Linearity and intermodulation distortion analysis of single and dual metal gate junctionless transistor.

Linearity and intermodulation distortion are very crucial parameters for RFICs design. Therefore, in this work, a detailed comparative analysis on linearity and intermodulation distortion of single metal (SMG) and double metal (DMG) double gate junction less transistor (JLT) is done using TCAD silvaco suite. Furthermore, the effects of temperature fluctuation, gate length variation, and gate material engineering on the linearity performance of both devices are also studied. A few significant figures of merit, including Voltage Intercept Point 2 (VIP2), Voltage Intercept Point 3 (VIP3), Third Order Intercept Power (IIP3), 1 dB Compression Point (P1dB), Third Order Intermodulation Distortion (IMD3), and the transconductance derivative parameters First Order Transconductance (gm1), Second Order Transconductance (gm2), and Third Order Transconductance (gm3) are used to assess the device linearity and intermodulation distortion of SMG and DMG JLT's. The findings show that higher VIP2, VIP3, IIP3, 1-dB compression point and lower gm3, IMD3 values are obtained for the SMG JLT device when compared to its counterpart DMG JLT. SMG JLT, which assures strong linearity and low distortion.

Latency-Sensitive Function Placement among Heterogeneous Nodes in Serverless Computing.

Function as a Service (FaaS) is highly beneficial to smart city infrastructure due to its flexibility, efficiency, and adaptability, specifically for integration in the digital landscape. FaaS has serverless setup, which means that an organization no longer has to worry about specific infrastructure management tasks; the developers can focus on how to deploy and create code efficiently. Since FaaS aligns well with the IoT, it easily integrates with IoT devices, thereby making it possible to perform event-based actions and real-time computations. In our research, we offer an exclusive likelihood-based model of adaptive machine learning for identifying the right place of function. We employ the XGBoost regressor to estimate the execution time for each function and utilize the decision tree regressor to predict network latency. By encompassing factors like network delay, arrival computation, and emphasis on resources, the machine learning model eases the selection process of a placement. In replication, we use Docker containers, focusing on serverless node type, serverless node variety, function location, deadlines, and edge-cloud topology. Thus, the primary objectives are to address deadlines and enhance the use of any resource, and from this, we can see that effective utilization of resources leads to enhanced deadline compliance.

Clinical impact and predictors of periprocedural myocardial injury among patients undergoing left bundle branch area pacing.

BACKGROUND: The clinical impact of Periprocedural myocardial injury (PMI) in patients undergoing permanent pacemaker implantation with Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing (LBBAP) is unknown. METHODS: 130 patients undergoing LBBAP from January 2020 to June 2021 and completing 12 months follow up were enrolled to assess the impact of PMI on composite clinical outcome (CCO) defined as any of the following: all-cause death, hospitalization for heart failure (HHF), hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). High sensitivity Troponin T (HsTnT) was measured up to 24-h after intervention to identify the peak HsTnT values. PMI was defined as increased peak HsTnT values at least > 99th percentile of the upper reference limit (URL: 15 pg/ml) in patients with normal baseline values. RESULTS: PMI occurred in 72 of 130 patients (55%). ROC analysis yielded a post-procedural peak HsTnT cutoff of fourfold the URL for predicting the CCO (AUC: 0.692; p = 0.023; sensitivity 73% and specificity 71%). Of the enrolled patients, 20% (n = 26) had peak HsTnT > fourfold the URL. Patients with peak HsTnT > fourfold the URL exhibited a higher incidence of the CCO than patients with peak HsTnT ≤ fourfold the URL (31% vs. 10%; p = 0.005), driven by more frequent hospitalizations for ACS (15% vs. 3%; p = 0.010). Multiple (> 2) lead repositions attempts, the use of septography and stylet-driven leads were independent predictors of higher risk of PMI with peak HsTnT > fourfold the URL. CONCLUSIONS: PMI seems common among patients undergoing LBBAP and may be associated with an increased risk of clinical outcomes in case of more pronounced (peak HsTnT > fourfold the URL) myocardial damage occurring during the procedure.

Caprin1 Bridges PRMT1 to G3BP1 and Spaces Them to Ensure Proper Stress Granule Formation.

