outro caso. Conclusões. Em uma série de pacientes com cardiomiopatia Tako-tsubo e desenvolvimento de choque cardiogênico, o tratamento com balão de contra-pulsação intra-aórtico e drogas inotrópicas não catecolamínicas foi eficaz e segura. Estudos com um número apropriado de pacientes irão determinar a utilidade desta terapia.

Levosimendan: The current situation and new prospects.

Levosimendan is a pyridazinone-dinitrile derivative with positive inotropic and vasodilatory effects that has beneficial effects on myocardial performance. In previous randomized studies levosimendan improved hemodynamics and clinical course, but its effect on prognosis is still unclear. This important issue has limited its use. Although primarily used in the management of acute heart failure syndromes, this new inotropic agent may play a role in other clinical conditions. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on levosimendan and to present future prospects for the use of this drug.

[Vasoactive and inotropic drugs in acute heart failure]. / Fármacos vasoactivos e inotrópicos en la insuficiencia cardíaca aguda.

Vasoactive and inotropic drugs provide effective symptomatic and hemodynamic relief in the short term but can increase mortality in the long-term. Consequently, their use should be restricted to the indications described in clinical practice guidelines. The present article reviews the main drugs and the available evidence on their use.

[Relationship between previous severity of illness and outcome of in-hospital cardiac arrest]. / Relación entre el estado de gravedad previo y el pronóstico de la parada cardiaca intrahospitalaria.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the relationship between previous severity of illness, lactic acid, creatinine and inotropic index with mortality of in-hospital cardiac arrest (CA) in children, and the value of a prognostic index designed for adults. METHODS: The study included total of 44 children aged from 1 month to 18 years old who suffered a cardiac arrest while in hospital. The relationship between previous severity of illness scores (PRIMS and PELOD), lactic acid, creatinine, treatment with vasoactive drugs, inotropic index with return of spontaneous circulation and survival at hospital discharge was analyzed. RESULTS: The large majority (90.3%) of patients had a return of spontaneous circulation, and 59% survived at hospital discharge. More than two-thirds (68.2%) were treated with inotropic drugs at the time of the CA. The patients who died had a higher lactic acid before the CA (3.4 mmol/L) than survivors (1.4 mmol/L), P=.04. There were no significant differences in PRIMS, PELOD, creatinine, inotropic drugs, and inotropic index before CA between patients who died and survivors. CONCLUSION: A high lactic acid previous to cardiac arrest could be a prognostic factor of in-hospital cardiac arrest in children.