Insuficiência cardíaca em cão / Congestive heart failure in a dog / Insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva en un perro

A insuficiência cardíaca congestiva é considerada, atualmente, a principal causa de óbitos em cães, sendo resultante da degeneração mixomatosa da válvula mitral, processo que inviabiliza o fechamento total da mesma durante a sístole. Apesar de se tratar de uma doença progressiva, os efeitos patológicos podem ser reduzidos significativamente e concomitantemente prolongar a vida do animal, desde que haja protocolos de tratamentos específicos e descritos por profissionais capacitados na área médica animal. Esse estudo teve como objetivo relatar um caso de insuficiência congestiva em um animal da espécie canina, sem raça definida, sexo masculino resgatado pela prefeitura do município de Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. Durante a necropsia foi observado os seguintes achados macroscópicos: neoplasias cutâneas aderidas ao tecido, tártaro dentário, pneumonia intersticial hemorrágica, companhias de fibrose e enfisema pulmonar hemorrágico, metástase calcificada circular em lobo pulmonar direito, necrose pulmonar, cardiomiopatia hipertrófica concêntrica, insuficiência cardíaca congestiva, aderência de pericárdio na cavidade torácica, fígado em aspecto de noz moscada, metástase hepática, hepatite, esplenomegalia, dilatação entérica multifocal, intussuscepção, necrose intestinal, hipertrofia de pelve renal e aderência de cápsula renal. Esses achados demonstram o comprometimento de todos os órgãos do animal, demonstrando que a causa mortis foi em decorrência de uma insuficiência respiratória de origem infecciosa que ocasionou a insuficiência cardíaca congestiva.(AU)

Congestive heart failure is currently considered the main cause of death in dogs, resulting from myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve, a process that prevents its total closure during systole. Despite being a progressive disease, the pathological effects can be significantly reduced and, at the same time, prolong the animal's life, as long as there are specific treatment protocols described by trained professionals in the field of animal medicine. This study aimed to report a case of congestive insufficiency in an animal of the canine species, mixed breed, male, rescued by the municipality of Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil. During the necropsy, the following macroscopic findings were observed: skin neoplasms adhered to the tissue, dental tartar, hemorrhagic interstitial pneumonia, fibrosis and hemorrhagic pulmonary emphysema, circular calcified metastasis in the right pulmonary lobe, pulmonary necrosis, concentric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, adherence of pericardium in the thoracic cavity, nutmeg liver, liver metastasis, hepatitis, splenomegaly, multifocal enteric dilation, intussusception, intestinal necrosis, renal pelvis hypertrophy and renal capsule adherence. These findings showed the involvement of all tissues, demonstrating that the cause of death was due to respiratory failure of infectious origin that caused congestive heart failure.(AU)

Actualmente se considera la insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva como la principal causa de muerte en perros, resultante de la degeneración mixomatosa de la válvula mitral, proceso que impide su cierre total durante la sístole. A pesar de ser una enfermedad progresiva, los efectos patológicos pueden reducirse significativamente y, al mismo tiempo, prolongar la vida del animal, siempre y cuando existan protocolos de tratamiento específicos descritos por profesionales capacitados en el campo de la medicina animal. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo reportar un caso de insuficiencia congestiva en un animal canino, mestizo, macho, rescatado por el municipio de Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. Durante la necropsia se observaron los siguientes hallazgos macroscópicos: neoplasias cutáneas adheridas al tejido, sarro dental, neumonía intersticial hemorrágica, compañías de fibrosis y enfisema pulmonar hemorrágico, metástasis circular calcificada en lóbulo pulmonar derecho, necrosis pulmonar, miocardiopatía hipertrófica concéntrica, insuficiencia cardíaca, adherencia del pericardio en la cavidad torácica, hígado de nuez moscada, metástasis hepática, hepatitis, esplenomegalia, dilatación entérica multifocal, intususcepción, necrosis intestinal, hipertrofia de la pelvis renal y adherencia de la cápsula renal. Estos hallazgos demuestran la afectación de todos los órganos del animal, demostrando que la causa de la muerte se debió a una insuficiencia respiratoria de origen infeccioso que provocó una insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva.(AU)

Heart failure and in-hospital mortality in elderly patients after elective noncardiac surgery in Spain

Background: Patients with heart failure (HF) undergoing noncardiac surgical procedures is rising worldwide. This study was aiming at analyzing the impact of heart failure (HF) on the outcomes (mortality, complications, readmissions, and length of stay) of elderly patients undergoing elective major noncardiac surgical procedures in Spain.MethodsA retrospective observational study of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery was conducted. The Minimum Basic Data Set (MBDS) was used to collect information about the demographic characteristics of patients discharged from hospitals of the Spanish National Health System (SNHS), variables related to patients’ medical conditions and surgeries conducted during the episode.ResultsA total of 996,986 selected procedures in the discharge record were identified in the period 2007–2015. HF was recorded as a secondary diagnosis in 22,367 discharges (2.24%). The mean age of patients was 76.6±7.27 years, with a difference in patients without and with HF: 76.5 (95% CI: 76.47–76.50) vs 82.8 (95% CI: 82.71–82.90). The number of selected surgical procedures increased by 13.2% (117,487 in 2015 vs. 103,744 in 2007), and the proportion of presence HF as a comorbidity increased by 24.4% (2.4% in 2015 v 1.9% in 2007). The proportion of women was higher in the HF group: 53.2% (95% CI: 53.18–53.22) vs 64.3% (95% CI: 64.20–64.44), with a longer average length of stay: 7.9 (95% CI: 7.9–7.9) vs 14.9 (95% CI 14.7–15.0) days, and women had a higher proportion of comorbidities. HF was found to be an independent risk factor in-hospital mortality in the multilevel risk adjustment model (OR=2.3; 95% CI: 2.2–2.4). (AU)

