Persons Living with HIV as a Vulnerable Group: An Argument to Ensure Treatment, Care, and Support.

Generally, human rights documents are to be applied universally. However, certain groups are identified for special treatment due to vulnerabilities faced; these are often referred to as vulnerable groups or populations. While human rights literature and public health literature make a case for particular sensitivity regarding vulnerable populations living with HIV, there is perhaps a case to be made for people living with HIV to be recognised as a vulnerable group in and of itself. It is often other vulnerabilities, such as poverty, disability, or discrimination, that render persons living with HIV legally vulnerable. But what happens if these other vulnerabilities are not present? Persons living with HIV could benefit from being recognised as a vulnerable group, in that it could prioritise their health rights and promote their access to healthcare and services. This article considers how identifying persons living with HIV as a vulnerable group could impact their treatment, care, and support. By looking at examples of countries where people living with HIV have been identified as vulnerable, and at how vulnerable groups are defined, an argument is made that it could be beneficial to persons living with HIV to be identified as a vulnerable group in terms of accessing treatment, care, and support.

Three Reconstructions of 'Effectiveness': Some Implications for State Continuity and Sea-level Rise.

Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are uniquely threatened by rising sea levels. Not only does the retreat of their coastlines place them in danger of losing maritime territory; the concurrent possibility of their landmasses becoming either uninhabitable or completely submerged also threatens their very existence. According to one understanding of the law that governs the continuity and extinction of states, political communities that permanently lose 'effectiveness'-typically understood as sufficient governmental control of a relatively determinate territory with a permanent population-must lose their statehood as well. In this article, I provide three reconstructions of effectiveness, each of which rests upon a different normative rationale. My contention is that, regardless of which reconstruction one adopts, the continuity of submerged SIDS is eminently supportable, notwithstanding the arguments frequently made in favour of their formal extinction.

Desafios do uso da inteligência artificial nos diagnósticos de saúde: uma revisão integrativa / Challenges of using artificial intelligence in health diagnoses: an integrative review / Desafíos del uso de la inteligencia artificial en diagnósticos de salud: una revisión integradora

Objetivo: compreender a participação da IA nos diagnósticos da saúde moderna e definir limites para sua aplicação. Metodologia: Revisão integrativa da literatura. A busca dos estudos se deu nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE e SCIELO e foram selecionados artigos científicos, sem recorte temporal e de idioma. Resultados: A inteligência artificial impacta a medicina em três níveis: otimiza a interpretação de imagens para os médicos, aprimora o fluxo de trabalho reduzindo potenciais erros para os sistemas de saúde e capacita os pacientes a processarem seus próprios dados para promover a saúde. Contudo, é necessária atenção aos dados gerados, pois podem desencadear erros em cascata e expor informações sensíveis dos usuários do sistema de saúde. Conclusão: Atribuir à IA a responsabilidade de escolhas e funções desempenhadas por humanos é intrinsecamente perigoso, apesar de sua contribuição inegável nos processos diagnósticos. Sugere-se a realização de pesquisas robustas para compreender plenamente o impacto dessa nova era tecnológica proporcionada pela IA na área da saúde.

Objective: To understand the role of AI in modern healthcare diagnostics and define boundaries for its application. Methodology:Integrative literature review. Studies were searched in the LILACS, MEDLINE, and SCIELO databases, selecting scientific articles without temporal or language restrictions. Results: Artificial intelligence impacts medicine at three levels: it optimizes image interpretation for physicians, enhances workflow by reducing potential errors for healthcare systems, and empowers patients to process their own data to promote health. However, attention is required regarding the generated data, as it may trigger cascading errors and expose sensitive information of healthcare system users. Conclusion: Assigning AI, the responsibility of choices and functions performed by humans is inherently dangerous, despite its undeniable contribution to diagnostic processes. Robust research is suggested to fully understand the impact of this new technological era provided by AI in healthcare.

