By Design: How People Adapt to Cognitive Limitations in Politics.

Elections, jury deliberations, lawmaking, high-stakes negotiations and related activities are human attempts to answer the question "How should we live?" Collectively, we know these activities as politics. Politics are how societies attempt to reconcile diverse individual needs with potential benefits of social coordination. People's beliefs about what others will do ainfluence many political strategies and outcomes. This article reviews how properties of cognition affect these political phenomena. Contrary to the common belief that many citizens are too ignorant to make competent political decisions, we focus on a central finding of social science-how societies can design contexts and environments to overcome individual cognitive limitations. These adaptations expand societal capacities to provide essential goods, services, and protections. In addition to explaining these adaptations, we also show how greater collaborations between cognitive science and the social sciences can help societies do even better.

Best interests, benefit, will and preference: The influence of international human rights and external actors on decision-making frameworks in the United Kingdom and Ireland.

This article examines the development of the law relating to decision-making on behalf of adults that lack capacity in Scotland, Ireland and Northern Ireland. Using two points of tension evident in the recent Northern Irish legislative consultation process, namely the suitability of the 'best interests' standard and international debate regarding domestic compliance with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (United Nations, 2006) this contribution exposes the impact of international human rights and influence of external actors, principally advocacy groups and their individual members, on the resulting legislation. Given the recency of the Irish and Northern Irish legislation and the current law reform review in Scotland, the article concludes by highlighting points of tension that may emerge between domestic standards for decision-making and the CRPD.

Development of uniform food information -the case of front of package nutrition labels in the EU.

The current malnutrition epidemic calls for actions. Current practices in the EU show a variety of communication efforts but the international character of food markets call for a harmonized language. The aim of the project is to identify the themes in the on-going debate regarding the development of a single front-of-package nutrition label in the European Union. A case study approach was used, focusing on the positions of different key stakeholders in Sweden and Italy. Overarching EU-perspectives, European Commission and European Council of Ministries were also included. Collected data from semi-structured interviews and strategic documents were used in a thematic content analysis. The results show that the stakeholders are influencing the process towards contradicting outcomes. Different stakeholders argue for opposing ideal labelling schemes, while still agreeing on the need for a harmonization. Major disagreements arise on whether the label should be voluntary or not, based on portion or 100 g and on the ideal label design. Stakeholders' positions depend on food system role and previous experience of this type of labelling. The internal political debate in the European Union is still at an early stage and consensus has not been reached due to diverging views. The patterns that emerge from the analysis of the different point of views can facilitate the cooperation between stakeholders and policy-makers.

An Interprofessional Approach to Teaching Advocacy Skills: Lessons from an Academic Medical-Legal Partnership.

Medical students and educators recognize that preparing the next generation of health leaders to address seemingly intractable problems like health disparities should include advocacy training. Opportunities to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to effectively advocate at the policy level to promote systems-, community-, and population-level solutions are a critical component of such training. But formal advocacy training programs that develop and measure such skills are scarce. Even less common are interprofessional advocacy training programs that include legal and policy experts to help medical students learn such skills. This 2016-2017 pilot study started with a legislative advocacy training program for preclinical medical students that was designed to prepare them to meet with Capitol Hill representatives about a health justice issue. The pilot assessed the impact of adding an interprofessional education (IPE) dimension to the program, which in this case involved engaging law faculty and students to help the medical students understand and navigate the federal legislative process and prepare for their meetings. Results from the pilot suggest that adding law and policy experts to advocacy-focused training programs can improve medical students' advocacy knowledge and skills and increase their professional identity as advocates.

Analysis of the legislative process related to the implementation of graphic health warning labels on tobacco products in South Korea.

INTRODUCTION: Well-designed health warnings on tobacco packaging enhance cost-effectively public awareness of the risks of using tobacco products. However, many countries have experienced difficulties in implementing pictorial warnings. The purpose of this study is to present the topics that arose during the legislative process that preceded implementation of graphic health warning labels (GHWLs) on tobacco products in South Korea, and discuss the outcomes. METHODS: We used qualitative content analysis to analyze lawmakers' statements, and those of committee members in meetings that preceded the drafting of the legislative document pertaining to GHWLs in South Korea. RESULTS: In discussions surrounding the adoption of the GHWLs, the main point of contention was the level of disgust induced by pictorial warnings. When discussing how warnings should be inscribed on packaging after adoption of GHWLs, lawmakers disagreed regarding the physical position of the warnings. Because of continuous objections raised by some lawmakers, implementation of GHWLs was delayed, and, when actually introduced, the warnings were toned down. Some lawmakers communicated with tobacco companies; thus the companies participated in the legislative process in South Korea. CONCLUSIONS: To prevent tobacco companies from negatively influencing tobacco control efforts, it is essential that all communications with such companies be publicly disclosed and that the tobacco industry be prohibited from contacting lawmakers involved in the legislative process of tobacco control.