Antecedentes: El número de pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) que se someten a procedimientos quirúrgicos no cardíacos está aumentando en todo el mundo. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el impacto de la IC en los resultados (mortalidad, complicaciones, reingresos y duración de la estancia) de los pacientes de edad avanzada sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos mayores electivos no cardíacos en España.MétodosSe realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo de pacientes sometidos a cirugía no cardíaca. Se utilizó el Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos (CMBD) para recoger información sobre las características demográficas de los pacientes dados de alta en los hospitales del Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS), variables relacionadas con las condiciones médicas de los pacientes y las cirugías realizadas durante el episodio.ResultadosSe identificaron un total de 996.986 procedimientos seleccionados en el registro de altas en el periodo 2007-2015. La IC se registró como diagnóstico secundario en 22.367 altas (2,24%). La edad media de los pacientes fue de 76,6 ± 7,27 años, con una diferencia en los pacientes sin y con IC: 76,5 IC 95%: 76,47 - 76,50) vs. 82,8 (IC 95%: 82,71 – 82,90). El número de procedimientos quirúrgicos seleccionados aumentó un 13,2% (117.487 en 2015 vs. 103.744 en 2007), y la proporción de presencia de IC como comorbilidad aumentó un 24,4% (2,4% en 2015 vs. 1,9% en 2007). La proporción de mujeres fue mayor en el grupo de IC: 53,2% (IC 95%: 53,18 – 53,22) vs. 64,3% (IC 95%: 64,20 – 64,44), con una duración media de la estancia mayor 7,9 (IC 95%: 7,9 – 7,9) vs. 14,9 (IC 95%: 14,7 – 15,0), y las mujeres tenían una mayor proporción de comorbilidades. La IC resultó ser un factor de riesgo independiente de mortalidad intrahospitalaria en el modelo de ajuste de riesgo multinivel (OR = 2,3; IC 95%: 2,2-2,4). (AU)

Heart failure and in-hospital mortality in elderly patients after elective noncardiac surgery in Spain.

BACKGROUND: Patients with heart failure (HF) undergoing noncardiac surgical procedures is rising worldwide. This study was aiming at analyzing the impact of heart failure (HF) on the outcomes (mortality, complications, readmissions, and length of stay) of elderly patients undergoing elective major noncardiac surgical procedures in Spain. METHODS: A retrospective observational study of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery was conducted. The Minimum Basic Data Set (MBDS) was used to collect information about the demographic characteristics of patients discharged from hospitals of the Spanish National Health System (SNHS), variables related to patients' medical conditions and surgeries conducted during the episode. RESULTS: A total of 996,986 selected procedures in the discharge record were identified in the period 2007-2015. HF was recorded as a secondary diagnosis in 22,367 discharges (2.24%). The mean age of patients was 76.6±7.27 years, with a difference in patients without and with HF: 76.5 (95% CI: 76.47-76.50) vs 82.8 (95% CI: 82.71-82.90). The number of selected surgical procedures increased by 13.2% (117,487 in 2015 vs. 103,744 in 2007), and the proportion of presence HF as a comorbidity increased by 24.4% (2.4% in 2015 v 1.9% in 2007). The proportion of women was higher in the HF group: 53.2% (95% CI: 53.18-53.22) vs 64.3% (95% CI: 64.20-64.44), with a longer average length of stay: 7.9 (95% CI: 7.9-7.9) vs 14.9 (95% CI 14.7-15.0) days, and women had a higher proportion of comorbidities. HF was found to be an independent risk factor in-hospital mortality in the multilevel risk adjustment model (OR=2.3; 95% CI: 2.2-2.4). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with HF undergoing any of the selected surgical procedures are older; there was women predominance and there is also an important burden of comorbidities than patients without HF undergoing these surgical procedures. HF in the selected procedures, increasing in-hospital mortality, mean length of stay, and the occurrence of adverse events in the Spanish population. The percentage of patients with HF who underwent the selected surgical procedures increased in the study period.

Insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva en el embarazo, secundaria a miocardiopatía periparto. Reporte de caso / Congestive heart failure in pregnancy secondary to peripartum cardiomyopathy. Case report

Resumen INTRODUCCIÓN: En Estados Unidos, las cardiopatías periparto se registran en 1 de cada 4000 pacientes. Se consideran idiopáticas y se asocian con enfermedades genéticas, problemas inmunológicos y malformaciones cardiacas, sin que se tenga certeza del origen real de este tipo de enfermedades. La miocardiopatía periparto se asocia con el embarazo y el puerperio; los criterios diagnósticos incluyen: a) insuficiencia cardiaca en las últimas cuatro semanas del embarazo o en los cinco meses siguientes al parto, b) ausencia de causas identificables de insuficiencia cardiaca, c) ausencia de enfermedad cardiaca demostrable antes de las últimas cuatro semanas del embarazo y alteración de la función del ventrículo izquierdo (fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo, menor del 45%). La presentación del caso ayudará a que se tenga conocimiento de este problema. CASO CLINICO: Paciente de 26 años, en curso de las 35.4 semanas de embarazo, con inicio abrupto de signos de cardiopatía congestiva: tos, edema, taquicardia e hipertensión arterial. El embarazo finalizó por cesárea, con traslado inmediato a la unidad de cuidados intensivos. La ecocardiografía reportó una valvulopatía no conocida, insuficiencia ventricular izquierda y disminución de la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo; con lo anterior se integró el diagnóstico de miocardiopatía periparto. CONCLUSIONES: Las cardiopatías periperiparto son alteraciones excepcionales, con cuadros clínicos debidamente definidos y diagnóstico complejo. Las valvulopatías son el último diagnóstico diferencial de cardiopatía congestiva peripuerperal y se han descrito pocos casos asociados con miocardiopatía periparto.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Peripartum heart disease occurs in 1 out of 4000 cases in the United States; currently, its exact origin is unknown, which is why they are called idiopathic. Genetic diseases, immunological problems and heart malformations have been associated, without being certain about the real origin of these pathologies. Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a rare pathology associated with pregnancy and the puerperium, the diagnosis criteria includes: a) Development of heart failure in the last month of pregnancy or in the 5 months after delivery, b) absence of identifiable causes of heart failure, c) absence of demonstrable heart disease prior to the last month of pregnancy and impaired left ventricular function (FEVI less than 45%). The presentation of the case will help to raise awareness about this problem. CLINICAL CASE: A 26-year-old female patient coursing second gestation in the 35.4 pregnancy week, who debuts abruptly with signs of congestive heart disease such as cough, edema, tachycardia and arterial hypertension. The pregnancy was solved by cesarean section with a subsequent stay in Intensive Care Unit, an unknown valvular disease was identified by echocardiography, as well as left ventricular failure and decreased FEVI. Finally, a definitive diagnosis of peripartum cardiomyopathy was integrated. CONCLUSIONS: Peripartum heart disease is a rare occurrence, with well-defined clinical pictures, but difficult to approach and diagnose. Where valvular heart disease is the last differential diagnosis for peripuerperal congestive heart disease, and few cases associated with peripartum cardiomyopathy have been described.