Objetivo: Comprender la participación de la IA en los diagnósticos de la salud moderna y definir límites para su aplicación. Metodología:Revisión integrativa de la literatura. Los estudios se buscaron en las bases de datos LILACS, MEDLINE y SCIELO, seleccionando artículos científicos sin restricciones temporales ni lingüísticas. Resultados: La inteligencia artificial impacta la medicina en tres niveles: optimiza la interpretación de imágenes para los médicos, mejora el flujo de trabajo al reducir errores potenciales para los sistemas de salud y capacita a los pacientes para procesar sus propios datos y promover la salud. Sin embargo, se requiere atención respecto a los datos generados, ya que pueden desencadenar errores en cascada y exponer información sensible de los usuarios del sistema de salud. Conclusión: Asignar a la IA la responsabilidad de decisiones y funciones realizadas por humanos es intrínsecamente peligroso, apesar de su contribución innegable a los procesos de diagnóstico. Se sugiere realizar investigaciones sólidas para comprender completamente el impacto de esta nueva era tecnológica proporcionada por la IA en la salud.

A Recomendação Geral N. º 24 da Convenção para a Eliminação de todas as Formas de Discriminação contra a Mulher amplia ou constrói uma interpretação aos Estados Partes? / General Recommendation N. º 24 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women does it broaden or construct an interpretation for State parties? / ¿La Recomendación General N. º 24 de la Convención sobre la Eliminación de todas las Formas de Discriminación contra la Mujer amplía o construye una interpretación para los Estados Partes?

Objetivos: analisar se a Recomendação Geral n.º24, sobre saúde da mulher, amplia ou constrói interpretações para os Estados Partes da Convenção para a Eliminação de todas as Formas de Discriminação contra a Mulher. Metodologia: foi realizada uma pesquisa documental e bibliográfica para coletar dados e revisar criticamente documentos internacionais e literatura especializada. Os resultados foram analisados por meio da revisão crítico-narrativa. Resultados: a Convenção abrange direitos da mulher, incluindo saúde, e o Comitê da Convenção sobre a eliminação de todas as formas de discriminação contra as mulheres emite recomendações gerais para orientar sua implementação pelos Estados Partes. A Recomendação Geraln.º24 amplia as recomendações originais, abordando questões como saúde sexual, violência de gênero e participação na tomada de decisões. Conclusões: a interpretação política da Convenção, conforme preconizado por Kelsen, permite observar as necessidades e o contexto político dos Estados-parte. A Recomendação Geraln.º24 amplia as recomendações, refletindo a necessidade de adaptação das políticas públicas às mudanças globais e às necessidades das mulheres.

Objectives: This study examines whether General Recommendation (GR) No. 24, on women's health, broadens or constructs interpretations for the State parties of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Methodology: A documentary and bibliographical research was conducted to collect data and critically review international documents and specialized literature. The results were analyzed through critical-narrative review. Results: The Convention covers women's rights, including health, and the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women issues general recommendations to guide its implementation by State parties. GR No. 24 expands the original recommendations, addressing issues such as sexual health, gender-based violence, and participation in decision-making. Conclusions: The political interpretation of the Convention, as advocated by Kelsen, enables the observation of the needs and political context of the State parties. GR No. 24 expands the recommendations, reflecting the need to adapt public policies to global changes and women's needs.

Objetivos: Este estudio analiza si la Recomendación General (RG) n. 24, sobre la salud de la mujer, amplía o construye interpretaciones para los Estados Partes de la Convención para la Eliminación de todas las Formas de Discriminación contra la Mujer. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación documental y bibliográfica para recopilar datos y revisar críticamente documentos internacionales y literatura especializada. Los resultados fueron analizados mediante la revisión crítico-narrativa. Resultados: La Convención abarca los derechos de las mujeres, incluida la salud, y el Comité de la Convención sobre la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación contra la mujer emite recomendaciones generales para guiar su implementación por parte de los Estados-partes. La RG n. 24 amplía las recomendaciones originales, abordando cuestiones como la salud sexual, la violencia de género y la participación en la toma de decisiones. Conclusiones: La interpretación política de la Convención, como preconiza Kelsen, permite la observación de las necesidades y el contexto político de los Estados Partes. La RG n. 24 amplía las recomendaciones, reflejando la necesidad de adaptar las políticas públicas a los cambios globales y a las necesidades de las mujeres.

