Lucha y reconciliación en Nasa Wesx. Análisis del conflicto armado, procesos de paz y diferenciación étnica en el sur del Tolima / Struggle and Reconciliation in Nasa Wesx. Analysis of the Armed Conflict, Peace Processes and Ethnic Differentiation in the South of Tolima

Resumen: El resguardo indígena de Nasa Wesx, al sur del Tolima, ha sido reconocido por su capacidad para establecer diálogos y acuerdos de paz locales con el grupo gue rrillero FARC, a pesar de tener profundas diferencias étnicas, territoriales y onto- lógicas. A pesar de esto, lograron reconocer que la violencia no era una alterna tiva viable para su pueblo, y superaron una confrontación armada de más de 36 años. Para comprender este proceso, es importante dar cuenta de los contextos étnicos y la etnografía como experiencia de conocimiento que analiza la parti cipación de las comunidades indígenas en el conflicto armado y en la construc ción de paz. Al centrarse en la relación crítica entre la comunidad Nasa Wesx y el conflicto armado en Colombia, se destaca cómo esta comunidad ha sido tanto participante del conflicto como agente de Lucha y reconciliación.

Abstract: The Nasa Wesx indigenous reservation in southern Tolima has been recognized for its ability to establish dialogues and local peace agreements with the FARC guerrilla group, despite profound ethnic, territorial, and ontological differences. Despite this, they managed to recognize that violence was not a viable alterna tive for their people, and they were able to overcome an armed confrontation of more than 36 years. To understand this process, it is important to account for ethnic contexts and ethnography as a knowledge experience that analyzes the participation of indigenous communities in the armed conflict and in peace building. By focusing on the critical relationship between the Nasa Wesx com munity and the armed conflict in Colombia, it highlights how this community has been both a participant in the conflict and an agent of struggle and recon ciliation.

Fuzzy cognitive mapping and soft models of indigenous knowledge on maternal health in Guerrero, Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Effective health care requires services that are responsive to local needs and contexts. Achieving this in indigenous settings implies communication between traditional and conventional medicine perspectives. Adequate interaction is especially relevant for maternal health because cultural practices have a notable role during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. Our work with indigenous communities in the Mexican state of Guerrero used fuzzy cognitive mapping to identify actionable factors for maternal health from the perspective of traditional midwives. METHODS: We worked with twenty-nine indigenous women and men whose communities recognized them as traditional midwives. A group session for each ethnicity explored risks and protective factors for maternal health among the Me'phaa and Nancue ñomndaa midwives. Participants mapped factors associated with maternal health and weighted the influence of each factor on others. Transitive closure summarized the overall influence of each node with all other factors in the map. Using categories set in discussions with the midwives, the authors condensed the relationships with thematic analysis. The composite map combined categories in the Me'phaa and the Nancue ñomndaa maps. RESULTS: Traditional midwives in this setting attend to pregnant women's physical, mental, and spiritual conditions and the corresponding conditions of their offspring and family. The maps described a complex web of cultural interpretations of disease - "frío" (cold or coldness of the womb), "espanto" (fright), and "coraje" (anger) - abandonment of traditional practices of self-care, women's mental health, and gender violence as influential risk factors. Protective factors included increased male involvement in maternal health (having a caring, working, and loving husband), receiving support from traditional healers, following protective rituals, and better nutrition. CONCLUSIONS: The maps offer a visual language to present and to discuss indigenous knowledge and to incorporate participant voices into research and decision making. Factors with higher perceived influence in the eyes of the indigenous groups could be a starting point for additional research. Contrasting these maps with other stakeholder views can inform theories of change and support co-design of culturally appropriate interventions.

An interdisciplinary approach to perception of water quality for human consumption in a Mapuche community of arid Patagonia, Argentina.

