Plant-Based Proteins, Peptides and Amino Acids in Food Products Dedicated for Sportspeople-A Narrative Review of the Literature.

Plant proteins are increasingly seen as critical nutrient sources for both amateur and professional athletes. The aim of the presented study was to review the inventions and experimental articles referring to the application of plant-based proteins, peptides and amino acids in food products dedicated to sportspeople and published in the period 2014-2023. The literature search was conducted according to PRISMA statementsacross several key databases, including Scopus and ISI Web of Science. Altogether, 106 patents and 35 original articles were found. The survey of patents and inventions described in the articles showed the use of 52 taxa (mainly annual herbaceous plants), creating edible seeds and representing mainly the families Fabaceae and Poaceae. The majority of inventions were developed by research teams numbering from two to five scientists, affiliated in China, The United States of America and Japan. The greatest number of inventions applied plant-based proteins (especially protein isolates), declared the nutritional activity and were prepared in liquid or solid consistency. According to the reviewed studies, the intake of soybean and potato proteins might provide better results than animal-based protein (excluding resistance training), whereas the consumption of pea and rice protein does not possess any unique anabolic properties over whey protein. The analysis of other investigations demonstrated the varied acceptability and consumption of food products, while the high rating of the tested food products presented in four articles seems to be an effect of their sensual values, as well as other elements, such as production method, health benefits and cost-effectiveness. Considering the great potential of useful plant species, it might be concluded that future investigations focusing on searching for novel plant protein sources, suitable for the preparation of food products dedicated to amateur and professional sportspeople, remain of interest.

The interactive effect of the career horizon and power of CEO on invention patents.

Invention patents are of great importance to firms, and thus understanding how invention patents are achieved is becoming increasingly important in the literature. Although previous research has shown that both CEO career horizon and CEO power are important for invention patents, little attention has been paid to their potential interactive effect. Investigating their interactive effect would be both theoretically meaningful and practically valuable. Using a sample of firms listed on the A-share market of the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges from 2010 to 2022, it is found that there is an interactive effect between CEO career horizon and CEO power, and that their interaction has a negative impact on invention patents. Furthermore, the interactive effect varies across different kinds of firms. This paper contributes to the literature on upper echelons theory by highlighting the interactive effects of multiple CEO characteristics on firm innovation.

Anti-oxidative stress treatment and current clinical trials.

Oxidative stress disturbs the balance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the detoxification biological process. It plays an important role in the development and progression of many chronic diseases. Upon exposure to oxidative stress or the inducers of ROS, the cellular nucleus undergoes some biological processes via different signaling pathways, such as stress adaption through the forkhead box O signaling pathway, inflammatory response through the IκB kinase/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway, hypoxic response via the hypoxia-inducible factor/prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins pathway, DNA repair or apoptosis through the p53 signaling pathway, and antioxidant response through the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 signaling pathway. These processes are involved in many diseases. Therefore, oxidative stress has gained more attraction as a targeting process for disease treatment. Meanwhile, anti-oxidative stress agents have been widely explored in pre-clinical trials. However, only limited clinical trials are performed to evaluate the efficacy of anti-oxidative stress agents or antioxidants in diseases. In this letter, we further discuss the current clinical trials related to anti-oxidative stress treatment in different diseases. More pre-clinical studies and clinical trials are expected to use anti-oxidative stress strategies as disease treatment or dietary supplementation to improve disease treatment outcomes.

A benefactor to mankind? Captain Warner's secrets and the politics of invention in early Victorian Britain.