How Does Narcotic Control Impact upon Human Individual Rights: An Islamic and International Human Rights Perspectives.

Illegal trafficking of narcotics and problems associated with illegal substance abuse have attracted great deal of attention over the years. However, there are concerns about how to solve this problem while still respecting individual rights. In general terms, it has been alleged by numerous international observers that in many instances human rights have not been fully respected or observed in the fight against illicit drugs. When it comes to Shari'a law, the fundamental premise is that narcotics abuse and trafficking is clearly in violation of Islamic principles. This article highlights the importance of adopting a human rights-based approach to policies regarding narcotics and discusses the potential conflict and the State's obligation to enforce laws which protect their citizens with individual citizen's rights. It focuses on Islamic laws and takes Saudi Arabia as an example given the fact that the Saudi Arabia bases its constitution on Sharia.

Hidden figures: how legal experts influence the design of international institutions.

Whose preferences influence the design of international institutions? Scholarship on the legalization of international politics and creation of international legal institutions largely adopts a state-centric perspective. Existing accounts, however, fail to recognize how states often delegate authority over institutional design tasks to independent legal experts whose preferences may diverge from those of states. We develop a principal-agent (PA) framework for theorizing relations between states (collective principals) and legal actors (agents) in the design process, and for explaining how legal actors influence the design of international institutions. The legal dimensions of the PA relationship increase the likelihood of preference divergence between the collective principal and the agent, but also create conditions that enable the agent to opportunistically advance its own design preferences. We argue that the more information on states' preferences the agent has, the more effectively it can exploit its legal expertise to strategically select and justify design choices that maximize its own preferences and the likelihood of states' acceptance. Our analysis of two cases of delegated institutional design concerning international criminal law at the United Nations and the African Union supports our theoretical expectations. Extensive archival and interview data elucidate how agents' variable information on states' preferences affects their ability to effectively advance their design preferences. Our theory reveals how independent legal experts with delegated authority over design tasks influence institutional design processes and outcomes, which has practical and normative implications for the legalization of international politics.

The planetary commons: A new paradigm for safeguarding Earth-regulating systems in the Anthropocene.

The Anthropocene signifies the start of a no-analogue trajectory of the Earth system that is fundamentally different from the Holocene. This new trajectory is characterized by rising risks of triggering irreversible and unmanageable shifts in Earth system functioning. We urgently need a new global approach to safeguard critical Earth system regulating functions more effectively and comprehensively. The global commons framework is the closest example of an existing approach with the aim of governing biophysical systems on Earth upon which the world collectively depends. Derived during stable Holocene conditions, the global commons framework must now evolve in the light of new Anthropocene dynamics. This requires a fundamental shift from a focus only on governing shared resources beyond national jurisdiction, to one that secures critical functions of the Earth system irrespective of national boundaries. We propose a new framework-the planetary commons-which differs from the global commons framework by including not only globally shared geographic regions but also critical biophysical systems that regulate the resilience and state, and therefore livability, on Earth. The new planetary commons should articulate and create comprehensive stewardship obligations through Earth system governance aimed at restoring and strengthening planetary resilience and justice.

Global Health Law and the Climate Crisis: An Unfulfilled Opportunity.

The emerging global climate crisis threatens human health in unprecedented ways, yet global health concerns have not been sufficiently considered within international climate change efforts. A more collaborative pathway could advance efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change while protecting public health and social justice.

Healthcare workers' freedom of movement in times of pandemics: an emerging norm of customary international law.

