Cost-Effectiveness of Inter-Professional Collaboration to Reduce Hospitalisations in Nursing Home Residents: Results from the German Interprof ACT Trial.

Background: The German multi-centre cluster-randomised controlled trial interprof ACT investigated interventions to increase inter-professional collaboration between nursing home (NH) staff and local general practitioners to reduce hospitalisations and improve nursing homes residents' (NHRs) quality of life. The trial was funded by the German Health Care Innovation Fund. Methods: Cost-effectiveness of interprof ACT interventions was evaluated and compared to current standard of care (SOC) over 12 months, including 622 NHRs in 34 NHs in Germany. Multiplying resource use of healthcare services with German-specific unit costs generated costs. Health outcome was measured in quality-adjusted life-years QALYs), utility by multiplying EQ-5D-5L values with German-specific utility weights. Incremental cost-effectiveness analysis used an intention-to-treat approach and scenario analyses (SAs). Net-benefit-regression and cost-effectiveness acceptability curves addressed uncertainty. A German healthcare insurance perspective was assumed. Results: Base case results showed non-significant cost savings of 851.88€ and non-significant QALY loss of -0,056. Discussion: Dependency levels at baseline were non-significantly higher in IG compared to control group (CG). Lack of baseline costing data eliminated possibility to evaluate changes in costs due to the interprof ACT measures for both groups. Conclusion: Interprof ACT interventions are not cost-effective compared to current SOC.

Violence against women and perceived health: An observational survey of patients treated in the multidisciplinary structure 'The Women's House' and two Family Planning Centres in the metropolitan Paris area.

It is unknown how many women seeking care at French Family Planning Centres (FPCs) endure, or have endured intimate partner violence (IPV). To assess the prevalence of IPV, we surveyed women seeking care at three FPCs in the metropolitan Paris area (Seine-Saint-Denis). We examined the associations between IPV, socio-demographic characteristics and perceptions of health according to six indicators. Of the FPCs included in our survey, two are standalone facilities and one is located in The Women's Home, a multidisciplinary structure dedicated to serving survivors of violence. We conducted an observational survey from December 2018 to February 2019. All women aged 18 years and older were eligible. We solicited data on socio-demographic factors, general stability and history of violence. We measured health status on a 10-point scale for six different symptoms. Of the 274 women who participated, 27% had experienced IPV. Women who reported experiencing, or having experienced IPV were more likely to be between 25 and 44 years old (than under 25), temporarily documented or undocumented, unemployed or seeking employment, and experiencing housing insecurity. Women seeking care at The Women's House were more than twice as likely to report IPV (42%) than those visiting FPC-2 or FPC-3 (20% and 16%, respectively). Reports of violence increase among women with uncertain legal status, housing, employment and lower self-rated health. Results suggest that a FPC located in a structure specifically dedicated to serving women victims-survivors of violence like the Women's House may be more attractive to survivors.

Taking the pulse of multidisciplinary cancer conferences for breast cancer care in Canada: A stocktake of current practice.

AIM: International guidelines highlight the importance of implementation supports and quality monitoring of multidisciplinary care for breast cancer. In Canada, Ontario has standards for formal multidisciplinary cancer conferences (MCCs), but other provinces/territories do not. This study aimed to stocktake MCCs for breast cancer in Canadian sites participating in the RUBY cohort study (Reducing the Burden of Breast Cancer in Young Women) to better understand variations in multidisciplinary care across Canada and to add to the international literature. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with surgeons and surgical oncologists representing 34 clinical centres participating in RUBY. Questions were grouped according to: type of multidisciplinary care, implementation, function, practice, participation and presentation, operation, and demographics, and included a mix of Likert-based, tick box and open-ended questions. RESULTS: Twenty-two responses (65%) were received. 91% of respondents reported that formal MCCs are part of regular practice. However, variation exists in the supports in place for ongoing implementation of MCCs, the understanding of the functions of MCCs, and the patients presented for discussion. Results also suggest less formalized processes for MCC in provinces without practice standards. CONCLUSIONS: Response differences between Ontario and elsewhere suggest that standards for MCC and supports for their implementation make a positive difference in their operation. However, ongoing operational challenges and issues with attendance exist for all sites and suggest that along with development of practice standards, incentives for participation and further education on benefits and function of MCC may support uptake of MCCs in clinical practice.