This article delves into Captain Samuel Alfred Warner's dogged campaign to sell two inventions - his submersible mine and "long range" missile - to the British government in the 1840s and 1850s. Departing from a historiography that dismisses Warner as a fraudster, it clarifies how he managed to generate widespread interest in his weapons technologies for nearly twenty years. I therefore analyze three key elements of his self-promotion: his personal branding, his pitch, and his simultaneous embrace and rejection of publicity. Neither elite nor highly educated, Warner ran up against a culture of "polite science" that distinguished disinterested practitioners from profit-minded schemers. To establish his credentials, he emphasized his practical maritime experience and represented himself as a martyr willing to bear the scorn of a disbelieving establishment. In pitching his devices, Warner capitalized on alarmism over border security and the integrity of the empire; he declared that they could hobble France's modernizing navy and quickly end colonial conflicts. When skeptics began to fret over the proliferation of his destructive weapons, Warner flipped the script and lauded the threat of mutual annihilation as a deterrent to needless warfare. The issue of publicity, however, would ultimately be Warner's professional undoing. Despite successful demonstrations, his clashes with official investigators and his refusal to disclose his chemical secrets led critics to dispute the originality of his discoveries. An examination of Warner's self-promotional strategies, his fraught interactions with the British state, and the ambivalent public reaction to his contraptions provides insight into how scientific authority was acquired and lost in this period.

Current strategic trends in drug discovery: the present as prologue.

INTRODUCTION: Escalating costs and inherent uncertainties associated with drug discovery invite initiatives to improve its efficiency and de-risk campaigns for inventing better therapeutics. One such initiative involves recognizing and exploiting current approaches in therapeutics invention with molecular mechanisms of action that hold promise for designing and targeting new chemical entities as drugs. AREAS COVERED: This perspective considers the current contextual framework around three drug-discovery approaches and evaluates their potential to help identify new targets/modalities in small-molecule molecular pharmacology: diversifying ligand-directed phenotypes for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pharmacotherapeutic signaling; developing therapeutic-protein degraders and stabilizers for proximity-inducing pharmacology; and mining organelle biology for druggable therapeutic targets. EXPERT OPINION: The contemporary drug-discovery approaches examined appear generalizable and versatile to have applications in therapeutics invention beyond those case studies discussed herein. Accordingly, they may be considered strategic trends worthy of note in advancing the field toward novel ways of addressing pharmacotherapeutically unmet medical needs.

Do in-person and computer-based brief alcohol interventions reduce tobacco smoking among general hospital patients? Secondary outcomes from a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: At-risk alcohol use and tobacco smoking often co-occur. We investigated whether brief alcohol interventions (BAIs) among general hospital patients with at-risk alcohol use may also reduce tobacco smoking over 2 years. We also investigated whether such effects vary by delivery mode; i.e. in-person versus computer-based BAI. METHODS: A proactively recruited sample of 961 general hospital patients with at-risk alcohol use aged 18 to 64 years was allocated to three BAI study groups: in-person BAI, computer-based BAI, and assessment only. In-person- and computer-based BAI included motivation-enhancing intervention contacts to reduce alcohol use at baseline and 1 and 3 months later. Follow-ups were conducted after 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. A two-part latent growth model, with self-reported smoking status (current smoking: yes/no) and number of cigarettes in smoking participants as outcomes, was estimated. RESULTS: Smoking participants in computer-based BAI smoked fewer cigarettes per day than those assigned to assessment only at month 6 (meannet change = - 0.02; 95% confidence interval = - 0.08-0.00). After 2 years, neither in-person- nor computer-based BAI significantly changed smoking status or number of cigarettes per day in comparison to assessment only or to each other (ps ≥ 0.23). CONCLUSIONS: While computer-based BAI also resulted in short-term reductions of number of cigarettes in smoking participants, none of the two BAIs were sufficient to evoke spill-over effects on tobacco smoking over 2 years. For long-term smoking cessation effects, multibehavioural interventions simultaneously targeting tobacco smoking along with at-risk alcohol use may be more effective. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01291693.

Unconscious processing of prototype heuristics in scientific innovation problem-solving.

Previously published studies on the effect of how different levels of unconsciousness (UC) and different loads of executive functions (EFs) affect insight problem solving are inconsistent. In a set of three experiments, we used scientific innovation problems (SIP) as insight metrics and distractor tasks to induce UC. Experiment 1 confirmed that, compared with conscious processing, unconscious processing is more conducive to obtaining prototype heuristics for correctly solving scientific innovation problems creatively. Furthermore, Experiment 2 found that different levels of unconscious processing, which were induced by different distractor tasks, made a different impact on high or low difficulty creative problem solving. Experiment 3 indicated that unconscious processing could improve prototype activation and the ability to use key heuristics information in prototype heuristics processing by improving working memory, inhibitory control, and shifting ability of EFs. Overall, the present results provide additional evidence for the role of consciousness levels in insight problem solving.