Efeitos da pressão positiva contínua e de dois níveis na via aérea em edema agudo de pulmão cardiogênico: uma revisão sistemática / Effects of continuous positive pressure and of two levels on the airline in acute cardiogenic lung edema: a systematic review

INTRODUÇÃO: O edema agudo de pulmão cardiogênico (EAPC) representa uma importante causa de insuficiência respiratória aguda podendo ser atenuada com a instalação de ventilação mecânica não-invasiva (VNI). OBJETIVO: Comparar pressão positiva contínua (CPAP) e pressão positiva de dois níveis (BIPAP) na via aérea em pacientes adultos com EAPC, quanto à função pulmonar, ao tempo de permanência, suas complicações e a dispneia através de uma revisão sistemática. METODOLOGIA: Ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados (ECR), revisados por dois revisores independentes, conforme recomendações PRISMA, nas bases de dados PubMed e Biblioteca Cochrane. Incluídos estudos originais que utilizaram a CPAP e a BIPAP em pacientes com EAPC publicados na língua inglesa. A Escala PEDro foi utilizada para analisar a qualidade metodológica dos estudos e a Cochrane Collaboration para análise de risco de viés. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 13 artigos, publicados entre os anos 1997 e 2014. Os níveis de CPAP variaram entre 5 e 20 cmH2O nos estudos, e BIPAP apresentou-se com pressão inspiratória positiva (IPAP) entre 8 e 20 cmH2O e pressão expiratória positiva (PEEP) entre 3 e 10 cmH2O. Os estudos apresentaram CPAP e BIPAP sem diferença estatisticamente significante para a melhora da função pulmonar (FR, PaO2 e PaCO2), tempo de internamento, taxas de mortalidade, entubação e infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM); mostrando-se como modalidades igualmente eficazes. CONCLUSÃO: CPAP e a BIPAP garantem os mesmos efeitos para melhora da função pulmonar, não mantém relação com a permanência da internação e complicações, e melhoram o quadro de dispneia.

INTRODUCTION: Acute cardiogenic lung edema (EAPC) represents an important cause of acute respiratory failure and can be attenuated with the installation of non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV). OBJECTIVE: To compare the use of continuous positive pressure (CPAP) and two-way positive airway pressure (BIPAP) in adult patients with acute pulmonary edema of pulmonary function, length of stay and complications, and dyspnea through a systematic review METHODOLOGY: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) performed by two independent reviewers, as recommended by the PRISMA platform, in the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases. Original studies using CPAP and BIPAP were used in patients with acute cardiogenic lung edema published in English. The PEDro Scale was used to analyze the methodological quality of the studies and Cochrane Collaboration. RESULTS: We included 13 articles, published between 1997 and 2014. CPAP levels ranged from 5 to 20 cmH2O in the studies, and BIPAP presented positive inspiratory pressure (IPAP) between 8 and 20 cmH2O and positive expiratory pressure (EPAP) between 3 and 10 cmH2O. The studies presented CPAP and BIPAP without statistically significant difference for the improvement of the pulmonary function (FR, PaO2 and PaCO2), permanence of hospitalization, mortality rates, intubation and acute myocardial infarction (AMI); as equally effective modalities. CONCLUSION: CPAP and BIPAP guarantee the same effects to improve pulmonary function, does not maintain relation with the permanence of hospitalization and complications, namely: mortality, intubation and AMI, and improve dyspnea.

Blood lactate increases with the progression of mitral valve disease in dogs / Aumento de lactato sanguíneo com progressão de valvopatia mitral em cães

In dogs with congestive heart failure, the upregulated sympathetic tone causes vasoconstriction that impairs peripheral blood supply, therefore causing the accumulation of lactate. In this prospective cross-sectional study with a longitudinal component, blood lactate was quantified in 10 healthy and 34 myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) dogs to investigate its potential use as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. While there were no differences in lactate concentration between control animals and stages B1 (3.31±0.62mmol/L) and B2 (3.32±0.46mmol/L) dogs, significant differences were found between healthy (2.50±0.69mmol/L) and both C (3.99±0.47mmol/L) and D (6.97±1.23mmol/L) animals. When a cut-off of 3.35mmol/L was used, lactate was able to distinguish dogs with normal and remodeled hearts with a sensitivity of 78.2% and specificity of 63.6%. Also, significant correlations existed between lactate and indicators of cardiac remodeling. Finally, animals with blood lactate <3.5mmol/L carried a better prognosis when compared with dogs in which lactate was >5.0mmol/L. Our results suggest that the progression of MMVD results in accumulation of lactate within the bloodstream, which is likely attributable to the impaired peripheral tissue perfusion. In MMVD dogs, blood lactate may be used as a surrogate for cardiac remodeling, and an increased concentration is associated with a worse prognosis regarding the time to evolve into congestive heart failure.(AU)

Em cães com insuficiência cardíaca congestiva, o tônus simpático hiperregulado causa vasoconstrição e interfere com o suprimento sanguíneo periférico, resultando no acúmulo de lactato. Neste estudo prospectivo transversal com um componente longitudinal, o lactato sanguíneo foi quantificado em 10 cães saudáveis e 34 cães com doença mixomatosa da valva mitral (DMVM) para investigar seu potencial como biomarcador diagnóstico e prognóstico. Embora não tenham sido identificadas diferenças na concentração de lactato entre animais controle e cães com DMVM nos estágios B1 (3,31±0,62mmol/L) e B2 (3,32±0,46mmol/L), diferenças significativas foram constatadas entre os cães saudáveis (2,50±0,69mmol/L) e cães com DMVM estágio C (3,99±0,47mmol/L) ou D (6,97±1,23mmol/L). Quando utilizado o valor de corte de 3,35mmol/L, o lactato foi capaz de diferenciar cães com corações normais daqueles com corações remodelados com sensibilidade de 78,2% e especificidade de 63,6%. Além disso, correlações significativas foram encontradas entre o lactato e os indicadores de remodelamento cardíaco. Por fim, os animais com lactato sanguíneo <3,5mmol/L tiveram prognóstico melhor comparativamente aos cães com concentrações >5,0mmol/L. Nossos resultados sugerem que a progressão da DMVM resulta no acúmulo de lactato na corrente sanguínea, fato que é provavelmente atribuído à perfusão periférica prejudicada. Em cães com DMVM, o lactato sanguíneo pode ser utilizado como indicador de remodelamento cardíaco, cuja concentração elevada está associada com pior prognóstico relativo ao tempo para evoluir para insuficiência cardíaca congestiva.(AU)

Hyponatremia in refractory congestive heart failure patients treated with icodextrin-based peritoneal dialysis: A case series.

