Multi-perspective evaluation on spent lithium iron phosphate recycling process: For next-generation technology option.

The recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries has recently become a focus topic. Consequently, evaluating different spent lithium iron phosphate recycling processes becomes necessary for industrial development. Here, based on multiple perspectives of environment, economy and technology, four typical spent lithium iron phosphate recovery processes (Hydro-A: hydrometallurgical total leaching recovery process; Hydro-B(H2O2/O2): hydrometallurgical selective lithium extraction process; Pyro: Pyrometallurgical recovery process; Direct: Direct regeneration process) were compared comprehensively. The comprehensive evaluation study uses environment, economy and technology as evaluation indicators, and uses the entropy weight method and analytic hierarchy process to couple the comprehensive indicator weights. Results show that the comprehensive evaluation values of Hydro-A, Hydro-B (H2O2), Hydro-B (O2), Pyro and Direct are 0.347, 0.421, 0.442, 0.099 and 0.857, respectively. Therefore, the technological maturity of Direct should be further improved to enable early industrialization. On this basis, this study conducted a quantitative evaluation of the spent lithium iron phosphate recycling process by comprehensively considering environmental, economic and technical factors, providing further guidance for the formulation of recycling processes.

Direct Regeneration of Degraded LiFePO4 Cathode via Reductive Solution Relithiation Regeneration Process.

The rapid growth of electronic devices, electric vehicles, and mobile energy storage has produced large quantities of spent batteries, leading to significant environmental issues and a shortage of lithium resources. Recycling spent batteries has become urgent to protect the environment. The key to treating spent lithium-ion batteries is to implement green and efficient regeneration. This study proposes a recycling method for the direct regeneration of spent lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries using hydrothermal reduction. Ascorbic acid (AA) was used as a low-cost and environmentally friendly reductant to reduce Fe3+ in spent LiFePO4. We also investigated the role of AA in the hydrothermal process and its effects on the electrochemical properties of the regenerated LiFePO4 cathode material (AA-SR-LFP). The results showed that the hydrothermal reduction direct regeneration method successfully produced AA-SR-LFP with good crystallinity and electrochemical properties. AA-SR-LFP exhibited excellent electrochemical properties, with an initial discharge specific capacity of 144.4 mAh g-1 at 1 C and a capacity retention rate of 98.6% after 100 cycles. In summary, the hydrothermal reduction direct regeneration method effectively repairs the defects in the chemical composition and crystal structure of spent LiFePO4. It can be regarded as a green and effective regeneration approach for spent LiFePO4 cathode materials.

Structural Positive Electrodes Engineered for Multifunctionality.

Multifunctional structural batteries are of high and emerging interest in a wide variety of high-strength and lightweight applications. Structural batteries typically use pristine carbon fiber as the negative electrode, functionalized carbon fiber as the positive electrode, and a mechanically robust lithium-ion transporting electrolyte. However, electrochemical cycling of carbon fibre-based positive electrodes is still limited to tests in liquid electrolytes, which does not allow for to introduction of multifunctionality in real terms. To overcome these limitations, structural batteries with a structural battery electrolyte (SBE) are developed. This approach offers massless energy storage. The electrodes are manufactured using economically friendly, abundant, cheap, and non-toxic iron-based materials like olivine LiFePO4. Reduced graphene oxide, renowned for its high surface area and electrical conductivity, is incorporated to enhance the ion transport mechanism. Furthermore, a vacuum-infused solid-liquid electrolyte is cured to bolster the mechanical strength of the carbon fibers and provide a medium for lithium-ion migration. Electrophoretic deposition is selected as a green process to manufacture the structural positive electrodes with homogeneous mass loading. A specific capacity of 112 mAh g-1 can be reached at C/20, allowing the smooth transport of Li-ion in the presence of SBE. The modulus of positive electrodes exceeded 80 GPa. Structural battery-positive half-cells are demonstrated across various mass-loadings, enabling them to be tailored for a diverse array of applications in consumer technology, electric vehicles, and aerospace sectors.

Facile synthesis of a carbon supported lithium iron phosphate nanocomposite cathode material from metal-organic framework for lithium-ion batteries.

Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP) has become one of the most widely used cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The inferior lithium-ion diffusion rate of LFP crystals always incurs poor rate capability and unsatisfactory low-temperature performances. To meet with the requirements from the ever-growing market, it is of great significance to synthesize carbon supported LFP nanocomposite (LFP/C) cathode materials using cost effective and environmentally friendly methods. In this work, an LFP/C cathode material is straightforwardly prepared from a metal-organic framework (MOF) precursor ferric gallate (Fe-GA) using its self-template effect. The Fe-GA precursor is firstly fabricated from the redox coprecipitation reaction between Fe foils and gallic acid (GA) molecules in mild aqueous phase. Then the Fe-GA is directly converted to the LFP/C sample after a following solid-state reaction. In half-cells, the LFP/C composite exhibits a reversible capacity of 109.7 mAh·g-1 after 500 cycles under the current rate of 100 mA·g-1 at 25 °C as well as good rate capabilities. In the LFP/C//graphite full-cells, the LFP/C composite can deliver a reversible capacity of 71.4 mAh·g-1 after 50 cycles in the same condition as the half-cells. The electrochemical performances of the LFP/C cathode in half-cells at lower temperature of -10 °C are also examined. Particularly, the evolution of samples has been explored and the lithium-ion storage mechanism of the LFP/C cathode has been unveiled. The sample synthesis protocol is straightforward, eco-friendly and atomic efficient, which can be considered to have good potential for scaling-up.

Biomass-Derived Carbon Utilization for Electrochemical Energy Enhancement in Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Cathodes made of LiFePO4 (LFP) offer numerous benefits including being non-toxic, eco-friendly, and affordable. The distinctive olivine structure of LFP cathodes contributes to their electrochemical stability. Nonetheless, this structure is also the cause of their low ionic and electronic conductivity. To enhance these limitations, an uncomplicated approach has been effectively employed. A straightforward solid-state synthesis technique is used to apply a coating of biomass from potato peels to the LFP cathode, boosting its electrochemical capabilities. Potato peels contain pyridinic and pyrrolic nitrogen, which are conducive to ionic and electronic movement and facilitate pathways for lithium-ion and electron transfer, thus elevating electrochemical performance. When coated with nitrogen-doped carbon derived from potato peel biomass (PPNC@LFP), the LFP cathode demonstrates an improved discharge capacity of 150.39 mAh g-1 at a 0.1 C-rate and 112.83 mAh g-1 at a 1.0 C-rate, in contrast to the uncoated LFP which shows capacities of 141.34 mAh g-1 and 97.72 mAh g-1 at the same rates, respectively.

Study on the fire extinguishing effect of compressed nitrogen foam on 280 Ah lithium iron phosphate battery.

This study conducted experimental analyses on a 280 Ah single lithium iron phosphate battery using an independently constructed experimental platform to assess the efficacy of compressed nitrogen foam in extinguishing lithium-ion battery fires. Based on theoretical analysis, the fire-extinguishing effects of compressed nitrogen foam at different outlet pressures from foam mixture tanks were analyzed, examining factors such as battery surface temperature, flame temperature, and thermal weight loss. The results indicate that the compressed nitrogen foam can extinguish the open flame of the battery in 14 s at 0.7 MPa, with the battery's surface temperature dropping by approximately 11 % before and after the application of the extinguishing agent. Compared with other commonly used extinguishing agents, the compressed nitrogen foam demonstrates superior extinguishing efficiency, but its cooling efficiency is somewhat lower. At pressures ranging from 0.4 to 0.6 MPa, the foam displays prolonged drainage time and sustained cooling effects, rendering it more suitable for lithium-ion battery fire scenarios. To address the issue of reduced cooling performance during later stages of fire suppression by compressed nitrogen foam, an intermittent injection approach has been proposed to effectively preserve its cooling efficacy.

Inhibition of acid rock drainage with iron-silicate or phosphate film: in rainy and submerged environments.

