Women and cities. The conquest of urban space.

In the city of the Nineteenth-century, transformed by the values of the French revolution and by the modernity, women did not have yet full citizenship. The public space was still strongly a male space and women, still with a weak public subjectivity, remained the object of the male gaze. Women have begun a process of conquering urban space by claiming their right to the city, through their physical presence in the city itself. Through physical space, women have claimed their full symbolic citizenship. The project of an inclusive city takes shape from the public demands of women who, as Annie Hockshild wrote, gave birth to the most important revolution of the 20th century. However it is a stalled revolution that still today requires a legislative protection for the project of the substantial equality, which is still not fully achieved. In addition to the various national legislations, international legislation also recognizes the central objective of guaranteeing women's right to full citizenship. In the second part of the article, the focus is precisely on the normative content of this legislation and in particular on the objectives of the UN Agenda 2030.

Posições e tomadas de posições na constitucionalização do direito ao esporte no Brasil / Stances and stance-taking in the constitutionalization of the right to sport in Brazil / Posiciones y toma de postura en la constitucionalización del derecho al deporte en Brasil

Resumo: Buscamos identificar fatores histórico-sociológicos determinantes para que o esporte adquirisse o caráter de direito constitucional no Brasil. Revisitamos a história do período pré-constituinte, analisando-a 1) à luz de pressupostos do direito internacional em sentido lato e 2) das contribuições teóricas de Pierre Bourdieu. Ainda que as demandas da comunidade esportiva nacional tenham se dado em função da liberalização da iniciativa privada, certos movimentos dentro do campo político-esportivo, sobretudo influenciados por Manoel Tubino, agente com capital cultural em muito pautado em documentos internacionais, foram fundamentais para constitucionalização do direito ao esporte. (AU)

Abstract: We seek to identify crucial historical and sociological factors that caused sport to become a constitutional right in Brazil. We revisit the history of the pre-constitutional period, analyzing it in the light of [1] basis of international law in the broad sense and [2] Pierre Bourdieu's contributions. Although the demands of Brazil's sports community have been a result of liberalization of private initiative, some movements within the politicalsports field, mainly influenced by Manoel Tubino ­ an agent with cultural capital based heavily on international documents ­ were crucial for the constitutionalization of the right to sport. (AU)

Resumen: Buscamos identificar los factores históricos y sociológicos determinantes para que el deporte adquiriese el carácter de derecho constitucional en Brasil. Examinamos la historia del periodo preconstitucional y la analizamos [1] a la luz de supuestos del derecho internacional en el sentido amplio y [2] de las aportaciones teóricas de Pierre Bourdieu. Aunque las demandas de la comunidad deportiva nacional han resultado de la liberalización de la iniciativa privada, algunos movimientos dentro del campo políticodeportivo, influenciados principalmente por Manoel Tubino, agente con capital cultural en gran medida guiado por documentos internacionales, fueron fundamentales para la constitucionalización del derecho al deporte. (AU)

Enseñanza del Derecho Internacional Humanitario a estudiantes en ciencias de la salud / Teaching of International Humanitarian Law to Health Science students

Se recoge la experiencia de varios años del sistema de enseñanza para impartir el Derecho Internacional Humanitario en el marco de la asignatura de Preparación para la Defensa. Este contenido constituye un excelente vehículo para el aprendizaje y la toma de conciencia, por parte de los estudiantes en ciencias de la salud, especialmente los de medicina, de los principios éticos que deben regir los conflictos armados en cualquier parte del mundo y su importancia en el desarrollo de las guerras. Durante las distintas carreras en ciencias de la salud, se van incorporando temáticas necesarias para lograr el dominio de estos principios en la formación de los futuros trabajadores de la salud. Los fundamentos en materia de derecho internacional humanitario preparan a los educandos en su comportamiento profesional durante los conflictos bélicos(AU)

A way of teaching of Humanitarian International Right (HIR) is presented in the context of the teaching ôtraining for defenceõ as an adequate way for medical students learning about the importance of ethical principles which must ruled the war conflicts along the word. During the last three years of the medical studies different themes are included in order to achieve these ethical principles by the future medical workers. A method for teaching HIR is proposed here. This method is characterized by the students training in their professional behaviour during war conflicts and in the protection of medical personnel(AU)

Enseñanza del derecho internacional humanitario a estudiantes en ciencias de la salud / Teaching of International Humanitarian Law to Health Science students

Se recoge la experiencia de varios años del sistema de enseñanza para impartir el Derecho Internacional Humanitario en el marco de la asignatura de Preparación para la Defensa. Este contenido constituye un excelente vehículo para el aprendizaje y la toma de conciencia, por parte de los estudiantes en ciencias de la salud, especialmente los de medicina, de los principios éticos que deben regir los conflictos armados en cualquier parte del mundo y su importancia en el desarrollo de las guerras. Durante las distintas carreras en ciencias de la salud, se van incorporando temáticas necesarias para lograr el dominio de estos principios en la formación de los futuros trabajadores de la salud. Los fundamentos en materia de derecho internacional humanitario preparan a los educandos en su comportamiento profesional durante los conflictos bélicos.

A way of teaching of Humanitarian International Right (HIR) is presented in the context of the teaching “training for defence” as an adequate way for medical students learning about the importance of ethical principles which must ruled the war conflicts along the word. During the last three years of the medical studies different themes are included in order to achieve these ethical principles by the future medical workers. A method for teaching HIR is proposed here. This method is characterized by the students training in their professional behaviour during war conflicts and in the protection of medical personnel.