Factors that may promote the learning of person-centred care: an ethnographic study of an implementation programme for healthcare professionals in a medical emergency ward in Sweden.

While person-centred care has gained increasing prominence in recent decades as a goal for healthcare systems, mainstream implementation remains tentative and there is a lack of knowledge about how to develop person-centred care in practice. This study therefore aimed to explore what may be required in order for person-centred care programmes to be successful. The study used an ethnographic method of data collection. This consisted of closely following an implementation programme on a medical emergency ward in a Swedish hospital. Data consisted of participant observation and informal interviews with healthcare providers and their management leaders while they were in the process of training to use person-centred care. These interlocutors were using action learning methods under the guidance of facilitators. Our findings revealed that although the programme resulted in some of the processes that are central for person-centred care being developed, organisational factors and a lack of attention to ethics in the programme counteracted these positive effects. The study highlights the importance of facilitating mechanisms to produce desired results. These include management leaders' learning about the dynamic and collective nature of learning processes and change. They also include allowing for inter-professional dialogue to enable managers and professionals to reflect deeply on professional boundaries, disciplinary knowledge and power relations in their teams. Teamwork is essential for the development of person-centred care and documentation, in accordance with this specific implementation programme, is also indispensable. The space for inter-professional dialogue should also accommodate their various perspectives on the aims of care and organizational reality.

The establishment of a shared care plan as it is experienced by elderly people and their next of kin: A qualitative study.

One strategy to achieve coordination of care for older people with complex care needs is the establishment of shared care plans. The aim of this study was to explore the process of establishing a shared care plan from the perspective of elderly people and their next of kin. Data were collected via 12 semi-structured interviews with 12 older persons targeted in joint care planning and 11 next of kin, either alone or together. The analysis was conducted using content analysis. The results reflect the process of establishing a shared care plan in the three categories; Preparation, Content and Results with belonging sub-categories. Preparation showed that the possibility to influence the preparation of the joint care plan meeting was sometimes limited and the purpose was not always clear. The Content category showed that the meeting was sometimes experienced as an unstructured, general conversation or focused on practical matters. And Results of the process were shown to be successful in terms of having positive effects or fulfilling needs, but also sometimes as being pointless. Thus, the results show that the process of establishing a shared care plan is somewhat unclear to the older person and their next of kin and that they are rarely involved in the decisions regarding when and if a shared care plan is needed. If joint care planning is expected to serve as a tool to accomplish a more person-centred care, then the person must be regarded as an equal partner all throughout the decision-making and planning process.

Collaboration in teams with nurse practitioners and general practitioners during out-of-hours and implications for patient care; a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Increasingly, nurse practitioners (NPs) are deployed in teams along with general practitioners (GPs) to help meet the demand for out-of-hours care. The purpose of this study was to explore factors influencing collaboration between GPs and NPs in teams working out-of-hours. METHODS: A descriptive qualitative study was done using a total of 27 semi-structured interviews and two focus group discussions. Data was collected between June, 2014 and October, 2015 at an out-of-hours primary care organisation in the Netherlands. Overall, 38 health professionals (GPs, NPs, and support staff) participated in the study. The interviews were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. Two researchers conducted an inductive content analysis, involving the identification of relevant items in a first phase and clustering into themes in a second phase. RESULTS: The following four themes emerged from the data: clarity of NP role and regulation, shared caseload and use of skills, communication concerning professional roles, trust and support in NP practice. Main factors influencing collaboration between GPs and NPs included a lack of knowledge regarding the NPs' scope of practice and regulations governing NP role; differences in teams in sharing caseload and using each other's skills effectively; varying support of GPs for the NP role; and limited communication between GPs and NPs regarding professional roles during the shift. Lack of collaboration was perceived to result in an increased risk of delay for patients who needed treatment from a GP, especially in teams with more NPs. Collaboration was not perceived to improve over time as teams varied across shifts. CONCLUSION: In out-of-hours primary care teams constantly change and team members are often unfamiliar with each other or other's competences. In this environment, knowledge and communication about team members' roles is continuously at stake. Especially in teams with more NPs, team members need to use each other's skills to deliver care to all patients on time.

Inter-professional Relationships Issues among Iranian Nurses and Physicians: A Qualitative Study.