Patentes otorgadas a las universidades peruanas en el campo de la biomedicina. 2010 a 2020

Introducción: La patente es un título de propiedad industrial otorgado por el Estado al inventor de un nuevo producto o tecnología, susceptible de ser comercializado para obtener ganancias de forma exclusiva a un plazo de tiempo determinado. Objetivo: Determinar el número de patentes otorgadas a las universidades peruanas en el campo biomédico de 2010 a 2020, en comparación con la producción de otros inventores. Material y método: Este estudio descriptivo, observacional, retrospectivo y transversal analizó 73 patentes provenientes de un universo de 759, obtenidas de la base de datos del Instituto Nacional de Defensa de la Competencia y de la Protección de la Propiedad Intelectual en el Perú, de 2010 a 2020. Para comparar el número de patentes otorgadas a las universidades respecto a otros inventores, se aplicó la prueba del Chi Cuadrado de Pearson con la corrección de continuidad de Yates. Resultados: En el Perú, durante 2010 a 2020 se han otorgado 759 patentes, de las cuales 73 pertenecen al campo biomédico (9,61 %), de los cuales las universidades han generado 24,66 %; es decir 2,47 % del total. Además, las universidades presentaron diferencias significativas de producción de patentes (p = 0,019) en comparación a otros autores. Conclusiones: En el campo biomédico, la producción de patentes en las universidades peruanas ha sido muy limitadas desde 2010 a 2020. Además, las universidades presentaron significativamente menor producción de patentes en comparación a otros inventores, observándose que desde 2016, no se les ha otorgado ninguna patente de invención en el campo biomédico.

Introduction: A patent is an industrial property title granted by the State to the inventor of a new product or technology, susceptible of being marketed for profit on an exclusive basis for a determined period of time. Objective: To determine the number of patents granted to Peruvian universities in the biomedical field from 2010 to 2020, in comparison with the production of other inventors. Material and Methods: This descriptive, observational, retrospective and cross-sectional study analyzed 73 patents from a universe of 759 patents obtained from the database of the National Institute for the Defense of Competition and Protection of Intellectual Property in Peru, from 2010 to 2020. To compare the number of patents granted to universities with respect to other inventors, Pearson's chi-square test with Yates' continuity correction was applied. Results: In Peru, during the years 2010 to 2020, 759 patents have been granted, of which 73 belong to the biomedical field (9.61 %), of which universities have generated 24.66 %, i.e. 2.47 % of the total. Furthermore, universities showed significant differences in patent production (p = 0.019) compared to other authors. Conclusions: In the biomedical field, patent production in Peruvian universities has been very limited from 2010 to 2020. In addition, universities presented significantly lower patent production compared to other inventors, noting that since 2016, they have not been granted any invention patents in the biomedical field.

Development of the dictyostelid Polysphondylium violaceum does not require secreted cAMP.

Group 4 Dictyostelia, like Dictyostelium discoideum, self-organize into aggregates and fruiting bodies using propagating waves of the chemoattractant cAMP, which are produced by a network containing the adenylate cyclase AcaA, cAMP receptors (Cars) and the extracellular cAMP phosphodiesterase PdsA. Additionally, AcaA and the adenylate cyclases AcrA and AcgA produce secreted cAMP for induction of aggregative and prespore gene expression and intracellular cAMP for PKA activation, with PKA triggering initiation of development and spore and stalk maturation. Non-group 4 species also use secreted cAMP to coordinate post-aggregative morphogenesis and prespore induction but use other attractants to aggregate. To understand how cAMP's role in aggregation evolved, we deleted the acaA, carA and pdsA genes of Polysphondylium violaceum, a sister species to group 4. acaA- fruiting bodies had thinner stalks but otherwise developed normally. Deletion of acrA, which was similarly expressed as acaA, reduced aggregation centre initiation and, as also occurred after D. discoideum acrA deletion, caused spore instability. Double acaA-acrA- mutants failed to form stable aggregates, a defect that was overcome by exposure to the PKA agonist 8Br-cAMP, and therefore likely due to reduced intracellular cAMP. The carA- and pdsA- mutants showed normal aggregation and fruiting body development. Together, the data showed that P. violaceum development does not critically require secreted cAMP, while roles of intracellular cAMP in initiation of development and spore maturation are conserved. Apparently, cell-cell communication underwent major taxon-group specific innovation in Dictyostelia.