Stress granules (SGs) are dynamic biomolecular condensates that form in the cytoplasm in response to cellular stress, encapsulating proteins and RNAs. Methylation is a key factor in the assembly of SGs, with PRMT1, which acts as an arginine methyltransferase, localizing to SGs. However, the precise mechanism of PRMT1 localization within SGs remains unknown. In this study, we identified that Caprin1 plays a primary role in the recruitment of PRMT1 to SGs, particularly through its C-terminal domain. Our findings demonstrate that Caprin1 serves a dual function as both a linker, facilitating the formation of a PRMT1-G3BP1 complex, and as a spacer, preventing the aberrant formation of SGs under non-stress conditions. This study sheds new lights on the regulatory mechanisms governing SG formation and suggests that Caprin1 plays a critical role in cellular responses to stress.

Management of Ventricular Arrhythmias in Heart Failure: Can Less Be More?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) affect many patients with heart failure and underlying structural heart disease and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Antiarrhythmic drugs are often the initial treatment, but medication alone often fails to sufficiently suppress VAs. While catheter ablation (CA) remains the gold standard for treatment of VAs, CA is an invasive procedure and can be associated with periprocedural complications including acute clinical decompensation. Thus, there is an important need for alternative therapies. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent advances in risk stratification and the development of new ablation technologies may reduce some of the periprocedural complications and limitations of CA. In addition, less invasive therapies for VAs may provide an alternative treatment strategy for patients in both the acute and chronic setting. For patients acutely admitted with ventricular tachycardia electrical storm (VT-ES) or recurrent VT and cardiogenic shock, risk stratification tools have been developed to identify patients at high risk of acute hemodynamic decompensation during CA. These patients require a multidisciplinary approach and might need mechanical circulatory support (MCS) if CA is selected as the treatment strategy. Alternatively, less invasive therapies targeting the autonomic nervous system may be reasonable. In the chronic setting, developments in medical therapy have reduced the risk of sudden cardiac death in heart failure patients and stereotactic whole-body radiation (SBRT) has evolved as a potential, non-invasive therapy. Further research is needed to personalize VA therapy for individual patients.

Water free patient care, a narrative review of the literature and discussion of the pressing need for a way forward.

BACKGROUND: Florence Nightingale was the first person to recognise the link between the built environment and patient ill-health. More than 160 years later the threat of the end of the antibiotic era looms large. The AMR action plan focuses on antimicrobial stewardship and developing new therapeutic agents. The risk from the built environment has been ignored, with wastewater systems identified as major sources of antimicrobial resistance within healthcare facilities. England is undertaking the largest healthcare construction programmes globally. These facilities will be operating when antimicrobial resistance is predicted to be at its fiercest. Water free patient care is a strategy for limiting dispersal of antimicrobial resistance and preventing patient infections that need further evaluation in new hospitals. METHOD: A narrative review was undertaken using terms; waterless/waterfree units, waterless/waterfree care, sink reduction, sink removal, washing without water. Databases employed were Pubmed, CDSR,and DARE from January 2000- February 2024 for reviews and original articles. Unit type, geographical location, reasons for a waterless/waterfree approach and outcomes were recorded. FINDINGS: Seven papers were identified. Four involved adult intensive care units (ICU), one from care of the elderly settings and two involved a neonatal ICU (NICU). In five papers the aim of intervention was to reduce Gram-negative infections/colonisations. One paper was a systematic review of 'washing without water' which reviewed cost effectiveness and patient experience Of the five papers focusing on Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) all reported a reduction in infections or colonisations post intervention. CONCLUSION: More studies are highlighting the risks from water and wastewater to patient safety and the value of "waterfree" strategies in reducing infection rates.

Hydrophobic Ion Barrier-Enabled Ultradurable Zn (002) Plane Orientation towards Long-Life Anode-Less Zn Batteries.