Severe congestive heart failure (CHF) patients are prone to hyponatremia. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is increasingly used for long-term management of refractory CHF patients. The glucose polymer icodextrin was proposed to be a good option for fluid removal in such patients. A small, although statistically significant reduction in serum sodium (∼2mmol/l) consistently observed in multiple trials, is considered as not clinically relevant. Here we reported five refractory CHF patients who demonstrated sodium drop by median of 8meq/l (range 5.4-8.3meq/l) after icodextrin was added to their program. It seems that icodextrin may contribute to clinically relevant hyponatremia if the hyponatremia is compounded by other factors. Patients with extremely severe congestive heart failure are susceptible to this complication.

Vasovagal tonus index in dog with myxomatous mitral valve disease / Índice de tônus vasovagal em cães com doença mixomatosa da valva mitral

The vasovagal tonus index (VVTI) is a useful and assessable index, obtained from standard ECG recordings, that is used to estimate heart rate variability (HRV), and may provide valuable information regarding the likelihood of progression into congestive heart failure (CHF). In this paperwork, we investigated how the vasovagal tonus index (VVTI) behaves in dogs with naturally-occurring myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) Electrocardiographic (ECG) recordings and echocardiographic data of 120 patients diagnosed with MMVD were reviewed. The VVTI was calculated from twenty consecutive RR intervals for each dog enrolled in the study. Lower VVTI values were found in MMVD patients in American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) stage C compared with stages B1 and B2. Values were also lower in patients with severe cardiac remodeling. When a cut-off value of 6.66 is used, VVTI was able to discriminate MMVD patients in stage C from B1 and B2 dogs with a sensitivity of 70 per cent and a specificity of 77 per cent. MMVD dogs in which VVTI is lower than 6.66 are 30% more likely to develop congestive heart failure (CHF).(AU)

O índice de tônus vasovagal (ITVV) é uma ferramenta útil e acessível, obtida por meio de traçados eletrocardiográficos convencionais (ECG), utilizada para calcular a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC), podendo também fornecer informações valiosas referentes à probabilidade de desenvolvimento de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva (ICC). Neste trabalho, foi investigado como o ITVV se comporta em cães com degeneração mixomatosa da valva mitral (DMVM) de ocorrência natural, ECGs e exames ecocardiográficos de 120 pacientes diagnosticados com DMVM foram avaliados. O ITVV foi calculado a partir de 20 intervalos RR consecutivos para cada cão envolvido. Valores menores de ITVV foram encontrados em pacientes em estágio C de doença mitral pela classificação do American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM), comparado com pacientes em estágio B1 e B2. Valores também foram menores em pacientes com remodelamento cardíaco importante. Quando um valor de corte de 6,66 foi usado, o ITVV foi capaz de distinguir pacientes em estágio C de B1 e B2 com uma sensibilidade de 70 por cento e uma especificidade de 77 por cento. Cães com DMVM cujo ITVV é menor que 6,66 são 30% mais propensos a evoluírem para ICC.(AU)

Investigation of iron deficiency in patients with congestive heart failure: A medical practice that requires greater attention. / Estudio de la deficiencia de hierro en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva: una práctica clínica que precisa mayor atención.

INTRODUCTION: Iron deficiency in congestive heart failure (CHF), with or without concomitant anaemia, is associated with health-related quality of life, NYHA functional class, and exercise capacity. Prospective, randomised studies have demonstrated that correcting iron deficiency improves the quality of life and functional status of patients with CHF, including those who do not have anaemia. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyse how frequently these iron parameters are tested and thus determine the extent to which this quality improvement tool has been implemented in patients admitted with CHF. METHODS: Retrospective observational study of patients from a university hospital diagnosed with CHF on admission between 01/01/2012 and 11/06/2013. RESULTS: Iron parameters were tested in 39% (324) of the 824 patients analysed. There was no significant difference in age between the patients whose iron was tested and those whose iron was not tested, but the difference in terms of gender was significant (P=.007). Glomerular filtration rate and haemoglobin, were significantly lower in the group of patients whose iron was tested (P<.001). The proportion of patients with anaemia, renal failure or both was significantly higher in the group of patients who had iron tests (P<.001). Of the 324 patients whose iron parameters were tested, 164 (51%) had iron deficiency. There were no differences between patients with and without iron deficiency in terms of age or gender. The iron parameters in both groups, ferritin and transferrin saturation index were significantly lower among the patients with iron deficiency (P<.001). The glomerular filtration rate values were significantly lower in patients with no iron deficiency (P<.001). Significant differences were also observed between those with and without iron deficiency in the proportion of patients with renal failure (79 vs. 66%, respectively, P=.013), but not in terms of haemoglobin concentration. CONCLUSION: Congestive heart failure is very frequently associated with anaemia, iron deficiency and renal failure. Despite the fact that correcting iron deficiency is known to improve symptoms, testing of iron parameters in patients admitted with CHF is not performed as often as it should be.

[Intraoperative fluid therapy in infants with congestive heart failure due to intracranial pial arteriovenous fistula]. / Fluidoterapia intraoperatoria en lactante con insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva por fístula arteriovenosa pial intracraneal.

Pial arteriovenous fistula is a rare intracranial congenital malformation (0.1-1: 100,000). It has a high blood flow between one or more pial arteries and drains into the venous circulation. It is usually diagnosed during the childhood by triggering an intracranial hypertension and/or congestive heart failure due to left-right systemic shunt. It is a rare malformation with a complex pathophysiology. The perioperative anaesthetic management is not well established. We present a 6-month-old infant diagnosed with pial arteriovenous fistula with hypertension and congestive heart failure due to left-right shunt. He required a craniotomy and clipping of vascular malformation. Anaesthetic considerations in patients with this condition are a great challenge. It must be performed by multidisciplinary teams with experience in paediatrics. The maintenance of blood volume during the intraoperative course is very important. Excessive fluid therapy can precipitate a congestive heart failure or intracranial hypertension, and a lower fluid therapy may cause a tissue hypoxia due to the bleeding.