Iron phosphate-based coating and iron silicate-based coating were used to inhibit the oxidation of sulfide minerals in rainy and submerged environments. The inhibiting effectiveness of coating agents on the oxidation of iron sulfide minerals was investigated using pyrite and rock samples resulting from acid drainage. The film formed with both surface-coating agents was identified by pyrite surface analysis. It was also confirmed that the formation of coatings varies depending on the crystallographic orientation. The inhibitory effects under rainy and submerged conditions were investigated using column experiments. Submerged conditions accelerated deterioration compared to that under rainy conditions. Iron phosphate coating had a significantly better oxidation-inhibitory effect (84.86-98.70%) than iron silicate coating (56.80-92.36%), and at a concentration of 300 mM, H+ elution was inhibited by more than 90% throughout the experiment. Furthermore, methods for effective film formation were investigated in terms of producing Fe3+; (1) application of coating agents mixed with oxidant (H2O2), (2) application of coating agent after the use of the oxidant. In a rainy environment, applying iron phosphate-based coating using the sequential method showed oxidation inhibition effects for cycles 1-9, whereas applying the mixed material showed effects for cycles 9-13. The use of a surface-coating agent after applying an oxidant did not inhibit oxidation. The surface coating agent and the oxidizing agent should be applied as a mixture to form a film.

Structural study of strontium-containing iron-phosphate glasses for radioactive waste vitrification.

Iron-phosphate glasses are a wide group of materials with a wide range of applications. Among others, they are promising materials in toxic waste vitrification because of their high chemical durability and relatively low processing temperature and time. They are a novel group of glasses that are considered in the vitrification of radioactive waste, especially those that cannot be treated using conventional borosilicate ones. Since strontium isotopes are one of the main fission products present in the waste, the influence of Sr on the structural properties of the glasses is an important factor. Strontium-containing iron-phosphate glasses were subjected to structural studies using FT-IR and Raman spectroscopies. The obtained spectra were described, and appropriate band assignments were done. Based on the research conducted, the structural features of the phosphate network and their changes were determined. The results obtained showed that strontium in relatively low content up to 20 mol% acts as the glass network charge compensator and can stabilize the network. Above this threshold, SrO can be treated as a pure modifier, leading to gradual depolymerization. Thus, this point may be treated as the maximum waste loading for effective strontium immobilization.

Sustainable reprocessing of lithium iron phosphate batteries: A recovery approach using liquid-phase method at reduced temperature.

Lithium iron phosphate batteries, known for their durability, safety, and cost-efficiency, have become essential in new energy applications. However, their widespread use has highlighted the urgency of battery recycling. Inadequate management could lead to resource waste and environmental harm. Traditional recycling methods, like hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy, are complex and energy-intensive, resulting in high costs. To address these challenges, this study introduces a novel low-temperature liquid-phase method for regenerating lithium iron phosphate positive electrode materials. By using N2H4·H2O as a reducing agent, missing Li+ ions are replenished, and anti-site defects are reduced through annealing. This process restores nearly all missing Li+ ions at 80 °C/6h. After high-temperature sintering at 700 °C/2h, the regenerated LiFePO4 matches commercial LiFePO4 in terms of anti-site defects and exhibits excellent performance with a 97 % capacity retention rate after 100 cycles at 1C. Compared to high-temperature techniques, this low-temperature liquid-phase method is simpler, safer, and more energy-efficient, offering a blueprint for reclaiming discarded LiFePO4 and similar materials.

Ferrioxalate photolysis-assisted green recovery of valuable resources from spent lithium iron phosphate batteries.

Recovering valuable resources from spent cathodes while minimizing secondary waste generation is emerging as an important objective for the future recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries, including lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries. This study proposes the use of oxalic acid leaching followed by ferrioxalate photolysis to separate and recover cathode active material elements from spent LFP batteries. The cathode active material can be rapidly dissolved at room temperature using appropriate quantities of oxalic acid and hydrogen peroxide, as determined through thermodynamic calculations. The dissolved ferrioxalate complex ion (Fe(C2O4)33-) is selectively precipitated through subsequent photolysis at room temperature. Depending on the initial concentration, the decomposition ratio can exceed 95 % within 1-4 h. Molecular mechanism analysis reveals that the decomposition of the Fe(C2O4)33- complex ion into water-insoluble FeC2O4·2H2O results in the precipitation of iron and the separation of metal elements. Lithium can be recovered as dihydrogen phosphates through filtration and water evaporation. No additional precipitant is needed and no other side products are generated during the process. Oxalic acid leaching followed by photolysis offers an environmentally friendly and efficient method for metal recovery from spent LFP cathodes. The photochemical process is a promising approach for reducing secondary waste generation in battery recycling.

