International Standards and Features of Financing in the Field of Health Care and Provision of Medical Services.

The relevance of this article is due to the fact that international standards in the field of health care and medical services are central to the field of world principles of functioning and development of medical law. The aim of the article is to conduct research on the peculiarities of international standards in the field of health care and medical services, as well as to study the prospects of their implementation in Ukraine. Leading research methods are general and special research methods, including methods of logic, analysis, comparison. The results of this study are to outline recommendations for the use of international standards in the field of health care and medical services in Ukraine and to summarize the legal framework on this issue. The significance of the results is reflected in the fact that this study can serve as a basis for outlining future changes in current legislation of Ukraine on the functioning of the health care system and implementation of world practices in health care. Within the framework of this study, systematized the main international and European documents that reflect the main international standards in the field of health care and medical services and ratified in Ukraine and have a direct impact on the legal framework for this area.

Cooperação internacional para o desenvolvimento e financiamento externo para o Brasil: uma macroanálise do período entre 2000 e 2020 / Cooperación internacional para el desarrollo con financiación externa para Brasil: un macroanálisis de 2000 a 2020 / International development cooperation and external financing in Brazil: a macro analysis from 2000 to 2020

Resumo Este artigo traz como objeto de análise os projetos e programas do setor público no Brasil que receberam financiamentos externos de organismos multilaterais e bilaterais em âmbito federal, estadual e municipal entre 2000 e 2020. Os dados analisados foram coletados no Painel da Comissão de Financiamentos Externos (Painel COFIEX) do Ministério da Economia do Brasil, categorizados e apresentados neste artigo de forma conjuntural, com o objetivo de representar um panorama sobre este objeto para os estudos da Administração Pública no país. Importante instrumento do Sistema de Cooperação Internacional para o Desenvolvimento (SCID), o financiamento internacional para o desenvolvimento obedece às agendas e diretrizes das organizações internacionais, as quais se modificaram ao longo dos anos. Dessa forma, além de explorar as principais fontes credoras, setores e unidades da federação de destino dos financiamentos internacionais para o desenvolvimento destinados ao Brasil, o artigo buscou verificar de que forma as características dos financiamentos internacionais recebidos entre 2000 e 2015 e pós-2015 refletem as agendas e diretrizes da Cooperação Internacional para o Desenvolvimento (CID) dos respectivos períodos, a saber: os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio (ODM) (2000-2015) e os Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) (2015-2030). Como resultado, além de apresentar uma pioneira análise exploratória dos dados, verificou-se uma inflexão dos financiamentos externos recebidos no pós-2015 pelo Brasil na direção da atual agenda e diretrizes da CID. Por fim, o artigo apresenta encaminhamentos para agendas futuras de pesquisa.

Resumen Este artículo ofrece un análisis de los proyectos y programas del sector público en Brasil que recibieron financiación externa de agencias multilaterales y bilaterales, a nivel federal, estatal y municipal, entre los años 2000 y 2020. Los datos analizados fueron recolectados en el Panel COFIEX del Ministerio de Economía de Brasil, categorizados y presentados en este artículo de forma coyuntural, con el objetivo de representar una visión general de este objeto para los estudios de la Administración Pública en el país. Instrumento importante del Sistema de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (SCID), la Financiación Internacional para el Desarrollo sigue las agendas y directrices de las organizaciones internacionales, que han cambiado a lo largo de los años. Así, además de explorar las principales fuentes acreedoras, sectores y unidades federales de destino de la Financiación Internacional para el Desarrollo a Brasil, el artículo buscó verificar cómo las características de la financiación internacional recibida entre 2000 y 2015 y posteriormente reflejan las agendas y directrices de la Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (CID) de los respectivos períodos, a saber, los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (2000-2015) y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (2015-2030). Como resultado, además de presentar un análisis exploratorio pionero de los datos, se verificó una inflexión de la financiación externa recibida por Brasil después de 2015 hacia la actual agenda y directrices de la Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (CID). Por último, el documento presenta referencias para futuras agendas de investigación.

