Resistencia antimicrobiana y producción porcina de cría intensiva / Antimicrobial resistance and intensive swine production: mini review

Introducción: el impacto de la resistencia antimicrobiana (RAM) generará un aumento de las muertes relacionadas de 10 millones anuales hacia 2050. El 70% de la dispensación de antimicrobianos (ATB) se utiliza en la agroveterinaria y no en salud humana. Es fundamental conocer la portación de RAM en trabajadores de cría de animales y en los animales, para acciones tempranas de salud pública. Métodos: bajo metodología PRISMA se realizó la búsqueda bibliográfica en distintas fuentes disponibles hasta octubre de 2020. Se priorizaron revisiones sistemáticas, metanálisis, ensayos clínicos y estudios observacionales para determinar la RAM en trabajadores de cría de cerdos. De 990 artículos identificados se incluyeron 8 estudios. Resultados: la tasa de colonización por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina (SAMR) en trabajadores fue mayor que la de la población general. La prevalencia de SAMR fue significativamente mayor en trabajadores en contacto directo con animales y los de granjas de cría intensiva con respecto a los de extensiva. En cerdos, la prevalencia de RAM en cría intensiva fue significativamente mayor que la de los de cría extensiva. También fue significativa la asociación entre el suministro de antibióticos en la cría intensiva y la presencia de RAM. Las granjas de más de 1250 cerdos presentaron mayor prevalencia de RAM (p < 0,001). El fenotipo de SAMR en cerdos, trabajadores y el ambiente fue el mismo. Conclusiones: existe evidencia de asociación entre la producción agrícola de cría intensiva y la RAM en cerdos y trabajadores. No se encontraron estudios de vigilancia epidemiológica en la Argentina en trabajadores de cría de animales. (AU)

Introduction: it is estimated that the impact of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) will generate an increase of 10 million deaths by 2050, being reflected to a greater extent in low-income countries. 70% of the annual use of antimicrobials is concentrated in agroveterinary but not in human health. Considering the presence of AMR in ranchers and agricultural workers is essential for early public health actions. Methods: using the PRISMA methodology, bibliography was searched in different sources until October 2020. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, clinical trials and observational studies were prioritized to determine AMR in pig workers. Eight studies of the 990 found have been included. Results: the rate of colonization by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in farming workers was higher than the general population. MRSA prevalence was significantly higher in workers who reported direct contact with animals. And also in those workers of intensive farms compared to those of extensive farms. The same situation is observed in swines, in which the prevalence of AMR in intensive farming was significantly higher than in extensive farming. The association between the supply of antibiotics in intensive farming workers and the presence of AMR was also significant. Farms with more than 1,250 swines had a higher prevalence of AMR (p<0.001). The MRSA phenotype found in swine, agricultural workers, and the environment was the same. Conclusions: there is scientific evidence of an association between agricultural production in intensive livestock farming and AMR in swine and farming workers. There aren't Argentine studies of epidemiological surveillance in farming workers. (AU)

Linking Animal Welfare and Antibiotic Use in Pig Farming-A Review.

Preventative measures, such as biosecurity and vaccinations, are essential but not sufficient to ensure high standards of health in pig production systems. Restrictive, barren housing and many widely used management practices that cause pain and stress predispose high-performance pigs reared in intensive systems to disease. In this context, antibiotics are used as part of the infrastructure that sustains health and high levels of production in pig farms. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global emergency affecting human and animal health, and the use of antibiotics (AMU) in intensive livestock farming is considered an important risk factor for the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria from animals to humans. Tackling the issue of AMR demands profound changes in AMU, e.g., reducing their use for prophylaxis and ending it for growth promotion. In support of such recommendations, we revise the link between animal welfare and AMU and argue that it is crucial to sustainably reduce AMU while ensuring that pigs can live happy lives. In support of such recommendations, we aimed to revise the link between animal welfare and AMU in pigs by analysing stress factors related to housing and management and their impact on pig welfare. In particular, we reviewed critical management practices that increase stress and, therefore, pigs' susceptibility to disease and reduce the quality of life of pigs. We also reviewed some alternatives that can be adopted in pig farms to improve animal welfare and that go beyond the reduction in stress. By minimising environmental and management stressors, pigs can become more immunocompetent and prepared to overcome pathogenic challenges. This outcome can contribute to reducing AMU and the risk of AMR while simultaneously improving the quality of life of pigs and, ultimately, maintaining the pig industry's social license.

Crop proximity index for monitoring of peri-urban land use in agro-industrial crop regions.

The agro-industrial production of genetically modified organisms uses great amounts of pesticides, close to cities, which generates growing concern due to the numerous evidence of their negative effects on health and the environment. In a context of the lack, or inaccessibility, of official data on crop dynamics and pesticide use, environmental indicators using satellite data are needed for the proper monitoring of peri-urban areas. The objective of this research is to make a crop proximity index using satellite information to assess and monitor peri-urban agro-industrial activity. Twenty cities in Argentina and ten in the United States were selected. The CPI index is designed to evaluate a city and its peri-urban areas as a whole by taking account of the land uses and factors that can potentially influence the proximity to agro-industrial activity to the population living in those cities. Agriculture factor was weighted by proximity or remoteness using perimeter rings from the urban edge. All the necessary data for the calculation of the CPI index were obtained through the classification and processing of Sentinel 2 satellite images with software and the Google Earth Engine platform. The results show a worrying situation, 90% of cities in Argentina and 80% in the United States have a negative CPI. Most of the cities examined are extremely close to extensive areas of crops, that use a high amount of pesticides and which do not have the protection of trees or buffer zones.