Gradual disability of Zn anode and high negative/positive electrode (N/P) ratio usually depreciate calendar life and energy density of aqueous Zn batteries (AZBs). Herein, within original Zn2+-free hydrated electrolytes, a steric hindrance/electric field shielding-driven "hydrophobic ion barrier" is engineered towards ultradurable (002) plane-exposed Zn stripping/plating to solve this issue. Guided by theoretical simulations, hydrophobic adiponitrile (ADN) is employed as a steric hindrance agent to ally with inert electric field shielding additive (Mn2+) for plane adsorption priority manipulation, thereby constructing the "hydrophobic ion barrier". This design robustly suppresses the (002) plane/dendrite growth, enabling ultradurable (002) plane-exposed dendrite-free Zn stripping/plating. Even being cycled in Zn‖Zn symmetric cell over 2150 h at 0.5 mA cm-2, the efficacy remains well-kept. Additionally, Zn‖Zn symmetric cells can be also stably cycled over 918 h at 1 mA cm-2, verifying uncompromised Zn stripping/plating kinetics. As-assembled anode-less Zn‖VOPO4·2H2O full cells with a low N/P ratio (2:1) show a high energy density of 75.2 Wh kg-1full electrode after 842 cycles at 1 A g-1, far surpassing counterparts with thick Zn anode and low cathode loading mass, featuring excellent practicality. This study opens a new avenue by robust "hydrophobic ion barrier" design to develop long-life anode-less Zn batteries.

Effectiveness and safety profile of introducing less invasive surfactant administration in management of respiratory distress syndrome: A retrospective cohort study in a tertiary neonatal unit in Hong Kong.

BACKGROUND: The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of introducing less invasive surfactant administration (LISA) for management of preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study identifying preterm neonates with RDS born between 2017 and 2022 in a tertiary neonatal unit, where LISA was introduced in January 2020. Time trend analysis comparing cohort of neonates born before (2017-2020) and after LISA introduction (2020-2022) was performed. The primary outcomes were incidence and severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Multivariable regression models were used to estimate the association between introducing LISA to RDS management and health and safety outcomes. RESULTS: In total, 261 neonates with RDS were included (114 born after LISA was introduced). Neonates receiving invasive surfactant administration had lower gestational age, birth weight, lower Apgar scores, and higher oxygen requirement, compared to those receiving LISA. In the time trend analysis, introduction of LISA was associated with lower incidence of BPD (odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 0.34 (0.16, 0.72)), and lower severity of BPD (0.31 (0.16, 0.59)). Pre- and post-LISA period showed similar treatment safety profiles. CONCLUSION: Introduction of LISA was associated with improved prognosis in neonates with RDS in Hong Kong.

Less Invasive Surfactant Administration in Preterm Infants in Tertiary Neonatal Intensive Care Units in Germany: A Survey.

INTRODUCTION: The European guideline for treatment of respiratory distress syndrome recommends less invasive surfactant administration (LISA) as the preferred method of surfactant administration in spontaneously breathing preterm infants. However, there is limited evidence on practical aspects such as sedation and catheter types, leading to considerable variability between centers. METHODS: An anonymous online survey (www.soscisurvey.de) was sent to 164 tertiary neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in Germany including 43 questions on practical aspects of LISA. RESULTS: Of 122 (74%) participating NICUs, 117 (96%) reported experience with LISA with 82% of those reporting LISA as their preferred method of surfactant administration. Indications for surfactant administration differed widely between NICUs. Most (89%) used FiO2-thresholds only or in combination with other criteria, such as Silverman score/signs of dyspnea (41%) or lung ultrasound findings (3%). Prophylactic surfactant was administered by 42%. Differences in use of LISA in extremely immature infants were reported (e.g., 36% did not perform LISA in infants below 24-26 weeks). Preferred drugs for sedation were (Es-)Ketamine, followed by Propofol and Midazolam. Minimum time interval between subsequent LISA procedures was 4 (2-6) h. Catheters specifically designed for LISA were used by most NICUs (69%). CONCLUSION: This survey shows that LISA is common practice in German NICUs, but with considerable variability in practical aspects. These data may serve as a guidance for NICUs that have not yet implemented LISA and might be helpful design clinical trials with the aim to standardize and/or optimize LISA.

The impact of Si3N4 incorporation on the mechanical characteristics of ZrB2-SiC nanocomposite sintered via pressureless method.

