Towards a history of global hospital governance, late nineteenth century to mid-twentieth century: a contribution to a history yet to be written / Para uma história da governança hospitalar global,do final do século XIX a meados do século XX: contribuição para uma história a ser escrita

Abstract This article draws on the recent historiography in international relations and global health, as well as selected archives, to propose some milestones for a history of global hospital governance from the late nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century. How can we identify a system of hospital governance, including formal and informal arrangements, on a global or sub-global scale? Through the lens of the International Hospital Association, founded in 1931, we highlight the significance of internationalization processes, relationships with other international organizations, transnational interpersonal networks, and forces structuring innovation. This document provides a preliminary starting point for discussion and encourages further research.

Resumo O artigo baseia-se na historiografia recente das relações internacionais e da saúde global, bem como em arquivos selecionados, para propor alguns marcos para uma história da governança hospitalar global do final do século XIX a meados do século XX. Como podemos identificar um sistema de governança hospitalar, incluindo acordos formais e informais, em escala global ou subglobal? Por meio das lentes da International Hospital Association, fundada em 1931, destacamos a importância dos processos de internacionalização, das relações com outras organizações internacionais, das redes interpessoais transnacionais e das forças que estruturam a inovação. Esse documento fornece um ponto de partida preliminar para a discussão e incentiva pesquisas adicionais.

Are Pesticides Used to Control Thrips Harmonious with Soil-Dwelling Predatory Mite Cosmolaelaps sabelis (Mesostigmata: Laelapidae)?

Edaphic predatory mites could be introduced in pest management programs of pests that live, or spend part of their life cycle, in the soil. Some mesostigmatic mites have been widely used for the management of different species of thrips (Thysanoptera), especially in protected cultivation. The edaphic predator Cosmolaelaps sabelis (Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) was a model species in this study, being exposed to the most applied insecticides for the control of thrips in Brazil. After lethal, sublethal and transgenerational effects were evaluated. The pesticides acephate, acetamiprid + etofenprox, azadirachtin, spinetoram, formetanate hydrochloride, and imidacloprid were classified according to the IOBC/WPRS (International Organization for Biological Control-West Paleartic Regional Section) recommendation, considering the acute toxicity and the effects on adult females' reproduction, in the maternal and first generation. The pesticides acetamiprid + etofenprox and azadirachtin were classified as slightly harmful (Class 2), while spinetoram was classified as moderately harmful (Class 3). Acephate and formetanate hydrochloride were classified as harmful (Class 4). Only imidacloprid didn't cause negative effects on the females. Regarding effects on the first generation, acetamiprid + etofenprox, azadirachtin, and spinetoram caused reduction in the oviposition rates. Therefore, we suggest that complimentary bioassays should be done under semi-field and field conditions using the pesticides that were considered harmful in this study, to assess their effects on this predator in other environments prior to recommending not to use them in integrated programs to manage soil-based pests using chemical and biological tools.

Fundamentos del Diseño Universal para el Aprendizaje Desde la Perspectiva Internacional / Fundamentals of Universal Design for Learning from an International Perspective

RESUMEN: El presente estudio se enmarca en el ámbito educativo, concretamente, en el área de la educación inclusiva, profundizando en el Diseño Universal para el Aprendizaje (DUA). El DUA se concibe como un enfoque teórico y práctico que actúa como una herramienta eficaz para alcanzar una educación de calidad y equidad dentro del movimiento de la inclusión educativa. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la presencia de los fundamentos del DUA (derecho de la educación; diversidad; Diseño Universal; currículo flexible; igualdad de oportunidades; neurociencia y tecnologías de la información y la comunicación) en los documentos publicados por los organismos internacionales con competencia en materia educativa y de repercusión mundial. La metodología de la investigación es de corte cualitativo utilizando el análisis documental. Las categorías de análisis corresponden a los siete fundamentos del DUA. Las fuentes documentales para el estudio han sido fundamentalmente las páginas web de los organismos internacionales y la base de datos UNESDOC, obteniéndose una muestra definitiva de once documentos pertenecientes a la literatura gris. Tras la revisión documental, los resultados han evidenciado que no todos los documentos objeto de estudio contemplan en su contenido las categorías de análisis. En suma, se observan carencias en cuanto a la presencia de los siete fundamentos del DUA en los documentos publicados analizados, por lo que se requiere de un nuevo tratamiento a nivel internacional del DUA con el fin de promover una educación de calidad e inclusiva, que atiende y respeta a las diferencias individuales dentro del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje.