Endocarditis infecciosa / Infective endocarditis / Endocardite infecciosa

La endocarditis infecciosa es una enfermedad producida por la colonización y proliferación de agentes infecciosos en la superficie endotelial del corazón. Su presentación clínica es variable pues depende de condiciones propias del hospedero, tales como el estado inmunológico, la presencia de material protésico y el uso de drogas endovenosas, y del agente causal. El diagnóstico se establece, usualmente, mediante la suma de elementos como la historia clínica, el examen físico, los hemocultivos, el ecocardiograma y otras ayudas. Presentamos el caso de un hombre adulto que acudió al hospital con un cuadro clínico de fiebre e insuficiencia cardíaca aguda. Se documentó la presencia de soplo sistólico en el foco aórtico y el ecocardiograma reveló insuficiencia valvular grave y una lesión vegetante sobre la válvula aórtica bicúspide. Requirió reemplazo valvular y completó el tratamiento antibiótico, dirigido por la sensibilidad demostrada, luego de hemocultivos positivos para Streptococcus mitis.

Infective endocarditis is a disease caused by colonization and proliferation of infectious agents on the endothelial surface of the heart. Its clinical presentation is variable, depending upon conditions of the patient, such as immunosuppression, presence of prosthetic material, intravenous drug use, and the etiologic agent. Diagnosis is usually established through the addition of elements such as medical history, physical examination, results of blood cultures, echocardiography and other aids. We present the case of an adult male who came to the hospital with fever and symptoms and signs of acute heart failure. The presence of a systolic murmur was documented in the aortic area, and the echocardiogram revealed severe valve regurgitation and a vegetating lesion on the bicuspid aortic valve. He required valve replacement and completed antibiotic treatment based on the sensitivity of the Streptococcus mitis strain that was demonstrated in the blood cultures.

A endocardite infecciosa é uma entidade clínica produzida pela colonização e proliferação de agentes infecciosos, na superfície endotelial do coração. Sua apresentação clínica é variável pois depende de condições próprias do hospedeiro, tais como o estado imunológico, a presença de material protético e o uso de drogas endovenosas, e do agente causal. O diagnóstico se estabelece, usualmente, mediante a soma de elementos como a história clínica, o exame físico, os resultados de hemocultura, o ecocardiograma e outras ajudas. Apresentamos o caso de um homem adulto que foi ao hospital com quadro clínico de febre e insuficiência cardíaca aguda. Documentouse a presença de sopro sistólico no foco aórtico e o ecocardiograma revelou insuficiência valvular grave e uma lesão vegetante sobre a válvula aórtica bicúspide. Requereu substituição valvular e completou o tratamento antibiótico, dirigido pela sensibilidade demonstrada, depois de hemocultivos positivos para Streptococcus mitis.

Falla cardíaca aguda / Acute heart failure / Falha cardíaca aguda

Se presenta el caso clínico de una mujer de 26 años de edad, que acudió al Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación (Medellín) con síntomas y signos de falla cardíaca aguda y diagnóstico previo de falla cardíaca crónica con fracción de expulsión disminuida, de origen no claro, tromboembolismo pulmonar y ataque cerebrovascular isquémico, sin modulación neurohormonal óptima. Ingresó a la institución con hallazgos clínicos de sobrecarga hídrica y baja perfusión tisular, con requerimiento de soporte inotrópico y diuréticos parenterales; se logró estabilizarla e introducir progresivamente la terapia médica para la falla cardíaca. Para el estudio del origen de esta enfermedad, se hizo resonancia magnética de corazón, que demostró un área de realce tardío en el territorio de la arteria descendente anterior, sugestiva de necrosis, por lo que se le efectuó coronariografía, en la que no se hallaron lesiones en las arterias coronarias epicárdicas. Finalmente se logró la compensación de la falla cardíaca aguda y se decidió hacer anticoagulación crónica por la probable trombofilia de la paciente, en concordancia con los fenómenos trombóticos arteriales y venosos recurrentes.

We describe the clinical case of a 26 year-old woman who came to Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación (Medellín, Colombia) with symptoms and signs of acute heart failure. She had been previously diagnosed with chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction without clear origin, pulmonary thromboembolism and ischemic stroke, without optimal neurohormonal modulation. She was admitted with clinical findings of fluid overload and low tissue perfusion, with inotropic support requirement and parenteral diuretics; clinical stability was achieved with the progressive introduction of medical therapy for heart failure. For the study of the latter, heart MRI was done that showed a delayed enhancement area in the left anterior descending artery. Coronary angiography was carried out in which no significant lesions were found in the epicardial arteries. Finally, compensation of the acute heart failure was achieved, and chronic anticoagulation was started for probable thrombophilic disease, due to the recurring arterial and venous thrombotic events.

Se apresenta o caso clínico de uma mulher de 26 anos de idade, que foi ao Hospital Universitário San Vicente Fundación (Medellín) com sintomas e signos de falha cardíaca aguda e diagnóstico prévio de falha cardíaca crônica com fração de expulsão diminuída, de origem não clara, tromboembolismo pulmonar e ataque cerebrovascular isquêmico, sem modulação neuro-hormonal ótima. Ingressou à instituição com conclusões clínicas de sobrecarrega hídrica e baixa perfusão tissular, com requerimento de suporte inotrópico e diuréticos parenterais; conseguiu-se estabilizar e introduzir progressivamente a terapia médica para a falha cardíaca. Para o estudo da origem desta doença, fez-se ressonância magnética de coração, que demonstrou uma área de realce tardio no território da artéria descendente anterior, sugestiva de necroses, pelo que se lhe efetuou coronariografia, na que não se acharam lesões nas artérias coronárias epicárdicas. Finalmente se conseguiu a compensação da falha cardíaca aguda e se decidiu fazer anticoagulação crônica pela provável trombofilia da paciente, em concordância com os fenômenos trombóticos arteriais e venosos recorrentes.