Due to their unique properties, ultra-high-temperature ceramics possess have great potential for aerospace and industrial applications. In this study, we utilized ZrB2 and Si3N4 powders in micron scale, along with SiC powder in both nano and micron scale. A nanocomposite comprising ZrB2-20 vol% SiC (15 % nano - 5 % micron)-10 % ZrC was incorporated into the base composition by adding Si3N4 in volumes of 1-2-3 volume and 4 %. The process is carried out by pressure-less sintering at 2150 °C. The evaluation in this study involved X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness measurement, density determination, fracture toughness assessment, and bending test. The results showed that addition of Si3N4 enhances the relative density, hardness, and fracture toughness of this nanocomposite. The sample with Si3N4volume fraction of 3 % has the best performance, with a relative density of 99.4 %, a hardness of 20.33 GPa, and a fracture toughness of 3.12 MPa M1/2.

Novel Technologies towards the Implementation and Exploitation of "Green" Wireless Agriculture Sensors.

This manuscript presents the use of three novel technologies for the implementation of wireless green battery-less sensors that can be used in agriculture. The three technologies, namely, additive manufacturing, energy harvesting, and wireless power transfer from airborne transmitters carried from UAVs, are considered for smart agriculture applications, and their combined use is demonstrated in a case study experiment. Additive manufacturing is exploited for the implementation of both RFID-based sensors and passive sensors based on humidity-sensitive materials. A number of energy-harvesting systems at UHF and ISM frequencies are presented, which are in the position to power platforms of wireless sensors, including humidity and temperature IC sensors used as agriculture sensors. Finally, in order to provide wireless energy to the soil-based sensors with energy harvesting features, wireless power transfer (WPT) from UAV carried transmitters is utilized. The use of these technologies can facilitate the extensive use and exploitation of battery-less wireless sensors, which are environmentally friendly and, thus, "green". Additionally, it can potentially drive precision agriculture in the next era through the implementation of a vast network of wireless green sensors which can collect and communicate data to airborne readers so as to support, the Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning-based decision-making with data.

Rapid chemical characterization and pharmacological mechanism of Fining Granules in the treatment of chronic bronchitis based on UHPLC-Q-exactive orbitrap mass spectrometer and network pharmacology.

Background: Senecio cannabifolius Less. is a perennial herb belonging to the Compositae family that has been used in traditional medicine as an antitussive and expectorant for treating chronic bronchitis and acute respiratory infections. Traditionally, Feining Granules are prepared from water extracts of the raw plant material. However, the chemical composition and pharmacological mechanisms of Feining Granules have not been thoroughly investigated. Methods: A systematic strategy for the rapid detection and identification of the constituents of Feining Granules was developed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-exactive orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS) with parallel reaction monitoring. Results: Overall, 162 compounds, including flavonoids, alkaloids, organic acids, and others, were identified unambiguously and tentatively by comparing the retention times and MS fragmentation with reference standards and literature data. Ninety-nine of these were reported for the first time to the best of our knowledge. Network pharmacology suggests that Feining Granules can be used to treat chronic bronchitis as they contain active components associated with the ALB, VEGFA, and SRC target genes influenced by HIF-1, VEGF, and other signaling pathways. Conclusion: These results provide information that can help understand the effective substances of S. cannabifolius Less. and improve quality control.

Updates in the management of hypertension.

Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases and nephropathies. Its treatment and management require long-term follow-up which can be facilitated by the emergence of device-based therapies. Novel recommendations have been well described in the latest ESH guidelines as well as new risk factors have been identified. The authors summarized the published evidence on hypertension management. The authors also cited in this review novel treatment approaches in different settings and the intervention of medication adherence in treatment success. Such non-communicable disease requires long-term follow-up and monitoring, which is quite facilitated in the era of digitalization by cuff-less devices based on prediction tools.

Laser-Assisted Lingual Frenectomy: A Case Report.

A lingual frenectomy is a surgical procedure aimed at addressing "tongue-tie" or ankyloglossia, where a strip of tissue restricting tongue movement is removed. Typically, this strip extends from the bottom of the mouth to the underside of the tongue. The procedure, often performed using a diode laser, offers several advantages including simplicity and safety for patients. It can significantly improve speech articulation and eating for individuals with ankyloglossia. This case report highlights the successful treatment of a female patient experiencing speech difficulties with diode laser therapy for tongue-tie.