United States Congressmen support the legalization of environmental health injustice in Puerto Rico.

OBJECTIVES: Analyze the role of two members of the United States Congress, two private enterprises, and the government of Puerto Rico in the approval of the counterproductive law "Ban on the Deposit and Disposal of Coal Ash or Coal Combustion Residuals in Puerto Rico" (Law No. 40) in the framework of the four principles for environmental policy making. METHODS: The gathered text documents were structured, reviewed, and coded using a content analysis protocol to produce coding categories and the final analysis. RESULTS: Two US congressmen, apparently influenced by private enterprises, had a decisive role in the approval of Law No. 40 which failed to comply with any of the four principles for environmental public policy making. CONCLUSIONS: Puerto Rico's Government succumbed to the extortion strategy of two US congressmen and private economic interests, and finally approved Law No. 40 which mistreats the general public and the environmental health of two low socioeconomic status communities in the municipalities of Guayama and Peñuelas. This law has the potential to negatively affect public health and the environment island-wide.

A series of unfortunate events: implications of Republican efforts to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act For older adults.

This paper discusses Republican efforts to repeal the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) over President Trump's first year in office (2017) and their impact on near-elderly Americans (50-64 years old). We describe how the ACA's provisions for strengthening health care coverage were particularly advantageous for near-elderly Americans: The law shored up employer-sponsored health care, expanded Medicaid, and-most important-created conditions for a strong individual health insurance market. We then describe Republican efforts to undermine the ACA in the years immediately following its passage, followed by detailed discussion of Republican proposals to repeal and replace the ACA during 2017. We conclude by discussing factors informing the fate of Republican legislation in this area, the potential consequences of the legislation that ultimately passed, and the prospects for future attempts to repeal and replace the ACA through the legislative process.

Burn Injuries: Prevention, Advocacy, and Legislation.

Each year in the United States and Canada, thousands of individuals seek medical care for a burn injury. Some individuals are burned significantly enough they require treatment at specialized burn care facilities. Most of these injuries are preventable. This article presents an historical perspective related to burn prevention and elements of successful burn prevention programs and explores ways in which the plastic surgeon can promote burn prevention through education, advocacy, and the legislative process. Prevention efforts undertaken by the surgeon can increase awareness, ensure a safe environment, and reduce burn injuries.

A abertura do capital estrangeiro ao setor saúde: os debates que envolvem o tema / The opening of foreign capital to the health sector: the debates surrounding the topic / La apertura del capital extranjero en el sector de la salud: los debates en torno al tema

O artigo 142 da Lei n. 13.097/2015 indicou a abertura do capital estrangeiro ao setor saúde e alterou a Lei n. 8.080/90. A alteração da lei orgânica da saúde provocou debates acerca da constitucionalidade, possíveis benefícios e malefícios da permissão. O presente artigo apresenta os consensos e dissensos dos argumentos existentes no debate, o processo legislativo pelo qual se deu a positivação da lei, e, identifica a ocasião em que se deu, de fato, a entrada do capital internacional ao setor saúde no país. Os resultados foram obtidos a partir de revisão bibliográfica.

The article 142 of Law n. 13.097/2015 indicated the opening for foreign capital to health sector and changed the Law n. 8.080/90. Changing the organizational structure of the health law sparked discussions about its constitutionality, possible benefits and harms of permission. This article presents the consensus and dissents on existing arguments in the debate, the legislative process by which gave the law, and identifies when it happened, the entry of international capital to the health sector in the country. The results were obtained from literature review

El artículo 142 de la Ley n. 13097/2015 indica la apertura para el capital extranjero en el sector de la salud y cambia la ley n. 8.080/90. Cambió la estructura organizativa de la ley de salud y provocó discusiones sobre la constitucionalidad, los posibles riesgos y beneficios de permiso. El presente artículo presenta los consensos y disensos de los argumentos existentes en el debate, el proceso legislativo que hizo la positivación de la ley, e identifica el tiempo que ha pasado, de hecho, la entrada del capital internacional para el sector salud en el país. Los resultados se obtuvieron a partir de una revisión de la literatura.