Creativity of Creativity Researchers: Invention of Problems and Experimental Objects to Study Thinking.

Invention of problem situations and experimental objects to study others' thinking is a special kind of creativity worthy of scientific interest. The objects are considered in terms of Latour's actor network theory (as nonhuman actants), cultural psychology (as cultural tools), and Gibson's theory of affordances (as meta-affordances). A fundamental problem of validity in studies of curiosity and exploration is discussed. The author's experience of inventions of exploratory objects to be experimented with is analyzed. An inter(trans)-disciplinary insight penetrating and integrating all levels of the work on an exploratory object is described. An example of participants' revealing of an object's unexpected faculties ("serendipities") undesirable from the experimenter's point of view is given. It is shown that an object designed to study thinking in one sample can be used in another sample with unexpected results. It is argued that automatic generation of problem posing-and-solving situations and exploratory objects, beginning from some levels of their novelty and complexity, is hardly possible because of fundamental limitations of "standard means to generate or score non-standard ends".

Improving cleaner production of human activities to mitigate total petroleum hydrocarbons accumulation in coastal environment.

The marine coast is an important ecological transitional boundary but easily suffers from human intervention. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) are ubiquitous along the coast. However, the influence of anthropogenic and natural factors on TPHs distribution remains unclear. This study sampled surficial sediment (N = 243) from the coasts of the largest peninsula-Leizhou Peninsula, in Southern China. We found that land-based discharge, sea traffic, and sediment type significantly (p < 0.05) drive the accumulation of TPHs. We observed that TPHs increased by 1.036 µg · g-1 (exp[αi] = exp. [0.0355]) of its original value with the addition of one more boat on the wharf. Although the average TPHs were at a moderate level (124.68, ND-1536.14, µg · g-1) and risk, 'Blue Carbon' ecosystems, i.e., mangroves (224.84, ND - 1441.13, µg · g-1, p < 0.001) were more severely polluted. Cleaner production policy should be applied to mitigate TPHs discharging trend from coastal areas.

Research Diversity and Invention.

This paper explains that when there is great uncertainty about which elements of knowledge must be combined to make an invention, the likelihood of invention increases markedly-by many orders of magnitude-when there are numerous diverse research organizations, rather than just a few. The paper examines the possibility that competition (antitrust) policy toward mergers would be improved if enforcement efforts placed more emphasis on protecting the diversity that is provided by numerous research rivals in a market.

Design and validation of a hemispherectomy simulator for neurosurgical education.

OBJECTIVE: Early adaptors of surgical simulation have documented a translation to improved intraoperative surgical performance. Similar progress would boost neurosurgical education, especially in highly nuanced epilepsy surgeries. This study introduces a hands-on cerebral hemispheric surgery simulator and evaluates its usefulness in teaching epilepsy surgeries. METHODS: Initially, the anatomical realism of the simulator and its perceived effectiveness as a training tool were evaluated by two epilepsy neurosurgeons. The surgeons independently simulated hemispherotomy procedures and provided questionnaire feedback. Both surgeons agreed on the anatomical realism and effectiveness of this training tool. Next, construct validity was evaluated by modeling the proficiency (task-completion time) of 13 participants, who spanned the experience range from novice to expert. RESULTS: Poisson regression yielded a significant whole-model fit (χ2 = 30.11, p < 0.0001). The association between proficiency when using the training tool and the combined effect of prior exposure to hemispherotomy surgery and career span was statistically significant (χ2 = 7.30, p = 0.007); in isolation, pre-simulation exposure to hemispherotomy surgery (χ2 = 6.71, p = 0.009) and career length (χ2 = 14.21, p < 0.001) were also significant. The mean (± SD) task-completion time was 25.59 ± 9.75 minutes. Plotting career length against task-completion time provided insights on learning curves of epilepsy surgery. Prediction formulae estimated that 10 real-life hemispherotomy cases would be needed to approach the proficiency seen in experts. CONCLUSIONS: The cerebral hemispheric surgery simulator is a reasonable epilepsy surgery training tool in the quest to increase preoperative practice opportunities for neurosurgical education.

