Macamide, a component of maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp) lipophilic extract, enhances myogenic differentiation via AKT/p38 signaling and attenuates dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy.

Maca (Lepidium meyenii) is a plant that grows in the central Andes region of Peru, and it has been reported to have various bioactive functions, such as improving or preventing osteoporosis, sexual dysfunction, and memory impairment. In this study, maca roots of various colors (yellow, red, or black) were extracted using different polar solvents (PE, HEX, or BuOH) to compare their effects on muscle differentiation. Among them, the red maca lipophilic extract, which showed the most effectiveness, was chosen for further investigation. Our results show that RMLE enhances muscle differentiation by inducing MyoD-E2A heterodimerization through the activation of the AKT/p38 pathway. Additionally, RMLE attenuated dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy by inhibiting nuclear translocation of FoxO3a and expression of E3-ligase (MAFbx and MURF1) in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, based on these results suggest that lipophilic extract of maca, which can abundantly contain nonpolar compounds, macamides, can enhance the functional properties of maca in alleviating muscle homeostasis.

Jatonik polyherbal mixture induced rat liver MMPT pore opening in normal Wistar rat: In vitro and in vivo studies.

Objective: To assess acute toxicity, the in vitro and in vivo effects of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts (JME and JEE) of Jatonik polyherbal mixture on some mitochondria-related parameters and their effect on the activity of some liver enzymes. Methods: Acute toxicity of JME and JEE was determined using Lorke's method. In vitro and in vivo opening of the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore (MMPT pore) was spectrophotometrically assayed. Production of malondialdehyde (MDA) as an index of lipid peroxidation and the activity of mitochondrial ATPase was evaluated in vitro and in vivo and the effect of JME and JEE on the activity of liver enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate and alanine aminotransferase (AST and ALT) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) was also investigated. Results: JME had an LD50 of 3 808 mg/kg b.w whereas JEE had an LD50 greater than 5 000 mg/kg b.w. of rats. After the rats have been fed with both extracts, a photomicrograph of a piece of liver tissue showed no apparent symptoms of toxicity. From the in vitro and in vivo studies, both extracts prompted intact mitochondria to open their MMPT pores. When compared to the control, lipid peroxide product release and ATPase activity were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in vitro and in vivo. The activities of AST, ALT, and GGT were all reduced at 50 mg/kg when treated with JME, but the activity of AST was considerably enhanced when treated with JEE (P < 0.05). The results revealed that both JME and JEE of the Jatonik polyherbal mixture had low toxicity, profound MMPTpore induction, and enhanced ATPase activity, but an increased MDA production. Conclusion: Jatonik extracts may be a promising target for drug development in diseases where there is dysregulation of apoptosis, however, further studies are needed to better clarify the molecular mechanism involved in these phenomena.

Jatonik polyherbal mixture induced rat liver MMPT pore opening in normal Wistar rat: In vitro and in vivo studies / 中草药·英文版

OBJECTIVE@#To assess acute toxicity, the in vitro and in vivo effects of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts (JME and JEE) of Jatonik polyherbal mixture on some mitochondria-related parameters and their effect on the activity of some liver enzymes.@*METHODS@#Acute toxicity of JME and JEE was determined using Lorke's method. In vitro and in vivo opening of the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore (MMPT pore) was spectrophotometrically assayed. Production of malondialdehyde (MDA) as an index of lipid peroxidation and the activity of mitochondrial ATPase was evaluated in vitro and in vivo and the effect of JME and JEE on the activity of liver enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate and alanine aminotransferase (AST and ALT) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) was also investigated.@*RESULTS@#JME had an LD50 of 3 808 mg/kg b.w whereas JEE had an LD50 greater than 5 000 mg/kg b.w. of rats. After the rats have been fed with both extracts, a photomicrograph of a piece of liver tissue showed no apparent symptoms of toxicity. From the in vitro and in vivo studies, both extracts prompted intact mitochondria to open their MMPT pores. When compared to the control, lipid peroxide product release and ATPase activity were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in vitro and in vivo. The activities of AST, ALT, and GGT were all reduced at 50 mg/kg when treated with JME, but the activity of AST was considerably enhanced when treated with JEE (P < 0.05). The results revealed that both JME and JEE of the Jatonik polyherbal mixture had low toxicity, profound MMPTpore induction, and enhanced ATPase activity, but an increased MDA production.@*CONCLUSION@#Jatonik extracts may be a promising target for drug development in diseases where there is dysregulation of apoptosis, however, further studies are needed to better clarify the molecular mechanism involved in these phenomena.

Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Ultrasound-Assisted Strategy for Simultaneous Extraction of Five Macamides from Lepidium meyenii Walp and In Vitro Bioactivities.

This study aimed to develop an integrated approach of deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasound-assisted extraction (DES-UAE) to simultaneously extract five major bioactive macamides from the roots of Lepidium meyenii Walp. Ten different DESs containing choline chloride and selected hydrogen-bond donors were prepared and evaluated based on the extracted macamide content determination using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Choline chloride/1,6-hexanediol in a 1:2 molar ratio with 20% water exhibited the most promising extraction efficiencies under the optimized parameters verified using single-factor optimization as well as Box-Behnken design. Using the optimized DES-UAE method, the extraction efficiencies of the five macamides were up to 40.3% higher compared to those using the most favorable organic solvent petroleum ether and were also superior to those of the other extraction methods, such as heating and combination of heating and stirring. Furthermore, using the macroporous resin HPD-100, the recoveries of the five target macamides from the DES extraction reached 85.62-92.25%. The 20 µg/mL group of the five macamide extracts showed superior neuroprotective activity against PC12 cell injury than that of the positive drug nimodipine. The macamide extracts also showed higher NO inhibition in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Thus, the developed approach was a green and potential alternative that can be used to extract bioactive macamide constituents from L. meyenii in the pharmaceutical and food industries.

Lepidium meyenii Walp (Maca)-derived extracellular vesicles ameliorate depression by promoting 5-HT synthesis via the modulation of gut-brain axis.

Depression is a common and debilitating condition for which effective treatments are needed. Lepidium meyenii Walp (Maca) is a plant with potential medicinal effects in treating depression. Recently, there has been growing interest in plant-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) due to their low toxicity and ability to transport to human cells. Targeting the gut-brain axis, a novel strategy for depression management, may be achieved through the use of Maca-derived EVs (Maca-EVs). In this study, we successfully isolated Maca-EVs using gradient ultracentrifugation and characterized their shape, size, and markers (CD63 and TSG101). The in vivo imaging showed that the Dil-labeled Maca-EVs crossed the brain-blood barrier and accumulated in the brain. The behavioral tests revealed that Maca-EVs dramatically recovered the depression-like behaviors of unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) mice. UCMS mice fecal were characterized by an elevated abundance of g_Enterococcus, g_Lactobacillus, and g_Escherichia_Shigella, which were significantly restored by administration of Maca-EVs. The effects of Maca-EVs on the altered microbial and fecal metabolites in UCMS mice were mapped to biotin, pyrimidine, and amino acid (tyrosine, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate) metabolisms, which were closely associated with the serotonin (5-HT) production. Maca-EVs were able to increase serum monoamine neurotransmitter levels in UCMS mice, with 5-HT showing the most significant changes. We further demonstrated that 5-HT improved the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, a key regulator of neuronal plasticity, and its subsequent activation of TrkB/p-AKT signaling by regulating the GTP-Cdc42/ERK pathway. These findings suggest that Maca-EVs enhance 5-HT release, possibly by modulating the gut-brain axis, to improve depression behavior. Our study sheds light on a novel approach to depression treatment using plant-derived EVs.

Micelle nanovehicles for co-delivery of Lepidium meyenii Walp. (maca) polysaccharide and chloroquine to tumor-associated macrophages for synergistic cancer immunotherapy.

Here, we fabricated amphiphilic polysaccharide micelles for synergistic cancer immunotherapy targeting tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Lepidium meyenii Walp. (maca) polysaccharide (MP), a naturally derived macromolecule with a strong TAM-remodeling effect, was grafted on a hydrophobic poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) segment, with a disulfide bond for redox-sensitive linkage. The amphiphilic polysaccharide derivatives could self-assemble into core (PLGA)-shell (MP)-structured micelles and encapsulate chloroquine (CQ) into the hydrophobic core. By using a 4T1-M2 macrophage co-culture model and a 4T1 tumor xenograft mouse model, we showed that the prepared micelles could co-deliver MP and CQ to the tumor sites and selectively accumulate at TAMs because of the specific properties of MP. Furthermore, the nanoparticles exerted synergistic tumor immunotherapeutic and antimetastatic effects, which might be attributable to the enhanced cell internalization of the micelles and the multiple regulatory mechanisms of MP and CQ. Thus, immunomodulatory MP may be a promising biomaterial for cancer immunotherapy.

Lepidium meyenii Walpers polysaccharide and its cationic derivative re-educate tumor-associated macrophages for synergistic tumor immunotherapy.