Closed-loop recycling of lithium iron phosphate cathodic powders via citric acid leaching.

Lithium recovery from Lithium-ion batteries requires hydrometallurgy but up-to-date technologies aren't economically viable for Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP) batteries. Selective leaching (specifically targeting Lithium and based on mild organic acids and low temperatures) is attracting attention because of decreased environmental impacts compared to conventional hydrometallurgy. This study analysed the technical and economic performances of selective leaching with 6%vv. H2O2 and citric acid (0.25-1 M, 25 °C, 1 h, 70 g/l) compared with conventional leaching with an inorganic acid (H2SO4 1 M, 40 °C, 2 h, 50 g/l) and an organic acid (citric acid 1 M, 25 °C, 1 h, 70 g/l) to recycle end of life LFP cathodes. After conventional leaching, chemical precipitation allowed to recover in multiple steps Li, Fe and P salts, while selective leaching allowed to recover Fe and P, in the leaching residues and required chemical precipitation only for lithium recovery. Conventional leaching with 1 M acids achieved leaching efficiencies equal to 95 ± 2% for Li, 98 ± 8% for Fe, 96 ± 3% for P with sulfuric acid and 83 ± 0.8% for Li, 8 ± 1% for Fe, 12 ± 5% for P with citric acid. Decreasing citric acid's concentration from 1 to 0.25 M didn't substantially change leaching efficiency. Selective leaching with citric acid has higher recovery efficiency (82 ± 6% for Fe, 74 ± 8% for P, 29 ± 5% for Li) than conventional leaching with sulfuric acid (69 ± 15% for Fe, 70 ± 18% for P, and 21 ± 2% for Li). Also, impurities' amounts were lower with citric acid (335 ± 19 335 ± 19 of S mg/kg of S) than with sulfuric acid (8104 ± 2403 mg/kg of S). In overall, the operative costs associated to 0.25 M citric acid route (3.17€/kg) were lower compared to 1 M sulfuric acid (3.52€/kg). In conclusion, citric acid could be a viable option to lower LFP batteries' recycling costs, and it should be further explored prioritizing Lithium recovery and purity of recovered materials.

Direct lithium extraction from spent batteries for efficient lithium recycling.

The flourishing expansion of the lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) market has led to a surge in the demand for lithium resources. Developing efficient recycling technologies for imminent large-scale retired LIBs can significantly facilitate the sustainable utilization of lithium resources. Here, we successfully extract active lithium from spent LIBs through a simple, efficient, and low-energy-consumption chemical leaching process at room temperature, using a solution comprised of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and ether solvents. The mechanism of lithium extraction is elucidated by clarifying the relationship between the redox potential and extraction efficiency. More importantly, the reclaimed active lithium is directly employed to fabricate LiFePO4 cathode with performance comparable to commercial materials. When implemented in 56 Ah prismatic cells, the cells deliver stable cycling properties with a capacity retention of ∼90% after 1200 cycles. Compared with the other strategies, this technical approach shows superior economic benefits and practical promise. It is anticipated that this method may redefine the recycling paradigm for retired LIBs and drive the sustainable development of industries.

Comprehensive Technology for Recycling and Regenerating Materials from Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery.

The lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery has been widely used in electric vehicles and energy storage for its good cyclicity, high level of safety, and low cost. The massive application of LFP battery generates a large number of spent batteries. Recycling and regenerating materials from spent LFP batteries has been of great concern because it can significantly recover valuable metals and protect the environment. This paper aims to critically assess the latest technical information available on the echelon utilization and recycling of spent LFP batteries. First, it focuses on the progress of disassembly, evaluation and detection, regrouping, and application in echelon utilization. Then, the recycling technologies, including pretreatment, direct repair, and material regeneration, of spent LFPs are summarized. Finally, the paper proposes some challenges in the echelon utilization and recycling of spent LFP batteries, and concludes with recommendations for an intelligent, refined, and clean LFP battery circulation system that are required to ensure the sustainable development of spent LFP battery recycling.

A clean and sustainable method for recycling of lithium from spent lithium iron phosphate battery powder by using formic acid and oxygen.