Navigating centriolar satellites: the role of PCM1 in cellular and organismal processes.

Centriolar satellites are ubiquitous membrane-less organelles that play critical roles in numerous cellular and organismal processes. They were initially discovered through electron microscopy as cytoplasmic granules surrounding centrosomes in vertebrate cells. These structures remained enigmatic until the identification of pericentriolar material 1 protein (PCM1) as their molecular marker, which has enabled their in-depth characterization. Recently, centriolar satellites have come into the spotlight due to their links to developmental and neurodegenerative disorders. This review presents a comprehensive summary of the major advances in centriolar satellite biology, with a focus on studies that investigated their biology associated with the essential scaffolding protein PCM1. We begin by exploring the molecular, cellular, and biochemical properties of centriolar satellites, laying the groundwork for a deeper understanding of their functions and mechanisms at both cellular and organismal levels. We then examine the implications of their dysregulation in various diseases, particularly highlighting their emerging roles in neurodegenerative and developmental disorders, as revealed by organismal models of PCM1. We conclude by discussing the current state of knowledge and posing questions about the adaptable nature of these organelles, thereby setting the stage for future research.

Platelet Releasate and Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT) for Treatment of a Partial Supraspinatus Tear in an Adolescent Baseball Player.

Supraspinatus tears are a common injury, particularly among athletes who engage in sports that include repetitive overhead motions, such as baseball players. Standard conservative therapies include rest and activity modification, physical therapy, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), cold/heat therapy, and corticosteroid injections. Ongoing research and anecdotal evidence support using platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for supraspinatus/rotator cuff tears. Platelet releasate is obtained from PRP via the activation of platelets, subsequently releasing bioactive substances. Activation can be achieved through various methods, some of which include the addition of calcium chloride, thrombin, or exposure to low-level lasers. Platelet releasate has the potential to assist in the healing of tears by releasing growth factors that facilitate muscle and tendon repair. This case presentation discusses the outcomes of platelet releasate paired with extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) for the treatment of a partial-thickness supraspinatus tear in an 18-year-old male baseball athlete. After exploring conservative treatment options, the patient opted for a single platelet releasate injection along with a four-part series with ESWT. Four weeks post-procedure, the patient reported a 25% improvement. He was able to fully return to play for the entire baseball season. Although the effectiveness of platelet releasate is still a topic of debate and further investigation, this case demonstrates how platelet releasate shows promising results in accelerating the treatment recovery for a partial supraspinatus tear. Further investigation and research could support the benefit of this procedure for accelerated recovery of injuries compared to PRP.

Robust PWM control scheme for switched-capacitor MLI with leakage current suppression in grid-connected renewable energy application.

Typically, parasitic capacitances exist between the ground and the solar panel terminals in grid-connected PV systems. These parasitic capacitances provide a path for a leakage current, which leads to significant safety concerns, observable and seriously hazardous harmonic orders aligned with the injected grid current, and significant safety difficulties. In this research, a robust PWM controlling method that used competently in reducing the level of the leakage current and improving the power quality of a switched-capacitor Multilevel Inverter. This technique creates developed reference signals from the main signal to generate the switching scheme for the converter circuit. Additionally, the suggested control strategy only works with a small number of carrier signals, resulting in a quick system response and a simpler controller algorithm. Likewise, this controlling approach offers a stable way to maintain a constant output voltage in the suggested converter by adjusting the switching capacitors' voltages, which is not possible with traditional control techniques. MATLAB/Simulink is used to simulate the outcomes for both the suggested control approach and the traditional Phase Disposition (PD) PWM control method whereas the leakage current component reduces to 25 % compared to the captured component with the PDPWM. The simulation and the practical results based on the dSPACE-1103 hardware are quite similar.

X-Ray Multibeam Ptychography at up to 20 keV: Nano-Lithography Enhances X-Ray Nano-Imaging.