INTRODUCTION: Nurse-physician inter-professional relationship is an important issue in health care system that can affect job satisfaction and patient care quality. The present study explores the major issues of nurse-physician inter-professional relationships in Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this in-depth qualitative content analysis study conducted in 2014, 12 participants (5 physicians and 7 nurses) were recruited from two educational hospitals. The data were collected from deep, open, and unstructured interviews, and analyzed based on content analysis. RESULTS: The participants in this study included 12 individuals, 6 females and 6 males, with the age ranging 27-48 years and tenure ranging 4-17 years. Four themes were identified, namely, divergent attitudes, uneven distribution of power, mutual trust destructors, and prudence imposed on nurses. CONCLUSIONS: The results revealed some major inter-professional issues and challenges in nurse-physician relationships, some of which are context-specific whereas others should be regarded as universal. It is through a deep knowledge of these issues that nurses and physicians can establish better collaborative inter-professional relationships.

Case Report: Using a Remote Presence Robot to Improve Access to Physical Therapy for People with Chronic Back Disorders in an Underserved Community.

Purpose: The purpose of this case study was to evaluate the delivery of an inter-professional (IP) spinal triage management approach to chronic back disorders using remote presence robotic technology as an innovative form of telerehabilitation in a northern Saskatchewan community. Methods: The IP team, consisting of a local nurse practitioner (NP) and a physical therapist in an urban centre, completed a comprehensive neuromusculoskeletal assessment of, and one follow-up visit with, a post-surgical spinal patient. Treatment included detailed education regarding self-management after spinal surgery, provision and progression of home exercises, and reassurance. The patient was then referred to regional, in-person physical therapy care to complete her treatment. Results: A semi-structured interview with the NP revealed a high level of satisfaction; qualitative themes included the value of IP practice and the benefit to the patient of telerehabilitation achieved through patient-centred care. In a post-treatment survey, the patient expressed a high level of satisfaction with and appreciation for the patient-centred approach and the IP team. Objective clinical improvements in spinal and straight-leg raise movements were noted at the final telerehabilitation session. Conclusion: This report demonstrates the feasibility of delivering IP spinal triage management using telerehabilitation, specifically remote presence robotics, in a remote setting. Further research should include larger scale studies that investigate health, system, and economic outcomes as well as comparative studies for other forms of telehealth technology.

Objectif : l'objectif de cette étude de cas était d'évaluer le recours à une approche interprofessionnelle (IP) de gestion du triage des problèmes rachidiens pour traiter les problèmes chroniques de dos à l'aide d'une technologie robotique de présence à distance comme forme novatrice de téléréadaptation dans une communauté du nord de la Saskatchewan. Méthode : l'équipe IP, formée d'une infirmière praticienne locale et d'un physiothérapeute d'un centre urbain, a effectué une évaluation neuromusculosquelletique exhaustive d'une patiente ayant subi une chirurgie rachidienne et l'a revue pour une visite de suivi. Le traitement incluait une formation détaillée sur l'autogestion à la suite d'une chirurgie rachidienne, des exercices à faire à la maison ainsi que du réconfort. La patiente a ensuite reçu des soins en physiothérapie à la clinique régionale pour compléter le traitement. Résultats : l'entrevue semi-structurée avec l'infirmière praticienne a révélé une grande satisfaction; les thèmes qualitatifs incluaient la valeur de la pratique IP et les avantages pour la patiente de la téléréadaptation obtenue grâce à des soins axés sur le patient. Dans un sondage réalisé après le traitement, la patiente a exprimé une grande satisfaction et appréciation de l'approche axée sur le patient et de l'équipe IP. Des améliorations cliniques objectives des mouvements rachidiens et au test d'élévation de la jambe tendue (SLR) ont été observées lors de la dernière séance de téléréadaptation. Conclusion : ce rapport montre la faisabilité de la gestion IP du triage de problèmes rachidiens à l'aide de la téléréadaptation, particulièrement la présence robotique à distance, dans une région éloignée. Les recherches futures devraient inclure des études à plus grande échelle qui évaluent les résultats sur la santé, le système et l'économie ainsi que des études comparatives sur d'autres formes de technologie de télésanté.

Inter-Professional Practices of Private-Sector Physiotherapists for Low Back Pain Management: Who, How, and When?