With the widespread adoption of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries, the imperative recycling of LiFePO4 batteries waste presents formidable challenges in resource recovery, environmental preservation, and socio-economic advancement. Given the current overall lithium recovery rate in LiFePO4 batteries is below 1 %, there is a compelling demand for an eco-friendly, cost-efficient, and sustainable solution. This study introduces a green and sustainable recycling method that employs environmentally benign formic acid and readily available oxygen as reaction agents for selectively leaching lithium from discarded lithium iron phosphate powder. Formic acid was employed as the leaching agent, and oxygen served as the oxidizing agent. Utilizing a single-factor variable approach, various factors including formic acid concentration, oxygen flow rate, leaching time, liquid-to-solid ratio, and reaction temperature were individually investigated. Moreover, the feasibility of this method was explored mechanistically by analyzing E-pH diagrams of the Li-Fe-P-H2O system. Results demonstrate that under conditions of 2.5 mol/L formic acid concentration, 0.12 L/min oxygen flow rate, 25 mL/g liquid-to-solid ratio, 70 °C reaction temperature, and 3 h reaction time, lithium leaching efficiency exceeds 99.9 %, with iron leaching efficiency only at 1.7 %. Moreover, we also explored using air instead of oxygen as the oxidant and get the excellent lithium leaching rate (97.81 %) and low iron leaching rate (4.81 %), which shows the outstanding selectivity. Furthermore, the environmentally benign composition of the chemical reagents, comprising only C, H, and O elements, establishes it as a genuinely green and sustainable technology for secondary resource recovery. It can be considered as a highly environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and efficient approach. Nevertheless, in the current context of carbon neutrality and sustainable development, this method undoubtedly holds excellent prospects for industrialization.

Determination of lithium ions by stripping voltammetry using single-crystal LiFePO4.

Determination of lithium ions is very important for extraction of lithium from salt lakes. Electrochemical sensor is an ideal choice, but it is not available so far. Here, a voltammetric sensor based on lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) was developed. Single-crystal LiFePO4 dominated by the (010) lattice plane was synthesized using hydrothermal method; it had good selectivity for lithium ions. Lithium ions were preferentially intercalated into LiFePO4 even if molar ratio of sodium ions, potassium ions, magnesium ions or calcium ions to lithium ions reached 10:1. The intercalation and deintercalation of interfering ions should be avoided because this reduced the selectivity of LiFePO4 for lithium ions. Lithium ion concentration of synthetic Uyuni Salt Lake solution was determined using the standard addition method. The measurement result was only 0.34 % higher than the theoretical value. The sensor provides a highly selective lithium ion analysis method at an extremely low cost, which was very promising to be widely used.

Electrochemical selective lithium extraction and regeneration of spent lithium iron phosphate.

In this paper, a green, efficient and low-cost process for the selective recovery of lithium from spent LiFePO4 by anodic electrolysis is proposed. The leaching rates of Li, Fe and P under different conditions were explored and the optimal conditions are obtained. In the optimal conditions, Li, Fe and P leaching rates were 96.31%, 0.06% and 0.62% respectively. The Li/Fe selectivity was over 99.9%. The product obtained is isostructural FePO4 and retains the original particle morphology. The FePO4 obtained can be synthesised into LiFePO4/C by direct regeneration process or impurity removal regeneration process. The material synthesized by the latter process has a better electrochemical performance, with a discharge specific capacity of 144.5 mAh/g at 1.0C and a capacity retention of 92.0% over 500cycles. The superior performance can be attributed to an impurity removal process that reduced agglomeration and improved particle morphology.

A review on the recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries.

Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries have gained widespread recognition for their exceptional thermal stability, remarkable cycling performance, non-toxic attributes, and cost-effectiveness. However, the increased adoption of LFP batteries has led to a surge in spent LFP battery disposal. Improper handling of waste LFP batteries could result in adverse consequences, including environmental degradation and the mismanagement of valuable secondary resources. This paper presents a comprehensive examination of waste LFP battery treatment methods, encompassing a holistic analysis of their recycling impact across five dimensions: resources, energy, environment, economy, and society. The recycling of waste LFP batteries is not only crucial for reducing the environmental pollution caused by hazardous components but also enables the valuable components to be efficiently recycled, promoting resource utilization. This, in turn, benefits the sustainable development of the energy industry, contributes to economic gains, stimulates social development, and enhances employment rates. Therefore, the recycling of discarded LFP batteries is both essential and inevitable. In addition, the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders, including governments, corporations, and communities, in the realm of waste LFP battery recycling are also scrutinized, underscoring their pivotal engagement and collaboration. Notably, this paper concentrates on surveying the current research status and technological advancements within the waste LFP battery lifecycle, and juxtaposes their respective merits and drawbacks, thus furnishing a comprehensive evaluation and foresight for future progress.