ABSTRACT: The present study was carried out in the frame of the educational field, specifically in the area of​​inclusive education, going deeper into the Universal Design for Learning (UDL). UDL is conceived as a theoretical and practical approach that acts as an effective tool to achieve quality education and equity within the educational inclusion movement. The objective of this study is to analyze the presence of the fundamentals of UDL (education law; diversity; Universal Design; flexible curriculum; equal opportunities; neuroscience and information and communication technologies) in documents published by international organizations with competence in education and global impact. The research methodology is of a qualitative nature and uses documentary analysis. The categories of analysis correspond to the seven fundamentals of UDL. The documentary sources of the study were mainly the web pages of international organizations and the UNESDOC database, obtaining a definitive sample of eleven documents belonging to the gray literature. After the document review, the results showed that not all documents under study include the categories of analysis in their content. In summary, there are gaps in the presence of the seven fundamentals of UDL in the published documents analyzed, which is why a new international treatment of the UDL is needed to promote an inclusive and quality education that meets and respects individual differences within the teaching-learning process.

Condiciones de emergencia de un movimiento americano de protección de la infancia: tensiones de género en la construcción de legitimidades, categorías y prácticas / Conditions surrounding the emergence of the child-protection movement in the Americas: gender tensions in the construction of legitimacy, categories and practices

Resumen El artículo analiza las condiciones de emergencia del movimiento americano de protección de infancia a principios del siglo XX, observando tres dimensiones principales: la infancia como preocupación central entre las demandas de mayor presencia estatal en los países de la región, el lugar que ocupó la ciencia en la búsqueda de esas transformaciones y los procesos de construcción de un circuito transnacional de protección para la "infancia americana". Sostiene que el análisis conjunto de estas dimensiones permite visibilizar que la organización social de los sexos y la rigidez con que se fijaron las categorías binarias de género fueron piezas determinantes para la legitimización de este movimiento, así como las versiones de infancia y familia que defendió.

Abstract The article analyzes the conditions surrounding the emergence of the child-protection movement in the Americas in the early twentieth century, focusing on three main aspects: child welfare as a central concern in calls for greater state involvement in countries in the region, the role of science in pursuing those transformations and the processes whereby a transnational circuit for "children of the Americas" was constructed. Combined analysis of these dimensions helps reveal that the social organization of the sexes and rigidly-fixed binary gender categories were determining factors in the legitimization of this movement, as were the versions of childhood and the family it advocated.

RELAGH - The challenge of having a scientific network in Latin America: An account from the presidents.

Latin America and the Caribbean region make up one of the largest areas of the world, and this region is characterized by a complex mixture of ethnic groups sharing Iberian languages. The area is comprised of nations and regions with different levels of social development. This region has experienced historical advances in the last decades to increase the minimal standards of quality of life; however, several factors, such as concentrated populations in large urban centers and isolated and poor communities, still have an important impact on medical services, particularly genetics services. Latin American researchers have greatly contributed to the development of human genetics and historic inter-ethnic diversity, and the multiplicity of geographic areas are unique for the study of gene-environment interactions. As a result of regional developments in the fields of human and medical genetics, the Latin American Network of Human Genetics (Red Latinoamericana de Genética Humana - RELAGH) was created in 2001 to foster the networking of national associations and societies dedicated to these scientific disciplines. RELAGH has developed important educational activities, such as the Latin American School of Human and Medical Genetics (ELAG), and has held three biannual meetings to encourage international research cooperation among the member countries and international organizations. Since its foundation, RELAGH has been admitted as a full regional member to the International Federation of Human Genetics Societies. This article describes the historical aspects, activities, developments, and challenges that are still faced by the Network.