Purpose: Although there have been increasing demands for health care providers to take part in inter-professional practices in recent years, very little attention has been paid to the actualization of such practices in the private sector. This study describes private-sector physiotherapists' inter-professional practices regarding low back pain (LBP) management and identifies organizational and provider-level variables associated with the intensity of such practices. Method: A total of 327 randomly selected physiotherapists were surveyed in the province of Quebec. Data were analyzed using descriptive and multiple regression analyses. Results: Physiotherapists reported frequent interactions with other physiotherapists (daily/weekly for 52.6%), family physicians (51.0%), and physiotherapy (PT) assistants (45.2%), but infrequent interactions with psychologists (3.6%), neurosurgeons (0.9%), and chiropractors (0.3%). Frequently reported means of interactions were written and oral messages sent through clients (55.1% and 24.1%, respectively), face-to-face unplanned discussions (41.9%), and faxed or mailed letters (23.2%). Variables associated with the intensity of inter-professional practices (mean of 6.7 [SD 1.7] out of 10 on the Intensity of Interprofessional Practices Questionnaire for Private Sector Physiotherapists) were related to physiotherapists' clientele, social activities with other providers, and perceptions of inter-professional practices as well as organizational models, vision, and provision of PT training. Conclusions: There is room to improve inter-professional practices with private-sector physiotherapists involved in managing LBP. Targets for action include physiotherapists and their workplaces.

Objectif : la collaboration entre intervenants a été fortement encouragée au cours des dernières décennies. À ce jour, on en sait toutefois peu sur les pratiques interprofessionnelles des physiothérapeutes du secteur privé. Cette étude décrit les pratiques interprofessionnelles des physiothérapeutes œuvrant dans le secteur privé auprès de personnes présentant de la douleur lombaire et identifie les variables organisationnelles et professionnelles associées à l'intensité de ces pratiques. Méthode : une enquête a été réalisée auprès de 327 physiothérapeutes du Québec sélectionnés de façon aléatoire. Les données ont été soumises à des analyses descriptives et de régression multiple. Résultats : les physiothérapeutes avaient des interactions fréquentes avec d'autres physiothérapeutes (quotidiennement ou hebdomadairement pour 52,6 % d'entre eux), des omnipraticiens (51,0 %) et des thérapeutes en réadaptation physique (45,2 %), alors qu'elles étaient peu fréquentes avec des psychologues (3,6 %), neurochirurgiens (0,9 %) et chiropraticiens (0,3 %). Ces interactions prenaient le plus souvent la forme de messages écrits ou oraux transmis par le client (55,1 % et 24,1 % respectivement), de discussions non planifiées (41,9 %) et de lettres postées ou télécopiées (23,2 %). Les variables associées à l'intensité des pratiques interprofessionnelles (scores moyens de 6,7/10 au Questionnaire d'intensité des pratiques interprofessionnelles des physiothérapeutes du secteur privé; écart type de 1,7) étaient liées à la clientèle des physiothérapeutes, à leurs activités sociales avec d'autres intervenants et à leurs perceptions des pratiques interprofessionnelles, ainsi qu'aux modèles organisationnels, à la vision de l'organisation et à l'offre de stages en physiothérapie. Conclusions : il est possible de faire mieux sur le plan des pratiques interprofessionnelles des physiothérapeutes œuvrant dans le secteur privé auprès de personnes présentant de la douleur lombaire. Des cibles d'action se situeraient au niveau des physiothérapeutes eux-mêmes et de leur milieu de travail.

Improving competencies in evidence-based dementia care: Results from a pilot study on a novel inter-professional training course (the KOMPIDEM project).

OBJECTIVE: In order to address well-known challenges in dementia care, an inter-professional course was developed to improve medical students' and nursing students' competencies in the provision of evidence-based care for people with dementia. The course comprises lectures, problem-based learning (PbL) tutorials and visitations to care facilities. A pilot study was conducted to evaluate the acceptance and feasibility of the inter-professional course. METHODOLOGY: Alongside preliminary implementation of the newly developed course, a pre-post survey was carried out involving all participating students. The questionnaire contained standardized and open-ended questions on participants' views regarding the quality and relevance of several course components and characteristics. The data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics. RESULTS: When the course was offered the first time, multiple barriers became evident, leading to premature course termination and subsequent revision of the curriculum. When the revised course was offered, 10 medical students and 8 nursing students participated. The course proved feasible, and the median overall quality was rated as "2" (IQR 2-3) at a rating scale ranging from 1 (very good) to 6 (inadequate). Following aspects were most frequently judged positively: the course's inter-professional scope, the visitations to care facilities and the PbL tutorials. Potential for improvement was particularly noted with regard to a more distinct focus on well-defined, mainly practical learning outcomes. There were no indications of systematic between-group differences in the medical and nursing students' perceptions of the course program. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirmed the feasibility of the inter-professional course on dementia care and the relevance of its inter-professional scope. However, to ensure sustainable course implementation in the long term, further program adaptations based on current findings and further evaluation studies focusing on objective parameters of the process and outcome quality are required.