BACKGROUND: A shortage of healthcare workers can hinder the ability to prepare for and respond to global security threats caused by diseases that are prone to pandemics. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the shortage of healthcare workers became a growing concern worldwide. Recognizing these challenges, countries adopted measures to ensure healthcare workers' freedom of movement in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. As the WHO continues the negotiation process to reform the 2005 International Health Regulations and to adopt a new Pandemic Treaty, with one key provision relating to healthcare workers' mobility, questions remain as to whether States will actually adopt a binding international legal instrument or whether its effectiveness will be watered down by the intrinsic vulnerabilities of an international legal system that has (too) often been unable to tame geopolitical interests. Considering these challenges, we assessed the emergence of a norm of customary international law allowing the free movement of healthcare workers during pandemics. METHODS: Our study examined the laws and policies adopted during the COVID-19 pandemic concerning healthcare workers' mobility in 10 countries, representing all continents. The country selection was based on regional representation and a preliminary analysis indicating their early adoption of measures related to healthcare workers' mobility. Temporal limits were set. To gather relevant data, we employed various methods including research databases, media sources, and the COVID-19 Law Lab database. RESULTS: Our research identified and assessed instances of state practice and evidence of opinio juris to determine whether a norm of customary international law mandating states to ensure healthcare workers' freedom of movement during pandemics exists. The findings indicate a strong consensus towards ensuring the free movement of healthcare workers in times of pandemics as a way to respond to outbreaks of disease. Within months, Argentina, Colombia, Kenya, South Africa, India, Japan, Spain, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States, ten nations representing most regions of the world, recognized, as law, the practice of excluding healthcare workers from prohibitions on movement. CONCLUSION: Ultimately, this discussion is critical for global health because if a norm does exist in this regard, it will further strengthen pandemic legal preparedness efforts. As such, it becomes clear that the reform of the 2005 International Health Regulations and/or the adoption of a new pandemic treaty will bolster the strength of this emerging norm of customary international law and crystallize it. These legal instruments would propel a norm that is already in the process of formulation into existence. Thus, crystallizing a norm that is otherwise emerging among states.

Coercion and Compulsory Treatment in Anorexia Nervosa: a Systematic Review on Legal and Ethical Issues.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this systematic review is to critically summarize current literature concerning ethical and legal issues related compulsory treatment (CT) in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Relevant articles were identified following the PRISMA guidelines after performing title/abstract screening and full text screening. We built the search string using the following terms: "coercion", "compulsory/involuntary treatment", "eating disorders", "anorexia nervosa", "mental capacity", "ethical/legal issues". Research was conducted on original articles published from any time until June 2023. RESULTS: Out of 302 articles retrieved, seven were included for the analysis, including five studies on mental health practitioners, and two on hospital records. The results show that mental health practitioners a) favor the use of CT, but the support is weaker in AN vs other psychiatric conditions (i.e., schizophrenia or depression); b) support of mental capacity is controversial and some variability was found between different categories of psychiatrists; in particular, both ED-treating and CT experienced mental health practitioners support higher use of CT and lack of capacity of AN patients vs. general psychiatrists; c) use of CT is more supported in the early vs. chronic AN, when chances of success are lower. The analysis of hospital records identified 1) comorbidities, previous admissions and current health risk as CT predictors in 96 Australian patients; 2) family conflicts association with longer hospitalizations in 70 UK patients. CONCLUSION: CT is usually intended for patients with AN at the onset of disease, mainly to prevent risk of death and self-injury. However, there is some variability in the attitude to perform CT among psychiatrists working in different setting, also related to the concept of mental capacity. There are also cross-national variabilities regarding CT. We can conclude that forcing patients to treatment is a conceivable option, but the balance between protection respect for patient's autonomy should be evaluated on individual bases.

Decolonization of Global Health Law: Lessons from International Environmental Law.