Vital for human consumption, water is a scarce resource, particularly in the arid environments of Patagonia. In this study we analysed local perspectives and the use of different water sources, based on two case studies in rural communities of Mapuche and Creole ancestry inhabiting extra-Andean Patagonia in Chubut, Argentina. Water quality was evaluated using an ethnolimnological, interdisciplinary approach, taking into account local perspectives and scientific contributions. In addition, we analysed appropriation strategies, management and local organoleptic characteristics. The work was based on semi-structured interviews, tours guided by informants, and physicochemical and microbiological analysis of water sources. It was found that 92% of local inhabitants mainly used superficial and subterranean sources of water for consumption, among which stood out: river, streams, springs, wells, and boreholes. Differences were observed between local and scientific perspectives in terms of water quality (chemical and microbiological). Most water sources used by inhabitants presented water of deficient quality for human consumption (61%), whereas locals considered the water to be fresh, delicious, and transparent. Nevertheless, some points of agreement were found in terms of organoleptic characteristics (e.g., odour, colour) and physicochemical parameters in certain water sources. In general, locals do not recognise the deterioration of their water supply, but the importance of organoleptic characteristics in local perception should be highlighted. These aspects speak of a need to promote opportunities for dialogue, and implement effective health measures, taking local perspectives into account.

Procesos de adaptabilidad e identidad, al interior de las prácticas musicales en Villavicencio-Meta / Processos de adaptabilidade e identidade, dentro das práticas musicais em Villavicencio-Meta / Processes of adaptability and identity, inside musical practices in Villavicencio-Meta

RESUMEN Este artículo da a conocer la investigación llevada a cabo en una de las academias musicales de Villavicencio (Meta), la cual tuvo por objetivo analizar los procesos de adaptabilidad al entorno artístico de un grupo de docentes y estudiantes, en su mayoría migrantes, teniendo en cuenta las tensiones identitarias que se generan en torno a las afinidades artísticas de los recién llegados, frente a la cultura mayoritaria del lugar El estudio es de tipo etnográfico, aunque también se desarrollaron Talleres de Documentación Narrativa de Experiencias Pedagógicas, con el fin de llegar a una descripción más detallada de la realidad estudiada. Las estrategias de recolección de información implementadas fueron: la entrevista y la cartografía social artística. De tal manera, los resultados indican la existencia de diversos modelos de identidad musical, surgidos a partir de dos propuestas destinadas a realizar prácticas musicales en la región. Como conclusión se presenta la necesidad de generar un diálogo intercultural entre el sector político cultural de Villavicencio y las personas que cuentan con nuevas y distintas formas de expresión artística.

ABSTRACT This article gives to know the research carried out in one of the musical academies in Villavicencio (Meta), which is aimed at analyzing the processes of adaptability to the artistic environment of a group of teachers and students, mostly migrants, considering the tensions of identity that are generated around the artistic affinities of the newcomers in the face of the majority culture of the place. The study is ethnographic, but also Documentation Workshops Narrative of pedagogical experiences, in order to arrive at a more detailed description of the studied reality. The strategies for collecting information implemented were: the interview and the social cartography artistic. In this way, the results indicate the existence of various models of musical identity emerging from the two proposals to make musical practices in the region. As a conclusion, the need to generate an intercultural dialog between the political sector of Villavicencio and the people who have new and different forms of artistic expression.

RESUMO Este artigo revela a pesquisa realizada em uma das academias musicais de Villavicencio (Meta), que teve como objetivo analisar os processos de adaptabilidade ao meio artístico de um grupo de professores e alunos, em sua maioria migrantes, levando em consideração Diz as tensões de identidade que são geradas em torno das afinidades artísticas dos recém-chegados, em oposição à cultura majoritária do lugar O estudo é do tipo etnográfico, embora também tenham sido desenvolvidas Oficinas de Documentação Narrativa de Experiências Pedagógicas, a fim de se chegar a uma descrição mais detalhada da realidade estudada. As estratégias de coleta de informações implementadas foram: a entrevista e a cartografia social artística. Desse modo, os resultados indicam a existência de diferentes modelos de identidade musical, decorrentes de duas propostas voltadas para a realização de práticas musicais na região. Em conclusão, a necessidade de gerar um diálogo intercultural entre o setor cultural e político de Villavicencio e as pessoas que têm formas novas e diferentes de expressão artística.