GP and pharmacist inter-professional learning - a grounded theory study.

BACKGROUND: Practice Based Small Group Learning (PBSGL) is an established learning resource for primary care clinicians in Scotland and is used by one-third of general practitioners (GPs). Scottish Government and UK professional bodies have called for GPs and pharmacists to work more closely together to improve care. AIM: To gain GPs' and pharmacists' perceptions and experiences of learning together in an inter-professional PBSGL pilot. DESIGN AND SETTING: Qualitative research methods involving established GP PBSGL groups in NHS Scotland recruiting one or two pharmacists to join them. METHOD: A grounded theory method was used. GPs were interviewed in focus groups by a fellow GP, and pharmacists were interviewed individually by two researchers, neither being a GP or a pharmacist. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed using grounded theory methods. Data saturation was achieved and confirmed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Three themes were identified: GPs' and pharmacists' perceptions and experiences of inter-professional learning; Inter-professional relationships and team-working; Group identity and purpose of existing GP groups. Pharmacists were welcomed into GP groups and both professions valued inter-professional PBSGL learning. Participants learned from each other and both professions gained a wider perspective of the NHS and of each others' roles in the organisation. Inter-professional relationships, communication and team-working were strengthened and professionals regarded each other as peers and friends.

Qualitative study to conceptualise a model of interprofessional collaboration between pharmacists and general practitioners to support patients' adherence to medication.

OBJECTIVES: Pharmacists and general practitioners (GPs) face an increasing expectation to collaborate interprofessionally on a number of healthcare issues, including medication non-adherence. This study aimed to propose a model of interprofessional collaboration within the context of identifying and improving medication non-adherence in primary care. SETTING: Primary care; Sydney, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: 3 focus groups were conducted with pharmacists (n=23) and 3 with GPs (n=22) working in primary care. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Qualitative investigation of GP and pharmacist interactions with each other, and specifically around supporting their patients' medication adherence. Audio-recordings were transcribed verbatim and transcripts thematically analysed using a combination of manual and computer coding. RESULTS: 3 themes pertaining to interprofessional collaboration were identified (1) frequency, (2) co-collaborators and (3) nature of communication which included 2 subthemes (method of communication and type of communication). While the frequency of interactions was low, the majority were conducted by telephone. Interactions, especially those conducted face-to-face, were positive. Only a few related to patient non-adherence. The findings are positioned within contemporary collaborative theory and provide an accessible introduction to models of interprofessional collaboration. CONCLUSIONS: This work highlighted that successful collaboration to improve medication adherence was underpinned by shared paradigmatic perspectives and trust, constructed through regular, face-to-face interactions between pharmacists and GPs.

Singularidades no processo de trabalho entre técnicos em saúde bucal e cirurgiões-dentistas / Singularities in the work process between oral health technicians and dental surgeons / Singularidades en el proceso de trabajo entre técnicos en salud bucal y cirujanos dentistas

Resumo Objetivou-se neste estudo compreender a relação entre técnicos em saúde bucal e cirurgiões-dentistas no trabalho e os fatores que podem favorecer ou dificultar essa relação. Para análise da percepção dos técnicos em saúde bucal sobre os possíveis encontros e desencontros da relação no trabalho com os cirurgiões-dentistas, realizou-se um grupo focal com oito desses trabalhadores do Sistema Único de Saúde de municípios da Grande Vitória, Espírito Santo. A análise de conteúdo temática revelou três categorias: Perfil e mercado de trabalho; Condições de trabalho e infraestrutura; e Formação profissional, processo de trabalho e relação interpessoal. A complexidade do trabalho foi evidenciada, dentro do campo de interesses, poder e resistências, envolvendo tanto os técnicos quanto os cirurgiões-dentistas numa matriz geradora de comportamentos. Também existe forte influência do sistema de formação desses trabalhadores, da infraestrutura e das condições de trabalho e do perfil profissional no processo de trabalho da equipe em saúde bucal. Vislumbrou-se na comunicação a mediação, construindo novos encontros. Considera-se que muitos são os entraves para a relação entre técnicos em saúde bucal e cirurgiões-dentistas no trabalho, e vislumbra-se na comunicação a mediação, construindo novos encontros e representando alternativas para profanação do instituído, com superação dos desafios nas relações de poder.