Clean and efficient synthesis of LiFePO4 cathode material using titanium white waste and calcium dihydrogen phosphate.

Large amounts of titanium white waste are generated in the production of titanium dioxide using sulphate method, which in turn can be used to prepare LiFePO4 cathode material, thereby reducing environmental risks and achieving resource recovery. However, a key challenge lies in the elimination of impurities. In this work, a cost-efficient and straightforward approach based on phase transformation during hydrothermal treatment was proposed to utilize titanium white waste with calcium dihydrogen phosphate for the preparation of LiFePO4 cathode material. The content of Fe in the leachate was enriched to 81.5 g/L after purification, while 99.9 % of Ti and 98.36 % of Al and were successfully removed. In the subsequent process for Fe/P mother liquor preparation, the losses of Fe and P were only 5.82 % and 2.81 %, respectively. The Fe and P contents of the synthesized FePO4 product were 29.47 % and 17.08 %, respectively, and the Fe/P molar ratio was 0.986. Crystal phase of the product matched well with standard iron phosphate, and the lamellar microstructure of FePO4 was uniform with the particle size ranging from 3 to 5 µm. Moreover, the contents of impurities in the product were far below the standard. The initial discharge of LiFePO4 synthesized by the iron phosphate was 160.6 mAh.g-1 at 0.1C and maintained good reversible capacity after 100 cycles. This work may provide new strategy for preparing LiFePO4 cathode material from industrial solid waste.

Synergistic effects of hydrogen peroxide and phosphate on uranium(VI) immobilization: implications for the remediation of groundwater at decommissioned in situ leaching uranium mine.

The processes of acid in situ leaching (ISL) uranium (U) mines cause the pollution of groundwater. Phosphate (PO43-) has the potential to immobilize U in groundwater through forming highly insoluble phosphate minerals, but the performance is highly restricted by low pH and high sulfate concentration. In this study, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and PO43- were synergistically used for immobilizing U based on the specific properties of groundwater from a decommissioned acid ISL U mine. The removal mechanisms of U and the stability of U on the formed minerals were elucidated by employing X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and kinetic experiments. Our results indicated that the removal of U by simultaneously adding H2O2 and PO43- was significantly higher than the removal of U by individually adding H2O2 or PO43-. The removal of U increased with increasing PO43- concentration from 20 to 200 mg L-1 while decreased with increasing H2O2 concentration from 0.003 to 0.3%. Specifically, the removal efficiency of U from groundwater reached 98% after the application of 0.003% H2O2 and 200 mg L-1 PO43-. Amorphous iron phosphate that preferentially formed at low H2O2 and high PO43- concentrations played a dominant role in U removal, while the formations of schwertmannite and crystalline iron phosphates may be also contributed to the removal of U. This was significantly different from the immobilization mechanism of U through the formation of uranyl phosphate minerals after adding phosphate. The kinetic experimental results suggested that the immobilized U had a good stability. Our research may provide a promising method for in situ remediating U-contaminated groundwater at the decommissioned acid ISL U mines.

Lithium Iron Phosphate and Layered Transition Metal Oxide Cathode for Power Batteries: Attenuation Mechanisms and Modification Strategies.

In the past decade, in the context of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality era, the rapid development of new energy vehicles has led to higher requirements for the performance of strike forces such as battery cycle life, energy density, and cost. Lithium-ion batteries have gradually become mainstream in electric vehicle power batteries due to their excellent energy density, rate performance, and cycle life. At present, the most widely used cathode materials for power batteries are lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and LixNiyMnzCo1-y-zO2 cathodes (NCM). However, these materials exhibit bottlenecks that limit the improvement and promotion of power battery performance. In this review, the performance characteristics, cycle life attenuation mechanism (including structural damage, gas generation, and active lithium loss, etc.), and improvement methods (including surface coating and element-doping modification) of LFP and NCM batteries are reviewed. Finally, the development prospects of this field are proposed.