The old, the new, or the old made new? Everyday counter-narratives of the so-called fourth agricultural revolution.

Prevalent narratives of agricultural innovation predict that we are once again on the cusp of a global agricultural revolution. According to these narratives, this so-called fourth agricultural revolution, or agriculture 4.0, is set to transform current agricultural practices around the world at a quick pace, making use of new sophisticated precision technologies. Often used as a rhetorical device, this narrative has a material effect on the trajectories of an inherently political and normative agricultural transition; with funding, other policy instruments, and research attention focusing on the design and development of new precision technologies. A growing critical social science literature interrogates the promises of revolution. Engagement with new technology is likely to be uneven, with benefits potentially favouring the already powerful and the costs falling hardest on the least powerful. If grand narratives of change remain unchallenged, we risk pursuing innovation trajectories that are exclusionary, failing to achieve responsible innovation. This study utilises a range of methodologies to explore everyday encounters between farmers and technology, with the aim of inspiring further work to compile the microhistories that can help to challenge robust grand narratives of change. We explore how farmers are engaging with technology in practice and show how these interactions problematise a simple, linear notion of innovation adoption and use. In doing so, we reflect upon the contribution that the study of everyday encounters can make in setting more inclusionary, responsible pathways towards sustainable agriculture.

Por uma pesquisa e escrita parafusos: pulos, rodopios e invenções de si / For research and writing screws: jumps, twirls and inventions of self / Para tornillos de investigación y escritura: saltos, giros e autoinvenciones

O artigo parte da aposta na pesquisa como uma prática em movimento, na composição de territórios do ato de pesquisar como uma experiência. Inspiradas(os) na força disruptiva do torcer-retorcer dos Parafusos (folguedo sergipano, derivado de práticas de resistência à escravidão dos povos pretos), propomos um método-pensamento de inventar modos de ver, dizer e narrar a partir daquilo que está ao nosso redor, uma posição em relação ao mundo e a si mesmo, engendrando a ideia de que este mundo não é um dado, mas um efeito de nossas práticas. A partir dessa perspectiva, intentamos interpelar as próprias práticas discursivas e não discursivas da Psicologia, em favor de abrir trilhas nas quais esse saber possa refundar sua própria história, acentuando suas descontinuidades e heterogeneidades e, com isso, uma atitude de fazer frente às tendências colonialistas, agora em suas versões neoliberais. Esse modo de pesquisar se faz por: operar uma ideia-método genealógico-cartográfica e uma escrita polifônica; produzir máquinas de guerras nômades, minoritárias, pós-identitárias, decoloniais; e inventar com aquilo que está ao nosso redor em favor de saberes e fazeres das redes locais, que, tais como a planta mangabeira, não se deixam domesticar.(AU)

The article starts from the research as a moving practice; in the composition of territories of the act of researching as an experience. Inspired by the disruptive force of the twisting-twining of the Screws (revelry from Sergipe, derived from practices of resistance to the slavery of black people), we propose a thought-method of inventing ways of seeing, saying, and narrating from what is around us, a position in relation to the world and itself, engendering the idea that this world is not a given, but an effect of our practices. From this perspective, we try to question the very discursive and non-discursive practices of Psychology, in favor of opening trails, in which this knowledge can refund its own history, accentuating its discontinuities and heterogeneities and, thus, an attitude of facing the colonialist tendencies, now in their neoliberal versions. This way of searching is done by: operating a genealogical-cartographic idea-method and polyphonic writing; producing nomadic, minority, post-identity, decolonial war machines; and inventing with what is around us, in favor of knowledge and practices of local networks, which, like the mangabeira plant, do not allow domestication.(AU)