Abstract This study aimed to understand the relationship between oral health technicians and dental surgeons in work and the factors that may promote or hinder this relationship. To analyze the perception oral health technicians have regarding possible agreements and disagreements in their working relationship with dental surgeons, a focus group was held with eight of those workers from the National Health System working at the municipalities encompassed by the Vitória metro region, in Espírito Santo, Brazil. The thematic content analysis revealed three categories: Profile and labor market; Working and infrastructure conditions, and Vocational training, work processes, and interpersonal relationships. The complexity of the work was shown, within the field of interests, power and resistance, involving both the technicians and dental surgeons, in a behavior generator matrix. These workers' training system, the infrastructure, working conditions, and the professionals' profile also influence the oral health team's work process heavily. Communication was seen as a mediator in this, building new encounters. It is considered that there are many barriers to the relationship between oral health care technicians and dental surgeons at work, and mediation is seen to be possible through communication, building new meeting grounds, and representing alternatives to the desecration of what has been instituted, overcoming the challenges in the power relations.

Resumen En este estudio se buscó comprender la relación entre técnicos en salud bucal y cirujanos dentistas en el trabajo y los factores que pueden favorecer o entorpecer esta relación. Para el análisis de la percepción de los técnicos en salud bucal sobre los posibles encuentros y desencuentros de la relación en el trabajo con los cirujanos dentistas, se realizó un grupo focal con ocho de estos trabajadores del Sistema Único de Salud de municipios de la Gran Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil. El análisis de contenido temático reveló tres categorías: Perfil y mercado de trabajo; Condiciones de trabajo e infraestructura; y Formación profesional, proceso de trabajo y relación interpersonal. La complejidad del trabajo se puso de manifiesto, dentro del campo de intereses, poder y resistencias, involucrando tanto a los técnicos como a los cirujanos dentistas en una matriz generadora de comportamientos. Existe también una fuerte influencia del sistema de formación de estos trabajadores, de la infraestructura y de las condiciones de trabajo y del perfil profesional en el proceso de trabajo del equipo en salud bucal. Se considera que muchos son los obstáculos para la relación entre técnicos en salud bucal y cirujanos dentistas en el trabajo, y se vislumbra en la comunicación la mediación, construyendo nuevos encuentros y representando alternativas para la profanación de lo instituido, con superación de los desafíos en las relaciones de poder.

Residência multiprofissional tecendo práticas interdisciplinares na prevenção da violência / Weaving interdisciplinarity practices into the avoidance of violence in the multi-professional residence

INTRODUÇÃO: A complexidade da atenção às situações de violência requer o investimento na integralidade das ações e do cuidado, lançando às equipes multiprofissionais o desafio da construção de uma prática interdisciplinar em conjunto com a escola. RELATO DE EXPERIÊNCIA: Analisar a integralidade da atenção à saúde e à educação a partir da ação das residentes do Programa da Residência Integrada Multiprofissional em Saúde da Criança com transversalidade em violências e vulnerabilidades inseridas numa equipe de Estratégia de Saúde da Família no Município de Porto Alegre e na escola estadual pertencente ao seu território. Trata-se da experiência interdisciplinar desenvolvida em dois níveis de abordagem: com os alunos do 1° ao 4° ano através de atividades lúdicas; e com os pais e responsáveis através da roda de conversa. A base da intervenção foram as oficinas com os alunos, buscando problematizar, através de intervenções lúdicas e brincadeiras, as situações de violência percebidas nos seus diversos ambientes. CONCLUSÃO: A prática interdisciplinar de forma consciente permite a organização do processo de trabalho com o escopo da prática colaborativa em projeto de educação interprofissional.