Programa Mais Médicos: a formulação de uma nova Política Pública de Saúde no Brasil / The Program More Doctors: the formulation of a new Public Health Policy in Brazil / El Programa Más Médicos: la formulación de una nueva Política Pública de Salud en el Brasil

O Programa Mais Médicos, ao contratar profissionais médicos para atuar nas regiõesprioritárias para o SUS, visa ampliar o acesso da população à atenção básica de saúde. Este estudoresgata o processo de formulação deste programa, pela perspectiva do Modelo de Múltiplos Fluxos,desenvolvido por John Kingdon, com ênfase nos embates estabelecidos entre os Poderes Executivoe Legislativo. Analisa, ainda, a Exposição de Motivos Interministerial n.º 024/2013-MS/MEC/MP, a Medida Provisória n.º 621/2013 e o Projeto de Lei de Conversão n.º 026/2013-CN queculminaram na edição da Lei n.º 12.871/2013. Ao final, são apresentados resultados pontuaispara explicitar a perenidade da agenda governamental de saúde pública nacional frente à atuaçãodos atores envolvidos neste processo e seus interesses e estratégias aplicados com o objetivo deinfluenciar os decisores políticos para a formulação do Programa.

The Mais Médicos (More Doctors) Program hires doctors to work in “SUS”(Single Healthy System – the Brazilian public health system) priory regions aiming to increasethe population’s access to basic health care. This study rescues this program formulation process,from the perspective of the Multiple Stream Model developed by John Kingdon, emphasizing on the debate established between the Executive and the Legislative branches in the moment of itsformulation. It also analyzes the Explanatory Memorandum number 024/2013-MS/MEC/MP, theConversion Act number 621/2013 and the Conversion act project number 026/2013-CN whichhave culminated in the Law number 12.871/2013. In the end of this work results are presented toexplicit the National Public Healthy Government Agenda perpetuity regarding the performanceof the ones involved in this process, as well as their interests and strategies applied in order toinfluence policy makers in the program formulation.

El programa más médicos, en la contratación de médicos para trabajar en regionesprioritarias para el Sistema Único de Salud, tiene como objetivo aumentar el acceso de la poblacióna la atención básica del servicio de salud. En este estudio se delineará el proceso de formulaciónde dicho programa desde el enfoque de flujos o corrientes múltiples propuesto por John Kingdon,con énfasis en los conflictos que se establecen entre los poderes ejecutivo y legislativo al momentode su formulación. Se analiza también la exposición de motivos realizada conjuntamente porlos Ministerios de Salud, Educación y Público Federal (Nº 024/2013-MS/MEC/MP), la medidaprovisoria n.º 621/2013 y el Proyecto de Ley de conversión N.º 026/2013-CN, el cual culmino enla edición de la Ley N.º 12.871/2013. Al final, se presentan los resultados apuntando a explicar lacontinuidad de la agenda gubernamental de salud pública nacional, el desempeño de los actoresinvolucrados en el proceso de creación y formulación del programa, así como sus intereses yestrategias utilizadas para influir sobre los tomadores de decisión política.

A produção normativa em saúde como um novo campo de estudo / Legislative drafting on health as a new field of study

Este artigo faz levantamento e análise do aumento no número e na qualidade dos estudos sobre produção normativa em matéria de saúde nos últimos anos, como provável consequência tanto do desenvolvimento do Direito Sanitário em nosso país como do crescimento e da diversificação das atividades de assessoramento e consultoria legislativa em nossas casas legislativas. Conclui-se que houve desenvolvimento recente nesse campo de estudo e na produção científica em nosso meio, caracterizado pelo crescimento do número de estudos e publicações com dois focos principais: o conteúdo normativo das leis e a influência, nos resultados do processo, das regras constitucionais e regimentais que regulam o processo legislativo e favorecem o papel legiferante do Poder Executivo.

This study includes the results of a survey and analysis on the increase in the number and quality of studies on healthcare legislation in recent years. This increase is likely the consequenceof both the development of the Health Law in Brazil and the growth and diversification in legal council activities in Brazil’s legislative houses. It is concluded that there has been recent development in this field of study and in the scientific production in this area,which is characterized as an increase in the number of studies and publications with two main focuses: the content of laws and the influence, on the results of the legislative process, of the constitutional and procedural laws that regulate the legislative process and reinforce the legislative power of the Executive Branch.

Voices of Oncology Nursing Society members matter in advocacy and decisions related to U.S. Health Policy

The Oncology Nursing Society (ONS), a member of the Nursing Organizations Alliance, invests in advocating for health and public policy decisions by sending members to the Nurse in Washington Internship (NIWI) program annually. NIWI provides a forum to educate nurses on the legislative process, giving attendees a better understanding of political, legislative, and regulatory issues facing nurses. The 2014 ONS delegation participated in training and lobbying focused on federal funding issues, nursing education, workforce oversight, and funding for nursing research. The three-day program ended with a Capitol Hill visit where nurses met with their respective legislators or their staff, using skills learned at NIWI briefings to influence policy for nurses and the patients they serve. Critical health and public policy decisions affecting nurses, their practice, and their patients require participation in and understanding of the legislative process. This article provides a glimpse into the three-day experience of the delegates attending the 2014 NIWI.