Rescatar la medicina tradicional en salud materno infantil de las comunidades afrocaucanas a través del diálogo intercultural / Rescuing traditional medicine in maternal and child health in the afrocaucanas communities through intercultural dialogue

El presente artículo de revisión se fundamenta en modelos teóricos y documentales para proponer el diálogo intercultural como una estrategia para rescatar la medicina tradicional en salud materno infantil de las comunidades afrocaucanas. El reconocimiento de los aspectos culturales en salud promueve la capacidad de los agentes biomédicos en la intervención oportuna basada en modelos renovados de Atención Primaria en Salud (APS). En este contexto, los altos índices de morbimortalidad materno infantil en las comunidades vulnerables afrocaucanas evidencian el escaso desarrollo social del departamento del Cauca y la falta de estrategias pertinentes para atender población vulnerable. Esta situación conlleva a la necesidad de renovar los modelos de APS desde un enfoque intercultural que promueva la medicina tradicional de dichas comunidades. El reconocimiento estatal, biomédico y académico de la medicina tradicional en salud materno infantil permite el rescate de la identidad cultural y étnica, al mismo tiempo, contribuye a la búsqueda de alternativas en salud basadas en el diálogo intercultural, por lo que es imperativo la construcción del diálogo para rescatar los saberes y las prácticas tradicionales como una forma de participación incluyente y factor de desarrollo para el departamento.

This paper is based on theoretical models and documentaries to propose intercultural dialogue as a strategy to rescue traditional medicine in Maternal Child Health (MCH) of afrocaucanas communities. The recognition of cultural aspects in health promotes the ability of biomedical agents in the timely intervention based on renewed models of Primary Health Care (PHC). In this context, the high rates of maternal and child morbidity and mortality in the vulnerable afrocaucanas communities show the low social development of Cauca department and the lack of relevant strategies to care vulnerable population. This situation leads to the need to renew PHC models from an intercultural approach that promotes the traditional medicine of these communities. State, biomedical and academic recognition of traditional medicine in MCH allows the rescue of cultural and ethnic identity and at the same time contributes to the search for alternatives in health based on intercultural dialogue. Therefore, it is imperative to build dialogue to rescue traditional knowledge and practices in MCH as a form of inclusive participation and development factor for the department.

¿Monólogo o diálogo intercultural entre sistemas médicos? Un reto educativo para las ciencias de la salud / Monologue or Intercultural Dialogue between Medical Systems? An Educational Challenge for Medical Sciences

Cada sistema cultural médico construye conocimientos sobre la salud a partir de la especialización y del interculturalismo. El conocimiento construido a partir de las relaciones interculturales ha buscado, principalmente, adecuar la atención en salud a los referentes culturales de los usuarios. Este énfasis ha omitido las oportunidades que representa establecer relaciones entre sistemas culturales médicos basadas en el diálogo; especialmente, las que permitirían ajustar los límites disciplinares de los sistemas en relación, para construir nuevo conocimiento en salud. En esta ausencia de diálogo han incidido tanto las barreras epistemológicas propias de cada sistema, como las relaciones de dominación social. Este artículo expone algunos conceptos relacionados con los procesos cognoscitivos que posibilitan superar dichas barreras, con el fin de que las ciencias de la salud puedan aportar a la puesta en práctica de las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y del Estado sobre el particular.

Each medical cultural system constructs knowledge about health through specialization or interculturalism. The knowledge constructed through interculturalism has sought, mainly, to adapt the delivery of health care services to the users' cultural referents. This emphasis has overlooked the opportunities embedded in the establishment of intercultural relationships between medical systems based on dialogue, especially in regard to the adjustment of the disciplinary boundaries of medical cultural systems that would allow the construction of new knowledge on health. This absence of dialogue has been determined by epistemological barriers inherent to every system as well as by social domination. This article presents some concepts related to cognition processes which encourage the reflection on the possibilities to overcome such barriers so that the health sciences may contribute to the effective implementation of the World Health Organization and the State's recommendations on the matter. Key words: Medical Anthropology, medical cultural systems, interculturalism, intercultural dialogue, cognition, health policy, education overcome such barriers so that the health sciences may contribute to the effective implementation of the World Health Organization and the State's recommendations on the matter.