INTRODUCTION: The complexity of the attention to the situations of violence requires the investment in actions and care integrity, launching to the multi-professional teams the challenge of building an interdisciplinary practice together with the school. EXPERIENCE REPORT: To analyze the integrity of the attention to health and education of the residents' actions in the Program of the Multi-professional Integrated Residence in Children's Health, which are exposed to violence and vulnerability and inserted into a team of Family Health Strategy in Porto Alegre District, and the Public School that belongs to its area. It works on the inter-course studying experience developed inside two approaching levels: one with the primary level children through playing activities, and the other with their parents or guardians through conversations. The support for this intervention was the workshops with the students, aiming at bringing down the violent situations in their different environments through playing games. CONCLUSION: The interdisciplinary practice in a conscious way allows the organization of the work process with the scope of the collaborative practice in one inter-professional education project.

The common characteristics and outcomes of multidisciplinary collaboration in primary health care: a systematic literature review.

INTRODUCTION: Research on collaboration in primary care focuses on specific diseases or types of collaboration. We investigate the effects of such collaboration by bringing together the results of scientific studies. THEORY AND METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature review of PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane and EMBASE. The review was restricted to publications that test outcomes of multidisciplinary collaboration in primary care in high-income countries. A conceptual model is used to structure the analysis. RESULTS: Fifty-one studies comply with the selection criteria about collaboration in primary care. Approximately half of the 139 outcomes in these studies is non-significant. Studies among older patients, in particular, report non-significant outcomes (p < .05). By contrast, a higher proportion of significant results were found in studies that report on clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION: This review shows a large diversity in the types of collaboration in primary care; and also thus a large proportion of outcomes do not seem to be positively affected by collaboration. Both the characteristics of the structure of the collaboration and the collaboration processes themselves affect the outcomes. More research is necessary to understand the mechanism behind the success of collaboration, especially on the exact nature of collaboration and the context in which collaboration takes place.

Raising awareness of the hidden curriculum in veterinary medical education: a review and call for research.

The hidden curriculum is characterized by information that is tacitly conveyed to and among students about the cultural and moral environment in which they find themselves. Although the hidden curriculum is often defined as a distinct entity, tacit information is conveyed to students throughout all aspects of formal and informal curricula. This unconsciously communicated knowledge has been identified across a wide spectrum of educational environments and is known to have lasting and powerful impacts, both positive and negative. Recently, medical education research on the hidden curriculum of becoming a doctor has come to the forefront as institutions struggle with inconsistencies between formal and hidden curricula that hinder the practice of patient-centered medicine. Similarly, the complex ethical questions that arise during the practice and teaching of veterinary medicine have the potential to cause disagreement between what the institution sets out to teach and what is actually learned. However, the hidden curriculum remains largely unexplored for this field. Because the hidden curriculum is retained effectively by students, elucidating its underlying messages can be a key component of program refinement. A review of recent literature about the hidden curriculum in a variety of fields, including medical education, will be used to explore potential hidden curricula in veterinary medicine and draw attention to the need for further investigation.

Effects of hospitalist-directed interdisciplinary medicine floor service on hospital outcomes for seniors with acute medical illness.

AIM: To examine whether a hospitalist-directed interdisciplinary (ITD) team in an internal medicine residency program enhances the hospital and clinical outcomes for seniors with acute medical illness. METHODS: Seniors admitted to a USA teaching hospital medical floor-teaching services were allocated to the ITD (n = 379) and usual care teams (n = 383). Compared with the usual care team, the ITD team physicians carried out daily "geriatric" assessment and management, and led ITD team meetings. RESULTS: The mean probability of functional decline on hospital discharge in the ITD team (25%; 95% CI 19-30%) was significantly lower than that in the usual care team (36%; 95% CI 30-43%; OR 0.35; 95% CI 0.10-0.92; P < 0.001). The mean probability of delirium in the ITD team (26%; 95% CI 20-32%) was significantly lower than that in the usual care team (34%; 95% CI 28-41%; OR 0.48; 95% CI 0.16-0.97; P = 0.03). The mean probability of transition to an institution in the ITD team (18%; 95% CI 13-23%) was significantly lower than that in the usual care team (26%; 95% CI 19-32%; OR 0.41; 95% CI 0.14-0.95; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalist-directed ITD team care is associated with reductions of functional decline, delirium and transition to an institution for seniors with acute medical illness.