Global health law for pandemics currently lacks legal obligations to ensure distributional and reparative justice. In contrast, international environmental law contains several novel international legal mechanisms aimed at addressing the effects of colonialism and global injustices that arise from the disproportionate contributions to - and impacts of - climate change and biodiversity loss.

Access to healthcare for people living with HIV: an analysis of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights from an ethical perspective.

Introduction: Although HIV has been part of our reality for over 30 years, people living with HIV (PLHIV) still experience restrictions regarding their access to healthcare. This poses a significant ethical problem, especially as it endangers achieving the goal of ending the HIV epidemic worldwide. The aim of this paper is to analyze the rulings of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) regarding cases where PLHIV experienced restrictions on their access to healthcare. Methods: We conducted an analysis of the ECtHR database and were able to identify N = 28 cases dealing with restricted access to healthcare for PLHIV. A descriptive and thematic analysis was conducted to identify ways in which access to healthcare for PLHIV was restricted. Results: We were able to identify a total of four main categories, with denial of adequate therapeutic support as the main category with N = 22 cases (78.57%). Most of the judgments examined were filed against Russia (N = 12, 42.86%) and Ukraine (N = 9, 32.14%). A large proportion of PLHIV in the cases studied (N = 57, 85.07%) were detainees. Discussion: The analysis shows a clear condemnation of limited access to healthcare for PLHIV by the ECtHR. Ethical implications of the analyzed cases are discussed in detail.

International Law in The Era of Blockchain: Law Semiotics.

Being built on the ground of mutual effect, facing the current state-isolation, international law is losing its grip on efficiency. This makes some of us to question (1) If law is not working, do we still need law? If we would say no, the history shows that such is the path to the state-suicide. As Smithian mutual benefits is the assurance of the individual benefits, we need international relationships to create the benefits for the individual states, hence international law, Yet the current one is certainly not working, then, the question, (2) What should the international law be? The enforcement of the international law could be accomplished through the blockchain. As blockchain "went bypass" the national law, and simply negated it, yet it is still not immune to the scope of international jurisdiction. We also argue that the blockchain' smart contract is not sufficient enough to operate smoothly. Human brain is structured as the mirror rather than a glass and transferring the law interpretation to the machine would not work, hence, we designed the formula of langue and parole, blockchain multiseg operating under the semiotics of the international law. Here the language learning is modelled with the supervisory and reinforcing algorithms, with supervisory predetermined with bias X,Y towards the values of law. Sort of form of constant repetends of Heidegger's hermeneutics circle. The most important part in this paper is written with the purpose to explain that international law is at the same struggle that Kafka had. Carrying the weight of both, the clothed façade and true self, first being the morality guide and later the states will, and not being neither, international law is self-isolated from the real world, as Gregor Samsa was. Hence, this is not the paper of secularization, no customs, no higher purpose, nothing except the will of states, that can be constantly renewed with the signifier and signified being linked and re-linked.

Ecosystem Vulnerability. New Semantics for International Law.

The effects of climate change and increasing environmental pollution have clearly shown the vulnerability of individuals, local communities, and the natural environment, even in the Western context. However, despite such unquestionable data, International Law is still struggling to find adequate, unambiguous, effective solutions to the issue. Even the 'human right to a healthy environment', recognised by the UN General Assembly in 2022, is permeated by an anthropocentric idea of the world, which prevents it from fully dealing with ecosystem issues so as to protect any living and non-living being. The paper starts by exploring the historical relevance of the concept of limit and the lack of boundaries in contemporary society, aiming to show that new semantics are needed, in order to overcome contemporary extractivism. An analysis of international legislation and jurisprudence will investigate the role that the concept of ecosystem vulnerability might play in the implementation of both human rights and the rights of nature.

The impact of the monetary gold principle on the determination of jurisdiction in the mixed maritime disputes.