Abstract This article analyzes public sector projects and programs in Brazil that received external financing from multilateral and bilateral agencies at the federal, state, and municipal levels between 2000 and 2020. The analyzed data were collected in the COFIEX Panel of the Brazilian Ministry of Economy, categorized, and presented in this article in a contextual way, aiming to represent the first overview of this object for studies on Public Administration in the country. An important instrument of the International Development Cooperation System, International Financing for Development follows international organizations" agendas and guidelines that have changed throughout history. Thus, in addition to exploring the main creditor sources, sectors, and federal units of destination of International Development Financing to Brazil, the article verified how the characteristics of international financing received between 2000-2015 and post-2015 reflect the agendas and guidelines of International Development Cooperation of the respective periods, namely, the Millennium Development Goals (2000-2015) and the Sustainable Development Goals (2015-2030). As a result, in addition to presenting a pioneering exploratory analysis of the data, it was possible to verify an inflection of external financing received by Brazil after 2015 in the direction of the current agenda and guidelines of International Development Cooperation. Finally, the paper presents directions for future research agendas.

Hidden within a pandemic: how is international funding supporting mental health during COVID-19?

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is bringing to light the long-neglected area of mental health. Current evidence demonstrates an increase in mental, neurological and substance use conditions globally. Although long-established as a leading cause of disease burden, mental health has been historically grossly underfunded. This analysis seeks to demonstrate the extent to which funding for mental health has been prioritised within the international COVID-19 response. Methods: The authors analysed the development and humanitarian funding through data provided by the International Aid Transparency Initiative. Project-level COVID-19 data from January 2020 to March 2021 were reviewed for mental health relevance. Relevant projects were then classified into categories based on populations of concern for mental health and the degree of COVID-19 involvement. Financial information was assessed through project transaction data in US Dollars. Results: Of the 8319 projects provided, 417 were mental health relevant. Mental health-relevant funding accounted for less than 2% of all COVID-19 development and humanitarian funding. Target populations which received the majority of mental health relevant funding were children and humanitarian populations, and 46% of funding went towards activities which combined COVID-19 responses with general humanitarian actions. Over half of mental health relevant funding was received by ten countries, and ten donor organisations provided almost 90% of funding. Conclusion: This analysis shows that the international donor community is currently falling short in supporting mental health within and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. As the pandemic continues, sustainable country-led awareness, treatment, and prevention for mental, neurological and substance use conditions must be prioritised.

An analysis of funding patterns in development assistance for mental health: who, when, what, and where.

BACKGROUND: Mental health has recently gained increasing attention on global health and development agendas, including calls for an increase in international funding. Few studies have previously characterized official development assistance for mental health (DAMH) in a nuanced and differentiated manner in order to support future funding efforts. METHODS: Data from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Creditor Reporting System were obtained through keyword searches. Projects were manually reviewed and categorized into projects dedicated entirely to mental health and projects that mention mental health (as one of many aims). Analysis of donor, recipient, and sector characteristics within and between categories was undertaken cumulatively and yearly. FINDINGS: Between the two categories of official DAMH defined, characteristics differed in terms of largest donors, largest recipient countries and territories, and sector classification. However, across both categories there were clear and consistent findings: the top donors accounted for over 80% of all funding identified; the top recipients were predominantly conflict-affected countries and territories, or were receiving nations for conflict-affect refugees; and sector classification demonstrated shifting international development priorities and political drivers. CONCLUSION: Across DAMH, significant amounts of funding are directed toward conflict settings and relevant emergency response by a small majority of donors. Our analysis demonstrated that, within minimal international assistance for mental health overall, patterns of donor, recipient, and sector characteristics favor emergency conflict-affected settings. Calls for increased funding should be grounded in understanding of funding drivers and directed toward both emergency and general health settings.

Donor and Domestic Financing of Primary Health Care in Low Income Countries.

Abstract-This paper evaluates resource commitments to primary health care (PHC) by donors and selected governments between 1990-2011. Donor commitments to financing PHC are assessed by reclassifying OECD/CRS data on health assistance into spending on 'PHC Service Delivery' versus spending on 'Health System Strengthening'. Domestic spending on PHC is assessed using a case study approach and National Health Accounts for two major recipients of donor assistance, Ethiopia and Nigeria. Results are generally consistent with three simple hypotheses that guide the inquiry. First, though donor funding for health among LICs has mushroomed over the last decade, it remains a miniscule share of per capita spending targets prescribed by international forums to attain universal access to basic/essential PHC services. Relative to levels of domestic public spending in LICs, however, donor funding has considerably more significance as a potential lever to improve PHC efficiency. Second, as reflected in on-going debate in the literature, donor spending on broader 'health system strengthening' has not kept up with mushrooming financing of disease control programs. Third, at country level, where the 'rubber meets the road', allocative efficiency of donor and domestic spending on health is highly conditional on contextual factors, especially political will to improve financing and delivery of PHC services, and the process of managing and implementing public spending on PHC.