Rol de la diálisis peritoneal en el tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva estadio D

Introducción. La insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva (ICC) y la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) son enfermedades frecuentes y crónicas, que se agravan mutuamente. Se ha propuesto la ultrafiltración por diálisis peritoneal (DP) como tratamiento de la ICC estadio D, sin respuesta a diuréticos, con ERC en etapa III-IV. Objetivos. Se desarrolló un programa de DP en pacientes con la situación clínica antes mencionada y se evaluó su impacto en la evolución de los mismos. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, abierto, intervencionista, sin grupo control. Se incluyeron 6 pacientes con ICC estadio D de cualquier etiología y tipo, y ERC etapa III-IV, sin causa de descompensación salvo la progresión, que no tuvieran adecuada respuesta a diuréticos y con limitación para el uso de inhibidores de la enzima de conversión de la angiotensina (IECA)/antagonistas de los receptores de la angiotensina II (ARAII) y/o antagonistas de mineralocorticoides. La muestra incluyó 5 hombres y 1 mujer, con edad media de 68 años (rango: 61-77), alto índice de co-morbilidad y tiempo de seguimiento medio en DP de 21±13 meses (rango: 6-41). Se utilizó icodextrina en 3 pacientes y DP automatizada en 2. Resultados. En el primer semestre luego de iniciar la DP se observó mejoría de la clase funcional según New York Heart Association (NYHA), disminución de peso, edemas, presión sistólica de la arteria pulmonar, con buena tolerancia hemodinámica a la ultrafiltración peritoneal lograda, recuperación de diuresis e introducción de IECA/ARAII y antagonistas de mineralocorticoides, sin trastornos hidroelectrolíticos y con buen control metabólico. Todos los pacientes reportaron una mejoría en la calidad de vida y disminución de internaciones vinculadas a falla cardíaca. Conclusión. La DP logró una adecuada ultrafiltración con buena tolerancia hemodinámica, permitió reiniciar la medicación cardioprotectora (riesgosa en situación de ERC) como IECA/ARAII y/o antagonistas de mineralocorticoides, mejoró la calidad de vida y disminuyó las internaciones por falla cardíaca.

Peritoneal dialysis in the treatment of refractory congestive heart failure stage D Introduction. Congestive heart failure (CHF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are frequent chronic diseases that worsen each other. Ultrafiltration by peritoneal dialysis (PD) has been used to treat CHF stage D associated with CKD stage III-IV, non-responsive to diuretics. Objectives. The aim of the study was to develop PD in this clinical setting in Uruguay and to evaluate its impact on outcome. Material and methods. A prospective, open study was done at the University Hospital, approved by the Ethical Committee. Six patients (5 men) were included with CHF stage D and CKD stage III-IV, non-responsive to maximum drug treatment or intolerance to ACE/ARAII or mineralocorticoid antagonists. The mean age was 68 (61-77) years old, the comorbidity indexes were high (Charlson index, range 6-11) and mean time on PD was 21± 13 months (6-41). Icodextrin was used in 3 patients and automatized PD in 2. Results. In the first semester with PD ultrafiltration, the functional class of NYHA improved, and weight loss, less edema, and lower pulmonary artery systolic pressure with hemodynamic stability were observed. Adequate metabolic control and dialysis doses (Kt/V) was achieved in all cases. Simultaneously, treatment with ACE/ARAII and mineralocorticoid antagonists drugs were re-introduced, without side effects. PD was associated with an improvement in quality of life and lower hospitalization rate. Conclusion. PD in patients with CHF and CKD III-IV achieved ultrafiltration with hemodynamic stability, better NYHA functional class, allowed ACE/ARAII and mineralocorticoid antagonists use, improved quality of life and lowered the hospitalization rate.

Papel da diálise peritoneal no tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca congestiva estádio D Introdução. A insuficiência cardíaca congestiva (ICC) e a doença renal crônica (DRC) são enfermidades freqüentes e crônicas, que se agravam mutuamente. A ultrafiltração por diálise peritoneal (DP) foi proposta como tratamento da ICC estádio D, resposta a diuréticos, com DRC na fase 3-4. Objetivos. O objetivo do estudo foi desenvolver em Uruguay sem a DP nesta situação clínica e avaliar seu impacto na evolução. Material e métodos. Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo, aberto, intervencionista, sem grupo controle. Foram incluídos 6 pacientes com ICC estádio D (de qualquer etiologia e tipo) e DRC fase 3-4, sem causa de descompensação exceto a progressão, sem resposta adequada a diuréticos e com limitação para o uso de IECA/ARAII e/ou antagonistas de receptores mineralocorticóides. Cinco pacientes eram de sexo masculino e 1 de sexo feminino, com idade média 68 anos (entre 61-77), alto índice de comorbidades e tempo de seguimento médio em DP de 21±13 meses (entre 6 e 41 meses). Resultados. Foi utilizada icodextrina em 3 pacientes e DP automatizada em 2. No primeiro semestre após iniciar DP foi observada uma melhoria da classe funcional de NYHA, redução de peso, de edemas e de pressão sistólica na artéria pulmonar, com boa tolerância hemodinâmica à ultrafiltração peritoneal e recuperação da diurese e introdução de IECA/ARAII e antagonistas dos receptores mineralocorticóides, sem distúrbios eletrolíticos e com bom controle metabólico. Todos os pacientes informaram uma melhoria da qualidade de vida e diminuição do número de internações vinculadas à falha cardíaca. Conclusão. A DP proporcionou uma ultrafiltração adequada com boa tolerância hemodinâmica, permitiu reiniciar medicação cardioprotetora (com riscos na DRC) como IECA/ARAII e/ou antagonistas dos receptores mineralocorticóides, melhorou a qualidade de vida e diminuiu as internações por falha cardíaca.

Rol de la diálisis peritoneal en el tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva estadio D