Este artículo parte de la investigación como práctica en movimiento, en la composición de territorios del acto de investigar como experiencia. Inspirándonos en la fuerza disruptiva de torsión-retorsión de los Tornillos (juerga de Sergipe, derivada de prácticas de resistencia a la esclavitud de los negros), proponemos un método de pensamiento para inventar formas de ver, decir y narrar a partir de lo que nos rodea, una posición en relación con el mundo y con él mismo, el cual constituye la idea de que este mundo no es un hecho, sino un efecto de nuestras prácticas. Desde esta perspectiva, pretendemos cuestionar las prácticas discursivas y no discursivas de la Psicología en favor de abrir caminos, en las cuales este conocimiento pueda refundar su propia historia, acentuando sus discontinuidades y heterogeneidades y, así, una actitud de hacer ante las prácticas colonialistas, ahora desde una perspectiva neoliberal. Este modo de investigación se realiza mediante: el funcionamiento de un método-idea de escritura genealógica, cartográfica y polifónica; la producción de máquinas de guerra nómadas, minoritarias y posidentitarias; y la composición con el tema que nos rodea a favor del conocimiento y las redes locales que no puede ser domesticada, como el árbol mangabeira.(AU)

(Re)apresentando o território escolar: uma possibilidade inventiva / (Re)presenting the school territory: an inventive possibility / (Re)presentar el territorio escolar: una posibilidad inventiva

Resumo Este artigo propõe-se a conhecer e problematizar um território escolar, do interior do RS, em busca da construção de um mapa. Nesta construção percorre-se o campo entre as relações e as práticas com/na escola, cartografando seus trajetos já estabelecidos e seus desvios, entre visibilidades e invisibilidades. Tem-se como objetivos cartografar as possibilidades de invenção na escola e explorar as relações dos sujeitos com/no espaço escolar. Os passos desta pesquisa foram construídos por meio da cartografia, método da pesquisa-intervenção, problematizando implicações, observações e intervenções da cartógrafa com as paisagens vistas e construídas. Com isto encontrou-se analisadores - o portão, o círculo e o circo - que possibilitaram experenciar e construir estas paisagens que, recheadas de sentimentos, forças e formas, (re)criaram um mapa do território, (re)apresentado na escrita deste artigo. Por fim, compreende-se que é preciso sair dos extremos e vivenciar os "entres" que configuram e compõem o território. A pesquisadora-cartógrafa que habita o campo da psicologia buscou, a partir desta produção, um movimento de inquietações, deixando aqui a sugestão de seguir-se fora de tais extremos, escutar-se os modos instituídos, dar voz aos desejos instituintes e poder criar entre os dois, permitindo-se ser artista ao inventar diferentes modos de rel(ação) no território escolar.

Abstract This article proposes to meet and to discuss a school territory, in the interior of the RS, in search of building a map. This construction runs through the field between the relationships and practices with/in school charting their routes already established and its deviations, between visibilities and invisibilities. It has as objectives to chart the possibilities of invention at school and how to explore the relationship of subjects with/in the school space. For it, is through cartography, research-intervention method, that the steps of this research are built, questioning implications, observations and interventions of the cartographer with the views and landscapes built. With this, it was possible to find analyzers - the gate, the circle and the circus - which enabled experience and to build these landscapes, filled with feelings, strengths and shapes, (re) created a map of the territory, (re) presented in the writing of this article. Finally, it is understood that it is necessary to leave the extremes and experience the "in-betweens" that configure and compose the territory. The researcher-cartographer who inhabits the field of psychology sought, from this production, a movement of concerns, leaving here the suggestion of moving away from such extremes. Listening to instituted modes, giving voice to instituting desires and being able to create between the two, allowing oneself to be an artist by inventing different modes of relationship(action) in the school territory