Configurations of power relations in the Brazilian emergency care system: analyzing a context of visible practices.

In this paper, we make explicit the changing configurations of power relations that currently characterize the Brazilian Emergency Care System (SAMU) team in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The SAMU is a recent innovation in Brazilian healthcare service delivery. A qualitative case study methodology was used to explore SAMU's current organizational arrangements, specifically the power relations that have developed and that demonstrate internal team struggles over space and defense of particular occupational interests. The argument advanced in this paper is that these professionals are developing their work in conditions of exposure, that is, they are always being observed by someone, and that such observational exposure provides the conditions whereby everyday emergency care practices are enacted such that practice is shaped by, as well as shapes, particular, yet recognizable power relationships. Data were collected through the observation of the SAMU's work processes and through semi-structured interviews. Research materials were analyzed using discourse analysis. In the emergency care process of work, visibility is actually embedded in the disciplinary context and can thus be analyzed as a technique applied to produce disciplined individuals through the simple mechanisms elaborated by Foucault such as hierarchical surveillance, normalizing judgment, and the examination.

Psychic workloads and strain processes in nursing workers of brazilian university hospitals / Cargas psíquicas e processos de desgaste em trabalhadores de enfermagem de hospitais universitários brasileiros / Cargas psíquicas y procesos de desgaste en trabajadores de enfermería de hospitales universitarios brasileños

Objective: to identify the work process, the psychic workloads and the strains generated in nursing workers. Method: the study was developed in five Brazilian university hospitals. The sample was composed by 62 nursing workers and the data collection was done by focal group technique, followed by the application of a collective inquire. The data were quantitatively described and systematized according to a thematic analysis. Results: the study population represented 35,37 percent of the hospital workforce in national setting. The workers mentioned are exposure to several kinds of psychic workload and link them to with others workloads, highlighting the strain processes resulting from this kind of workload, such stress, fatigue, complaints of gastritis and headaches. Conclusions: nursing workers are exposed to several workloads in the hospital environment, especially psychic workloads. This exposure starts strain processes that compromise the health and quality of life, signaling the necessity of interventions in this reality.

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o processo de trabalho, as cargas psíquicas e os desgastes gerados em trabalhadores de enfermagem, Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida em cinco hospitais universitários brasileiros. A amostra foi composta por 62 trabalhadores de enfermagem e a coleta foi realizada por meio da técnica de grupo focal, seguida da aplicação da enquete coletiva. Os dados foram descritos numericamente e sistematizados, segundo análise temática. A população de estudo representou 35,37 por cento da força de trabalho hospitalar, no cenário nacional. Os resultados mostram que os trabalhadores referiram exposição a diversos tipos de cargas psíquicas, relacionando-as a outras cargas de trabalho, destacando-se os desgastes decorrentes desse tipo de carga, como estresse, fadiga, gastrite e cefaleia. Conclui-se que os trabalhadores de enfermagem estão expostos a diversas cargas de trabalho no ambiente hospitalar, especialmente às cargas psíquicas. Essa exposição desencadeia processos de desgaste que comprometem a saúde e qualidade de vida, sinalizando a necessidade de intervenções nessa realidade.

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar el proceso de trabajo, las cargas psíquicas y los desgastes generados en trabajadores de enfermería. Se trata de un estudio desarrollado en cinco hospitales universitarios brasileños. La muestra fue compuesta por 62 trabajadores de enfermería; la recolección fue realizada por medio de la técnica de grupo focal, seguida de la aplicación de encuesta colectiva. Los datos fueron descritos numéricamente y sistematizados según análisis temático. La población de estudio representó 35,37 por ciento de la fuerza de trabajo hospitalario en el escenario nacional. Los trabajadores refirieron exposición a diversos tipos de cargas psíquicas y las relacionaron con otras cargas de trabajo, destacando los desgastes provenientes de este tipo de carga, como estrés, fatiga, gastritis y cefalea. Los trabajadores de enfermería están expuestos a las diversas cargas de trabajo en el ambiente hospitalario, especialmente a las cargas psíquicas. Esta exposición desencadena procesos de desgaste que comprometen la salud y calidad de vida, señalando la necesidad de realizar intervenciones en esta realidad.