Introducción. La insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva (ICC) y la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) son enfermedades frecuentes y crónicas, que se agravan mutuamente. Se ha propuesto la ultrafiltración por diálisis peritoneal (DP) como tratamiento de la ICC estadio D, sin respuesta a diuréticos, con ERC en etapa III-IV. Objetivos. Se desarrolló un programa de DP en pacientes con la situación clínica antes mencionada y se evaluó su impacto en la evolución de los mismos. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, abierto, intervencionista, sin grupo control. Se incluyeron 6 pacientes con ICC estadio D de cualquier etiología y tipo, y ERC etapa III-IV, sin causa de descompensación salvo la progresión, que no tuvieran adecuada respuesta a diuréticos y con limitación para el uso de inhibidores de la enzima de conversión de la angiotensina (IECA)/antagonistas de los receptores de la angiotensina II (ARAII) y/o antagonistas de mineralocorticoides. La muestra incluyó 5 hombres y 1 mujer, con edad media de 68 años (rango: 61-77), alto índice de co-morbilidad y tiempo de seguimiento medio en DP de 21±13 meses (rango: 6-41). Se utilizó icodextrina en 3 pacientes y DP automatizada en 2. Resultados. En el primer semestre luego de iniciar la DP se observó mejoría de la clase funcional según New York Heart Association (NYHA), disminución de peso, edemas, presión sistólica de la arteria pulmonar, con buena tolerancia hemodinámica a la ultrafiltración peritoneal lograda, recuperación de diuresis e introducción de IECA/ARAII y antagonistas de mineralocorticoides, sin trastornos hidroelectrolíticos y con buen control metabólico. Todos los pacientes reportaron una mejoría en la calidad de vida y disminución de internaciones vinculadas a falla cardíaca. Conclusión. La DP logró una adecuada ultrafiltración con buena tolerancia hemodinámica, permitió reiniciar la medicación cardioprotectora (riesgosa en situación de ERC) como IECA/ARAII y/o antagonistas de mineralocorticoides, mejoró la calidad de vida y disminuyó las internaciones por falla cardíaca.(AU)

Peritoneal dialysis in the treatment of refractory congestive heart failure stage D Introduction. Congestive heart failure (CHF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are frequent chronic diseases that worsen each other. Ultrafiltration by peritoneal dialysis (PD) has been used to treat CHF stage D associated with CKD stage III-IV, non-responsive to diuretics. Objectives. The aim of the study was to develop PD in this clinical setting in Uruguay and to evaluate its impact on outcome. Material and methods. A prospective, open study was done at the University Hospital, approved by the Ethical Committee. Six patients (5 men) were included with CHF stage D and CKD stage III-IV, non-responsive to maximum drug treatment or intolerance to ACE/ARAII or mineralocorticoid antagonists. The mean age was 68 (61-77) years old, the comorbidity indexes were high (Charlson index, range 6-11) and mean time on PD was 21± 13 months (6-41). Icodextrin was used in 3 patients and automatized PD in 2. Results. In the first semester with PD ultrafiltration, the functional class of NYHA improved, and weight loss, less edema, and lower pulmonary artery systolic pressure with hemodynamic stability were observed. Adequate metabolic control and dialysis doses (Kt/V) was achieved in all cases. Simultaneously, treatment with ACE/ARAII and mineralocorticoid antagonists drugs were re-introduced, without side effects. PD was associated with an improvement in quality of life and lower hospitalization rate. Conclusion. PD in patients with CHF and CKD III-IV achieved ultrafiltration with hemodynamic stability, better NYHA functional class, allowed ACE/ARAII and mineralocorticoid antagonists use, improved quality of life and lowered the hospitalization rate.(AU)

Papel da diálise peritoneal no tratamento da insuficiÛncia cardíaca congestiva estádio D IntroduþÒo. A insuficiÛncia cardíaca congestiva (ICC) e a doenþa renal cr¶nica (DRC) sÒo enfermidades freq³entes e cr¶nicas, que se agravam mutuamente. A ultrafiltraþÒo por diálise peritoneal (DP) foi proposta como tratamento da ICC estádio D, resposta a diuréticos, com DRC na fase 3-4. Objetivos. O objetivo do estudo foi desenvolver em Uruguay sem a DP nesta situaþÒo clínica e avaliar seu impacto na evoluþÒo. Material e métodos. Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo, aberto, intervencionista, sem grupo controle. Foram incluídos 6 pacientes com ICC estádio D (de qualquer etiologia e tipo) e DRC fase 3-4, sem causa de descompensaþÒo exceto a progressÒo, sem resposta adequada a diuréticos e com limitaþÒo para o uso de IECA/ARAII e/ou antagonistas de receptores mineralocorticóides. Cinco pacientes eram de sexo masculino e 1 de sexo feminino, com idade média 68 anos (entre 61-77), alto índice de comorbidades e tempo de seguimento médio em DP de 21±13 meses (entre 6 e 41 meses). Resultados. Foi utilizada icodextrina em 3 pacientes e DP automatizada em 2. No primeiro semestre após iniciar DP foi observada uma melhoria da classe funcional de NYHA, reduþÒo de peso, de edemas e de pressÒo sistólica na artéria pulmonar, com boa tolerÔncia hemodinÔmica O ultrafiltraþÒo peritoneal e recuperaþÒo da diurese e introduþÒo de IECA/ARAII e antagonistas dos receptores mineralocorticóides, sem distúrbios eletrolíticos e com bom controle metabólico. Todos os pacientes informaram uma melhoria da qualidade de vida e diminuiþÒo do número de internaþ§es vinculadas O falha cardíaca. ConclusÒo. A DP proporcionou uma ultrafiltraþÒo adequada com boa tolerÔncia hemodinÔmica, permitiu reiniciar medicaþÒo cardioprotetora (com riscos na DRC) como IECA/ARAII e/ou antagonistas dos receptores mineralocorticóides, melhorou a qualidade de vida e diminuiu as internaþ§es por falha cardíaca.(AU)

[Diuretic therapy in acute heart failure]. / Tratamiento con diuréticos en la insuficiencia cardíaca aguda.

Diuretics are widely recommended in patients with acute heart failure (AHF). Unfortunately, despite their widespread use, limited data are available from randomized clinical trials to guide clinicians on the appropriate management of diuretic therapy. Loop diuretics are considered the first-line diuretic therapy, especially intravenous furosemide, but the best mode of administration (high-dose versus low-dose and continuous infusion versus bolus) is unclear. When diuretic resistance develops, different therapeutic strategies can be adopted, including combined diuretic therapy with thiazide diuretics and/or aldosterone antagonists. Low or "non-diuretic" doses (25-50mg QD) of aldosterone antagonists have been demonstrated to confer a survival benefit in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction and consequently should be prescribed in all such patients, unless contraindicated by potassium and/or renal function values. There is less evidence on the use of aldosterone antagonists at higher or "diuretic" doses (≥ 100mg QD) but these drugs could be useful in relieving congestive symptoms in combination with furosemide. Thiazide diuretics can also be helpful as they have synergic effects with loop diuretics by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in distal parts of the nephron. The effect of diuretic therapy in AHF should be monitored with careful observation of clinical signs and symptoms of congestion. Serum electrolytes and kidney function should also be monitored during the use of intravenous diuretics.