Resumen Este artículo se propone conocer y problematizar un territorio escolar, en el interior de RS, en busca de la construcción de un mapa. En esta construcción se recorre el campo entre las relaciones y prácticas con/en la escuela, mapeando sus caminos ya establecidos y sus desvíos, entre visibilidades e invisibilidades. Los objetivos son mapear las posibilidades de invención en la escuela y explorar las relaciones de los sujetos con/en el espacio escolar. Los pasos de esta investigación fueron construidos a través de la cartografía, un método de investigación-intervención, problematizando implicaciones, observaciones e intervenciones del cartógrafo con los paisajes vistos y construidos. Con ello, se encontraron analizadores -la puerta, el círculo y el circo- que permitieron experimentar y construir estos paisajes que, llenos de sentimientos, fuerzas y formas, (re)crearon un mapa del territorio, (re)presentaron en la redacción de este artículo. Finalmente, se entiende que es necesario salir de los extremos y experimentar los "entremedios" que configuran y componen el territorio. El investigador-cartógrafo que habita el campo de la psicología buscó, a partir de esta producción, un movimiento de inquietudes, dejando aquí la sugerencia de alejarse de tales extremos. Escuchar los modos instituidos, dar voz a los deseos instituyentes y poder crear entre los dos, permitiéndose ser artista inventando diferentes modos de relación (acción) en el territorio escolar.

The Carbon Emissions Trading Policy of China: Does It Really Promote the Enterprises' Green Technology Innovations?

The carbon emissions trading policy has profound impacts on the production and operation of enterprises. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of the carbon emissions trading policy on enterprises' green technology innovations by using PSM-DID models. The results showed that: (1) the carbon emissions trading policy has a facilitating effect on green technology innovation of China's enterprises in pilot cities; (2) there is significant spatial heterogeneity in this effect and it is extremely beneficial to enterprises' green technology innovations in eastern China; and (3) the trading policy is proved to have significant positive effects on green technology innovations of non-state and non-high-tech enterprises, while it has no effects on that of state-owned and high-tech enterprises. The above findings were corroborated by the placebo test and other methods.

The Invention of the Laser.

In this chapter, I describe a scientific rivalry at Columbia University's physics department in the days of the 1950s before and when the laser invented, and the race to build a laser eventually won by a scientist in California in 1960. It tracks the arc from Charles Townes' success in amplifying microwaves with a device he called the maser, to graduate student Gordon Gould's realization of how shorter and more powerful light waves could also be amplified. The chapter describes Gould's notebook, written in 1957, diagramming an optically pumped laser. In the same notebook, he coined the word laser, an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, and suggested possible uses for the coherent light beams he imagined. The chapter also covers Gould's wish to patent and profit from his invention, his mistaken belief that he had to build a laser to receive a patent, and the flirtation with radical politics that barred him from the laboratory where he worked once the government classified the laser project that it was funding. Townes and his colleague and brother-in-law Arthur Schawlow, both eventual Physics Nobelists, meanwhile filed an application and received a patent for what they called an optical maser. Theodore Maiman at Hughes Laboratories built the first working laser in 1960, as the chapter describes. It concludes with the results of Gould's long battle to win basic laser patents and his eventual success.

Creating a platform for costless personalization in clothing.

This study analyzes the role of co-invention in the creation of a platform for print-on-demand-clothing, or PODC. Co-invention is the invention of a new business process to complement new technology, and turn it into a valuable commercial service. PODC copies a design onto clothing with immaterial effect on the cost, and irrespective of the scale of the batch. In its modern form, PODC extends to more than two dozen different pieces of clothing and other items, enabling buyers to personalize clothing with any art. The digital printing machines used in PODC contain numerous technical inventions, while the electronic commerce platform contains the important business processes. The study examines a pioneering PODC platform from Threadless, and analyzes how this new platform emerged from a sequence of co-inventions. The study highlights the level of discretion given to graphic artists to foster trust with the platform, and it shows how a hierarchy of business process co-inventions overcame the coordination issues inherent in building a large scale and new multi-sided platform.