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Ischemic stroke and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury induced by thrombolytic therapy are conditions with high mortality and serious long-term physical and cognitive disabilities. They have a major impact on global public health. These disorders are associated with multiple insults to the cerebral microcirculation, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, leukocyte adhesion and infiltration, brain blood barrier (BBB) disruption, and capillary hypoperfusion, ultimately resulting in tissue edema, hemorrhage, brain injury and delayed neuron damage. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used in China, Korea, Japan and other Asian countries for treatment of a wide range of diseases. In China, the usage of compound TCM preparation to treat cerebrovascular diseases dates back to the Han Dynasty. Even thousands of years earlier, the medical formulary recorded many classical prescriptions for treating cerebral I/R-related diseases. This review summarizes current information and underlying mechanisms regarding the ameliorating effects of compound TCM preparation, Chinese materia medica, and active components on I/R-induced cerebral microcirculatory disturbances, brain injury and neuron damage.
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BackgroundJunctional adhesion molecule-1 (JAM-1) is intercellular transmembrane protein newly discovered and associated with the tight junction.Tight junction plays an important role in keeping the transparency of cornea,but there are few studies about JAM-1 in cornea tight junction.ObjectiveThis study was to determine the expression of JAM-1 in corneal epithelium,stroma,endothelium,and locate the distribution of JAM-1.MethodsThe corneas of two SFP Wistar rats were obtained,and the samples of epithelial lamella,corneal stroma and endothelium with Descemet membrane were prepared respectively for the detection of the expression of JAM-1 mRNA using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).Primers were designed according to the genes as RGD web provided,and the objective genes were JAM-1,occludin and claudin-1.Products of PCR were examined by 1.5％ agarose gel electrophoresis and assayed with GelDoc-lt UVP Imaging System.The corneal paraffin sections and stretched preparations of epithelium and endothelium of corneal sections from other two SFP Wistar rats were prepared for the examination of JAM-1protein expression and location by immunohistochemistry.The use of experimental animals followed the Statement of ARVO. Results JAM-1,occludin and claudin-1 mRNA were expressed in rat cornea epithelium,stroma and endothelium.PCR melting curves showed the limpid unimedality.The expression level of JAM-1 mRNA was similar to occludin mRNA and higher than that of claudin-1 with the highest level in the epithelium layer.Immunohistochemistry assay revealed that there was definite JAM-1 antibody staining in the cornea epithelium,stroma and endothelium layers.However,the basal layer of corneal epithelium presented with the strongest staining in comparison with stromal and endothelial layers.Stretched preparations of corneal epithelium and endothelium showed that JAM-1 protein appeared at the junction site of epithelial cells and endothelial cells.The basal layer of the corneal epithelium showed the strongest response,and the staining of corneal endothelium was extensive and diffuse. Conclusions JAM-1 is a composition of intercellular tight junction which expresses in cornea epithelium,endothelium and stroma.However,its appearance and level vary from different corneal layers.
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Objective To investigate the expression of JAM-1 after microwave irradiation and its correlation with blood-brain barrier integrity. Methods A total of 160 male Wistar rats were divided into a sham radiation group and a radiation group. The radiation group was subdivided into three sub-groups treated with micrewaves at average power densities of 10, 30 and 100 mW/cm2. Rats in each group were sacrificed and their brain tissue sampled at 6 hours and 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after the irradiation. Evans blue ( EB ) dye, laser confocal microscopy,Western blotting, RT-PCR and image analysis were used to test the permeability of the blood-brain barrier and the expression of JAM-1 in protein and at the gene level in the rats' hippocampus and cortex. Results There was an increase of EB in the hippocampus 3 to 14 days after 10 and 100 mW/cm2 microwave irradiation. The EB level increased progressively in the 10 and 30 mW/cm2 groups within 7 d after irradiation but recovered by the 14th day. It also increased progressively in the 100 mW/cm2 group within 14 d after irradiation. In the hippocampus, EB was observed only in the lumens of the blood vessels in the sham group, but EB had diffused out of the blood vessels in the irradiated groups by the 3rd day after irradiation. After 10 or 30 mW/cm2 microwave irradiation, JAM-1 protein in the hippocampus and cortex decreased significantly within 7 d after irradiation but recovered by the 14th day. It decreased progressively in the 100 mW/cm2 group within 14 d after irradiation. The expression of JAM-1 mRNA in the hippocampus decreased significantly at 6 h after irradiation at all power levels, but it recovered within 7 days in the 10 and 30 mW/cm2 groups. Conclusions Microwave radiation can decrease the expression of JAM-1 in the hippocampus and cortex. The degree of decrease is positively correlated with the microwave radiation power. The change might involve increasing the permeability of the blood-brain barrier.