Indicações da terapia de ressincronização cardíaca: dicussão baseada em estudos recentes / Improvement of cardiac resynchronization therapy - discussion based on recent studies

Tendo em vista as tendências atuais para a Terapia de Ressincronização Cardíaca (TRC), realizou-se uma análise descritiva das diretrizes brasileiras e internacionais com o objetivo de evidenciar novas indicações e tendências, de acordo com inúmeros ensaios clínicos. Os resultados indicaram a necessidade de atualização da Diretriz Brasileira de Dispositivos Cardíacos Eletrônicos Implantáveis (DCEI) e de estudos nacionais sobre o tema...

Given the current trends for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT), a descriptive analysis of Brazilian and international guidelines was carried out, aiming to identify new indications and trends, according to numerous clinical trials. The results point out the need to update the Brazilian guidelines and national studies on the subject...

[Diuretic therapy in heart failure]. / Tratamiento diurético en la insuficiencia cardiaca.

Many of the primary clinical manifestations of heart failure (HF) are due to fluid retention, and treatments targeting congestion play a central role in HF management. Diuretic therapy remains the cornerstone of congestion treatment, and diuretics are prescribed to the majority of HF patients. Despite this ubiquitous use, there is limited evidence from prospective randomized studies to guide the use of diuretics. With the chronic use of diuretic and usually in advanced stages of HF, diuretics may fail to control salt and water retention. This review describes the mechanism of action of available diuretic classes, reviews their clinical use based on scientific evidence and discusses strategies to overcome diuretic resistance.

Noninvasive mechanical ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema.

Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) with conventional therapy improves the outcome of patients with acute respiratory failure due to hypercapnic decompensation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema (ACPE). This review summarizes the main effects of NIV in these pathologies. In COPD, NIV improves gas exchange and symptoms, reducing the need for endotracheal intubation, hospital mortality and hospital stay compared with conventional oxygen therapy. NIV may also avoid reintubation and may decrease the length of invasive mechanical ventilation. In ACPE, NIV accelerates the remission of symptoms and the normalization of blood gas parameters, reduces the need for endotracheal intubation, and is associated with a trend towards lesser mortality, without increasing the incidence of myocardial infarction. The ventilation modality used in ACPE does not affect the patient prognosis.

Congestive heart failure as a determinant of postoperative delirium.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative delirium (POD) is a frequent post-surgical complication that is associated with increased mortality and poor patient outcomes. POD is a complex disorder with multiple risk factors such as pre-existing patient comorbidities and perioperative complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of POD and to identify risk factors for the development of POD in a post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). METHODS: We enrolled 97 adult patients admitted to a PACU over a five-day period (start date September 6, 2010). Patient demographics and intraoperative and postoperative data were collected. Patients were followed for the development of delirium using the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist. Descriptive analyses of variables were used to summarize data, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare continuous variables; the chi-square or Fisher's exact test was used for comparisons. Univariate analysis was performed using simple binary logistic regression with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The significance level for multiple comparisons was controlled by applying the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons and variables were deemed significant if p≤0.0025. RESULTS: Six percent of patients developed POD. These patients were older and more likely to have higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status (83 vs. 22% with ASA III/IV, p=0.004) as well as a higher frequency of congestive heart failure (50 vs. 3%, p=0.003) and a higher Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) score (33 vs. 6% with RCRI ≥2, p=0.039). The duration of anesthesia for patients with POD was also longer and they received a greater volume of crystalloids, colloids, and erythrocytes during surgery. Congestive heart disease was an independent risk factor for POD (OR 29.3, 95% CI 4.1-210.6; p<0.001). In addition, patients who developed POD had higher in-hospital mortality and longer PACU and hospital stays. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who developed POD had longer hospital and PACU stays and higher in-hospital mortality. Congestive heart disease was considered an independent risk factor for POD.

Pathophysiological effects of rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system on congestive heart failure in dogs / Efectos patofisiológicos del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona sobre la insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva en caninos / Efeitos fisiopatológicos do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona em caso de falha cardíaca congestiva em cães

Heart failure is the second pathology of importance in long-lived dogs. It has been suggested that heart failure can be considered as a neurohormonal or neuroendocrine model, in which heart failure progresses as a result of over-expression of biologically active molecules that are able to exert a deleterious effect on the heart and circulation. Among these molecules is the rennin angiotensin aldosterone and its main effector peptide: the angiotensin II. In recent years, the pathophysiological consequences of the system have been the main focus of attention, being more relevant the alternative routes of angiotensin II synthesis and the participation of other enzymes such as the angiotensin converting enzyme. Therefore, this review aimed to describe the pathophysiological importance of the renin angiotensin aldosterone on Congestive Heart Failure.

La insuficiencia cardiaca es la segunda patología en perros longevos. Se ha sugerido que la insuficiencia cardiaca puede ser vista como un modelo neurohormonal o neuroendocrino, ya que la progresión de la enfermedad se da como resultado de la sobreexpresión de moléculas activadas biológicamente que son capaces de ejercer un efecto deletéreo sobre el corazón y la circulación. Dentro de estas moléculas está el Sistema Renina Angiotensina Aldosterona y su principal péptido efector, la angiotensina II. En los últimos años, las consecuencias fisiopatológicas del sistema han sido el foco principal de atención, siendo más relevantes las vías alternativas de síntesis de la angiotensina II y la participación de otras enzimas similares a la enzima convertidora de angiotensina. Por lo tanto, esta revisión pretende describir el valor fisiopatológico del sistema renina angiotensina aldosterona sobre la Insuficiencia Cardíaca Congestiva.

A insuficiência cardíaca é a segunda doença em cães longevos. Tem sido sugerido que a insuficiência cardíaca pode ser vista como um modelo neurohormonal ou neuroendócrino, já que a progressão da doença apresenta-se como um resultado da sobre-expressão de moléculas activadas biologicamente que são capazes de exercer um efeito deletério sobre o coração e a circulação. Dentre estas moléculas está o sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona e o seu peptídeo efetor principal, a angiotensina II. Nos últimos anos, as consequências fisiopatológicas deste sistema têm sido o foco principal de interesse, tendo maior relevância a síntese da angiotensina II e o envolvimento de outras enzimas como a enzima conversora da angiotensina. Portanto, esta revisão tem como objetivo descrever o valor fisiopatológico que tem o sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona sobre a insuficiência cardíaca congestiva.