In the current study, we developed a synergistic chemo-immunotherapy using doxorubicin (Dox) and a natural polysaccharide as immunomodulator. First, we isolated a polysaccharide (MPW) from the root of Lepidium meyenii Walp. (maca) and characterized its chemical properties. MPW contains → 4) -α-D-Glcp- (1 → glycosidic bonds, while the terminal α-D-Glcp- (1 → group is connected to the main chain through an O-6 bond. This polysaccharide was then modified by cationization (C-MPW) to enhance immunoregulatory activity. MPW and C-MPW were combined with Dox and their chemo-immunotherapy effects on 4T1 tumor-bearing mice were assessed. Results indicated that the combination of MPW/C-MPW exerted a stronger anti-tumor effect than Dox alone, while reducing systemic toxicity and inhibiting tumor metastasis. In addition, MPW and C-MPW exerted tumor immunotherapy effects through the NF-κB, STAT1, and STAT3 signaling pathways, redirecting TAMs to the M1 phenotype that facilitates immunological responses against tumors. As a result, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment was remodeled into an immune-activated state due to enhanced secretion of IL-12, TNF-α, and INF-γ. Moreover, C-MPW exerted a stronger immunomodulatory effect than MPW. In conclusion, MPW and its cationic derivative are promising tools for cancer immunotherapy.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of the medicinal plant Lepidium meyenii Walp. (Cruciferae).

Lepidium meyenii Walp. is a frequently used medicinal plant (namely, 'maca') in Yunnan Province of China. In this study, we sequenced the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of L. meyenii to investigate its phylogenetic relationship in the family Cruciferae. The chloroplast genome of L. meyenii was 154,839 bp in length with 36.39% overall GC content, including a large single copy (LSC) region of 83,943 bp, a small single copy (SSC) region of 17,978 bp and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 52,918 bp. The cp genome contained 103 genes, including 78 protein-coding genes, 21 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. The phylogenetic analysis indicated L. meyenii was closely related to the genus Capsella.

25 years after the `Rio Convention'--Lessons learned in the context of sustainable development and protecting indigenous and local knowledge.

BACKGROUND: When in 1992 the Convention on Biological Diversity was adopted, it was a response to centuries of exploitative use of biodiversity and to a lack of recognition of the rights of the countries and regions of origin. At the same time, it was an outcome of the increasing drive, especially in many European and American countries, to ascertain more equitable sharing of wealth between the global North and South. It is a result of negotiations between states and driven by political consensus. AIM: With this review we aim to assess the situation 25 years after the adoption of the CBD, provide an overview on how we got to the current framework and offer a perspective on how such access rights and equitable benefit sharing can be ascertained. OUTCOMES AND DISCUSSION: Without doubt the CBD has resulted in a new framework for providing and securing access to biodiversity and for equitable benefit sharing. It has since been developed and amended in numerous treaties and protocols, most recently the Nagoya Protocol. This development is both driven by the historical experience of many countries in the exploitative extractions of biodiversity, and indigenous peoples' drive for the recognition of their rights. Examples of exploitative use of biodiversity include the species yielding quinine and rubber. Using Lepidium meyenii Walp. as an example, we assess the current patent basis and highlight why in this case equitable benefit sharing proved to be impossible. Today, there are well-established principles in place to establish intellectual property rights, both with respect to a country's ownership of genetic resources, and a research entity's invention based on them. There remains, however, a lack of investment as well as research and development opportunities based on these internationally binding agreements. In line with the aims of our review, this paper includes an overview on how the current patenting system can be used to ensure that the goals of the CBD can be achieved. CONCLUSION: In the context of the centuries of exploitative use of biodiversity, 25 years is a short time span and this review reiterates Posey and Dutfields' call (1996) to companies or other outside organization for developing 'a relationship in which the community is an equal partner'.

Progress on the Chemical Constituents Derived from Glucosinolates in Maca (Lepidium meyenii).

Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.), a famous food supplement, has drawn an unprecedented international interest over the last two decades. It was assumed that glucosinolates, macamides, macaenes, and alkaloids are the main bioactive components of Maca before. Recently, a series of novel thiohydantoins which generally exhibit a variety of activities have been isolated from Maca. This review focuses on the progress on the main bioactive components of Maca and their biosynthetic pathway, which indicates that macamides, thiohydantoins, and some alkaloids may originate from glucosinolates. Interestingly, thiohydantoins from Maca are the first type of thiohydantoin derivatives to be found from a natural source and may contribute to some significant effects of Maca.