Viabilidade econômica da criação do Pintado da Amazônia (Pseudoplatystoma spp. ) em tanques-rede no Estado de Rondônia, Brasil / Economic feasibility of the cultivation of Amazon spotted catfish (Pseudoplatystoma spp. ) in cages, in Rondônia State, Brazil

Farmers and entrepreneurs in the northern region of the Brazil have shown interest in investing on the cultivation of the Amazon spotted catfish (Pseudoplatystoma spp.) in a system of net cages. However, the lack of information regarding the activity limits its development. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine investment and startup costs and technical and economic feasibility of the cultivation of this species in cages system in the state of Rondônia. The study determined the theoretical total production cost per kilogram of fish, for implementing 50 cages of 18 m³. To obtain the average total cost of kilogram of fish production was used the methodology of the total cost of production. Based on technical data obtained directly from the productive sector, were used juveniles with an initial average weight 0.1 kg, reaching a final stocking biomass of 42 kg m-³, survival rate of 95%, feed conversion of 1.98, a final average weight of 3.0 kg and a growth period of 12 months. The cage system production demonstrated economic feasibility, with a total investment of R$ 182,201.20. The average total cost of producing 33,949 kg of fish was R$ 7.27 kg-1, the average sales price was of R$ 7.38 kg-1 and a net profit of R$ 3,655.92 per year. The period of return on capital was of 3.15 years and internal return index of 19.04%, over projects horizon of six years.(AU)

Produtores e empresários rurais da região Norte do Brasil demonstram interesse em investir na criação do pintado da Amazônia (Pseudoplatystoma spp.) em sistemas de tanques-rede, porém a escassez de informações sobre a atividade limita seu desenvolvimento. Por isso, objetivou-se determinar o custo de implantação e a viabilidade técnica e econômica da criação dessa espécie em sistema de tanque-rede no estado de Rondônia. Realizou-se levantamento de preço de mercado para implantação de 50 tanques-rede de 18 metros cúbicos. Para obtenção do custo total médio de produção do quilograma dos peixes foi empregada a metodologia do Custo Total de Produção. Baseado em dados zootécnicos obtidos diretamente no setor produtivo, foram utilizados juvenis com peso médio inicial de 0,1 kg; biomassa de estocagem final de 42 kg m-³; taxa de sobrevivência de 95%; conversão alimentar aparente de 1,98; e peso médio final dos peixes de 3,00 kg em ciclo de criação de 12 meses. O sistema de criação em tanques-rede apresentou viabilidade econômica, com investimento total de R$ 182.201,20. O custo total médio para produção de 33.949 kg de pescado foi R$ 7,27 kg-1; preço médio de comercialização, R$ 7,38; e lucro ao ano, R$ 3.655,92. O Período de Retorno de Capital foi de 3,15 anos e a Taxa Interna de Retorno de 19,04%, para horizonte do projeto de seis anos.(AU)

Viabilidade econômica da criação do Pintado da Amazônia (Pseudoplatystoma spp. ) em tanques-rede no Estado de Rondônia, Brasil / Economic feasibility of the cultivation of Amazon spotted catfish (Pseudoplatystoma spp. ) in cages, in Rondônia State, Brazil

Farmers and entrepreneurs in the northern region of the Brazil have shown interest in investing on the cultivation of the Amazon spotted catfish (Pseudoplatystoma spp.) in a system of net cages. However, the lack of information regarding the activity limits its development. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine investment and startup costs and technical and economic feasibility of the cultivation of this species in cages system in the state of Rondônia. The study determined the theoretical total production cost per kilogram of fish, for implementing 50 cages of 18 m³. To obtain the average total cost of kilogram of fish production was used the methodology of the total cost of production. Based on technical data obtained directly from the productive sector, were used juveniles with an initial average weight 0.1 kg, reaching a final stocking biomass of 42 kg m-³, survival rate of 95%, feed conversion of 1.98, a final average weight of 3.0 kg and a growth period of 12 months. The cage system production demonstrated economic feasibility, with a total investment of R$ 182,201.20. The average total cost of producing 33,949 kg of fish was R$ 7.27 kg-1, the average sales price was of R$ 7.38 kg-1 and a net profit of R$ 3,655.92 per year. The period of return on capital was of 3.15 years and internal return index of 19.04%, over projects horizon of six years.

Produtores e empresários rurais da região Norte do Brasil demonstram interesse em investir na criação do pintado da Amazônia (Pseudoplatystoma spp.) em sistemas de tanques-rede, porém a escassez de informações sobre a atividade limita seu desenvolvimento. Por isso, objetivou-se determinar o custo de implantação e a viabilidade técnica e econômica da criação dessa espécie em sistema de tanque-rede no estado de Rondônia. Realizou-se levantamento de preço de mercado para implantação de 50 tanques-rede de 18 metros cúbicos. Para obtenção do custo total médio de produção do quilograma dos peixes foi empregada a metodologia do Custo Total de Produção. Baseado em dados zootécnicos obtidos diretamente no setor produtivo, foram utilizados juvenis com peso médio inicial de 0,1 kg; biomassa de estocagem final de 42 kg m-³; taxa de sobrevivência de 95%; conversão alimentar aparente de 1,98; e peso médio final dos peixes de 3,00 kg em ciclo de criação de 12 meses. O sistema de criação em tanques-rede apresentou viabilidade econômica, com investimento total de R$ 182.201,20. O custo total médio para produção de 33.949 kg de pescado foi R$ 7,27 kg-1; preço médio de comercialização, R$ 7,38; e lucro ao ano, R$ 3.655,92. O Período de Retorno de Capital foi de 3,15 anos e a Taxa Interna de Retorno de 19,04%, para horizonte do projeto de seis anos.