Hard X-rays are needed for non-destructive nano-imaging of solid matter. Synchrotron radiation facilities (SRF) provide the highest-quality images with single-digit nm resolution using advanced techniques such as X-ray ptychography. However, the resolution or field of view is ultimately constrained by the available coherent flux. To address this, the beam's incoherent fraction can be exploited using multiple parallel beams in an X-ray multibeam ptychography (MBP) approach. This expands the domain of X-ray ptychography to larger samples or more rapid measurements. Both qualities favor the study of complex composite or functional samples, such as catalysts, energy materials, or electronic devices. The challenge of performing ptychography at high energy and with many parallel beams must be overcome to extract the full advantages for extended samples while minimizing beam attenuation. Here, that challenge is overcome by creating a lens array using cutting-edge laser printing technology and applying it to perform scanning with MBP with up to 12 beams and at photon energies of 13 and 20 keV. This exceeds the measurement limits of conventional hard X-ray ptychography without compromising image quality for various samples: Siemens star test pattern, Ni/Al2O3 catalyst, microchip, and gold nano-crystal clusters.

TransKinect: a computer vision and machine learning clinical decision support system for automatic independent wheelchair transfer technique assessment.

BACKGROUND: Physical and occupational therapists provide routine care for manual wheelchair users and are responsible for training and assessing the quality of transfers. These transfers can produce large loads on the upper extremity joints if improper sitting-pivot-technique is used. Methods to assess quality of transfers include the Transfer Assessment Instrument, a clinically validated tool derived from quantitative biomechanical features; however, adoption of this tool is low due to the complex usage requirements and speed of typical transfers. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to develop and validate a computer vison and machine learning solution to better implement the Transfer Assessment Instrument in clinical settings. METHODS: The prototype system, TransKinect, consists of an infrared depth sensor and a custom software application; usability testing was carried out with fifteen therapists who performed two transfer assessments with the TransKinect. Proficiency in using features, usability, acceptability and satisfaction were analysed with validated surveys and themes were extracted from the qualitative feedback. RESULTS: The therapists were able to successfully complete the transfer quality assessments with 86.7 ± 5.4% proficiency. Total scores for System Usability Scale (77.6 ± 14.7%) and Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction (83.5 ± 8.7%) indicated that the system was usable and satisfactory. Qualitative feedback indicated that TransKinect was user-friendly, easy to learn, and had high potential. DISCUSSION: The results support TransKinect as a potential clinical decision support system for therapists for the comprehensive assessment of independent transfer technique. Future research is needed to investigate the utility and acceptance of TransKinect in real clinical environments. Implications for RehabilitationMachine learning and computer vision can be used to analyze transfer techniqueTransKinect is a usable and user-friendly means for therapists to automate analysisSummary reports and videos of transfers show high potential for clinical useAdoption of TransKinect can increase quality of care for manual wheelchair users.

Marker-Based Versus IMU-Based Kinematics for Estimates of Lumbar Spine Loads Using a Full-Body Musculoskeletal Model.

Musculoskeletal modeling, typically implemented using marker-based systems in laboratory environments, is commonly used for noninvasive estimations of loads. Inertial measurement units (IMUs) have become an alternative for the evaluation of kinematics. However, estimates of spine joint contact forces using IMUs have yet to be thoroughly evaluated. Dynamics tasks and static postures from activities of daily living were captured on 11 healthy subjects using both systems simultaneously. Spine kinematics obtained from IMU- and marker-based systems and L4-L5 joint contact forces were compared. Lateral bending resulted in a weak agreement with significant differences between the 2 systems (P = .02, average root mean-squared error = 4.81), whereas flexion-extension and axial rotation exhibited the highest agreement with no significant differences (P < .05, average root mean-squared error = 5.51 and P < .31, average root mean-squared error = 5.08, respectively). All tasks showed excellent correlations (R2 = .76-.99) in estimated loads between systems. Differences in predicted loads at the L4-L5 were only observed during flexion-extension (1041 N vs 947 N, P = .0004) and walking with weights (814 N vs 727 N, P = .004). Different joint reaction force outcomes were obtained in 2 of the 8 tasks between systems, suggesting that IMUs can be robust tools allowing for convenient and less expensive evaluations and for longitudinal assessments inside and outside the laboratory setting.