Mixed maritime disputes are maritime disputes that involve the concurrent consideration of any dispute concerning sovereignty or other rights over continental or insular land territory, which according to Article 298(1)(a)(i) of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, should be excluded from the jurisdiction of a court or tribunal referred to in Article 287. However, by means of treaty interpretation or consensus of two parties, International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and other Annex VII tribunals have increasingly broken through the limits to actively exercise jurisdiction. Judgements under the influence of this tendency will be firmly resisted by states whose sovereign interests are damaged. Moreover, these judgements will not only fail to resolve disputes, but will create more serious international law and international political disputes, such as the judgement on preliminary objections of Mauritius v. Maldives delimitation case. In this judgement, the Special Chamber of International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea circumvented the Monetary Gold principle by citing the International Court of Justice advisory opinion and United Nations General Assembly resolution, which had no legally binding force. It is proposed that this judgement could open Pandora's box of challenges to general principles of international law and jurisdiction over sovereignty disputes. For States with mixed maritime disputes to resolve the issues mentioned above, it is necessary to respond to lawsuits actively, avoid adverse consequences caused by default judgements and reach regional consensus, and avoid unfavourable International Court of Justice advisory opinions and United Nations General Assembly resolutions.

[Mental health of migrants under international legal texts and clinical practice: what is the role of culture?] / La santé mentale des migrants entre textes juridiques internationaux et pratique clinique: quelle place pour la culture?

This study examines the mental health of migrants under international legal texts and clinical practice. It highlights to what extent the right to mental health of migrants is guaranteed in international legal texts. It then relates this right to national practice in France. It determines practice guidelines addressing migrants' mental health. The purpose of this clinical study is to identify the adequacy of international legal texts to guarantee this right as an integral part of human rights. The individual in his or her singularity is at the heart of our work. However, a multidisciplinary approach will also address socio-cultural, anthropological and environmental factors. Indeed, steeped in clinical and social realities, we wonder how one can deny the cultural dimension of all human interactions and thus the basis of the helping relationship. We therefore understand that we need to broaden our conceptual and clinical/social framework through our awareness of clinical medical anthropology. Culture partly shapes the individual and his or her behaviour. It helps to make sense of the experiences that occur in each person's life and to prepare for what might happen.

A "willingness to be orchestrated": Why are UK diplomats working with tobacco companies?

Background: The tobacco epidemic is global and addressing it requires global collaboration. International and national policies have been adopted to promote collaboration for tobacco control, including an obligation on diplomatic missions to protect public health from the vested interests of the tobacco industry. However, incidents of diplomats engaging with the tobacco industry are still occurring despite these regulations. This paper presents a case study of a British ambassador actions, and it points to some of the challenges researchers face in monitoring such incidents. Methods: The incident studied in this paper was first identified through regular media monitoring conducted by the Tobacco Control Research Group at the University of Bath. The incident was further investigated by using the tools made available by the United Kingdom (UK) Freedom of Information Act, including submitting a request, asking for internal review, and submitting a complaint to the Information Commissioner's Office. Results: We identified clear evidence of the UK ambassador to Yemen opening a cigarette factory, part owned by British American Tobacco (BAT), in Jordan. Our investigation revealed a lack of documentation of this and similar incidents of interaction between diplomats and the tobacco industry. We raise concerns about the actions of diplomats which contravene both national and international policies. Discussion: Monitoring and reporting such activities produces several challenges. Diplomats' interactions with the tobacco industry represent a major concern for public health as such interactions seem to be systematically repeated. This paper calls for action to better implement national and international policies to protect the public health including in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

Fighting with words: humanitarian security and the changing role of law in contemporary armed conflict.

Violence against humanitarians is a commonplace phenomenon in contemporary armed conflict. This paper examines how the manipulation of international legal principles for political or military purposes, a practice known as 'lawfare', impacts humanitarian security in conflict-affected areas. Drawing on a case study of the Syrian conflict (2011-), it finds that lawfare has been used to legitimate systematic civilian targeting by pro-government forces and to delegitimise the delivery of aid to opposition-held areas of the country. Efforts to use legal measures to promote civilian welfare-by way of sanctions or demands for cross-border humanitarian access-have been taken as evidence of Western attempts to politicise humanitarian considerations and international law. In practice, this has meant increased security risks for aid workers and impunity for those implicated in the violence. The paper concludes by calling for more critical research on lawfare and politicisation of international law as part and parcel of civilian protection in conflict-affected areas.

Filiación, gestación por sustitución y derecho internacional privado: la Sentencia del Tribunal Supremo español 277/2022, sobre filiación en la gestación subrogada, a la luz de la doctrina del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos / Filiació, gestació per substitució i dret internacional privat: la Sentència del Tribunal Suprem espanyol 277/2022, sobre filiació en la gestació subrogada, a la llum de la doctrina del Tribunal Europeu de Drets Humans / Filiation, surrogacy,and private international law: the Spanish Supreme Court Ruling 277/2022, on filiation in surrogacy, in light of the doctrine of the European Court of Human Rights

El Tribunal Supremo admitela reclamación de la paternidad biológica y el expediente de adopción como procedimientos idóneos para el reconocimiento de la filiación derivada de una gestación por sustitución celebrada en el extranjero, al mismo tiempo que deniega su reconocimiento cuando haya sido reclamada mediante la solicitud de la transcripción del certificado registral extranjero o por posesión de estado. Esta doctrina es compatible con la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos que obliga a los Estados a reconocer la filiación derivada de una gestación por sustitución cuando exista un vínculo genético entre el menor y los padres de intención, así como a proteger el interés superior del menor cuando exista vida familiar. Esta doctrina jurisprudencial pretende proteger los derechos de la madre gestante y el interés superior del menor; sin embargo, una protección eficaz de ambos solo puede venir desde un convenio de derecho internacional privado que regule los requisitos para el reconocimiento de la filiación por parte de aquellos Estados que niegan validez a los contratos de gestación por sustitución, de manera que los derechos humanos y el interés superior del menor sean garantizados.(AU)

The Supreme Court admits the claim of biological paternity and the adoption file as suitable procedures for the recognition of the filiation derived from a surrogacy carried out abroad, at the same time that it denies its recognition when it has been claimed through the application of the transcript of the foreign registry certificate or by possession of state. This doctrine is compatible with the case of law of the European Court of Human Rights, which obliges States to recognize the filiation derived from surrogacy when there is a genetic link between the minor and the intended parents, as well as to protect the best interests of the minor, when there is family life. This jurisprudential doctrine seeks to protect the rights of the surrogate mother and the best interests of the minor; however, effective protection of both can only come from a private international law agreement that regulates the requirements for the recognition of filiation by those States that deny validity to surrogacy contracts, so that human rights and the best interests of the minor are guaranteed.(AU)

El Tribunal Suprem admet la reclamació de la paternitat biològica i l’expedient d’adopció com a procediments idonis per al reconeixement de la filiació derivada d’ una gestació per substitució celebrada a l’ estranger, al mateix temps que desestima el seu reconeixement quan hagi estat reclamada mitjançant la sol· licitud de la transcripció del certificat registral estranger o per possessió d‟estat. Aquesta doctrina és compatible amb la jurisprudència del Tribunal Europeu de Drets Humans que obliga els Estats a reconèixer la filiació derivada d'una gestació per substitució quan hi hagi un vincle genètic entre el menor i els pares d'intenció, així com protegir l'interès superior del menor quan hi hagi vida familiar. Aquesta doctrina jurisprudencial vol protegir els drets de la mare gestant i l'interès superior del menor; tanmateix, una protecció eficaç de tots dos només pot venir des d'un conveni de dret internacional privat que reguli els requisits per al reconeixement de la filiació per part dels Estats que neguen validesa als contractes de gestació per substitució, de manera que els drets humans i l'interès superior del menor siguin garantits.(AU)