Structure characterization of one polysaccharide from Lepidium meyenii Walp., and its antioxidant activity and protective effect against H2O2-induced injury RAW264.7 cells.

The structural characterization, antioxidant activity and protective effect against H2O2-induced injury RAW264.7 cells of a new polysaccharide (MP1) isolated from Lepidium meyenii Walp. were investigated. The molecular weight was estimated to be 4.67 × 105 Da by HPLC-ELSD analysis. Monosaccharide composition was determined to be arabinose and galactose in a molar ratio of 2:1 by GC-MS and PMP-HPLC-UV analysis. Methylation combined with 1D and 2D NMR spectrum analysis revealed that MP1 was an arabinogalactan. MP1 possessed a moderate antioxidant activity in vitro in DPPH, ABTS, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals scavenging, Fe2+ chelating, lipid peroxidation inhibition and reducing power assays. MP1 could also effectively protect RAW264.7 cells from H2O2-induced injury by maintaining stable cell viability, decreasing ROS, MDA and LDH level and enhancing SOD, GSH-Px and CAT activity. These results suggested the potential utilization of MP1 as a natural antioxidant for food and pharmaceutical applications.

Bioactive Potential of Andean Fruits, Seeds, and Tubers.

The Andes is considered the longest continental mountain range in the world. It covers 7000km long and about 200-700km wide and an average height of about 4000m. Very unique plant species are endemic of this area including fruits (e.g., lucuma, cherimoya, sweet pepino, sauco), roots and tubers (potatoes, sweet potatoes, yacón, chicuru, mashua, olluco, etc.), and seeds (quinoa, amaranth, tarwi, etc.). These crops have been used for centuries by the native population and relatively recently have gained the world attention due to the wide range of nutrients and/or phytochemicals they possess. In this chapter, main Andean fruits, seeds, and roots and tubers have been selected and detailed nutritional and functional information is provided. In addition, traditional and current uses are provided and their bioactive potential is reported based on published scientific literature.

Isolation, purification, structural characterization and immunostimulatory activity of water-soluble polysaccharides from Lepidium meyenii.

A water-soluble polysaccharide LMP-1 was isolated and purified by ion-exchange chromatography from maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.). LMP-1 has a molecular weight of 1.01 × 104 Da, and is composed of glucose and arabinose with a molar ratio of 7.03:1.08. Methylation and the 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy of LMP-1 revealed that it is mainly composed of →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, and ß-D-Araf-(1→, with branching at O-6 of →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1 â†’ . LMP-1 showed up-regulation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). The upstream proteins of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (CD14 and MD2) and mRNA level of IL-1ß also increased. Increased transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 was found in the nuclei and cytoplasm in LMP-1-treated RAW264.7 macrophages. These results indicated that LMP-1 activated RAW264.7 macrophages and elicited immunostimulatory activities via the TLRs/NF-κB signalling pathway.

Ethanol extracts of Lepidium meyenii Walp (maca) from two different areas in Xinjiang promote the maturation of mouse macrophages and dendritic cells / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of ethanol extracts of Lepidium meyenii Walp (LMEE) from two different areas in Xinjiang on the maturation of mouse macrophages (RAW264. 7 cells) and dendritic cells (DCs). Methods Ethanol extracts of LMEE from Tashikuergan County (Ta xian) and A La gou of Xinjiang were prepared and named as LMEE-T and LMEE-A, respectively. RAW264. 7 cells and bone marrow-derived DCs from C57BL/6 mice were treated with different concentrations of LMEE-T/A. The viability of RAW264. 7 cells was analyzed by MTT assay. Expression of costimulatory molecules and MHCⅠ on the surface of RAW264. 7 cells and DCs was detected by flow cytometry. Secretion of cytokines and the release of nitrogen oxide (NO) were measured by ELISA and Griess method, respectively. Results LMEE-T/A had no significant influence on the viability of RAW264. 7 cells when the concentration was lower than 1 mg/ml. Treating RAW264. 7 cells with LMEE-T/A promoted surface molecule expression, cytokine secretion and NO release through TLR4 signaling pathway in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, LMEE-T was more potent than LMEE-A. LMEE-T/A at the concentration of 0. 4 mg/ml promoted the expression of DC surface molecules and the secretion of cytokines. Infrared and ultraviolet spectra showed that LMEE-A and LMEE-T contained polysaccharides, macaenes, macamides and flavanols. Compared with LMEE-A, LMEE-T contained more benzene ring compounds but less polysaccharides. Conclusion Both LMEE-T and LMEE-A could activate RAW264. 7 cells and promote the maturation of DCs. The differences between their effects might be related to the differences in their contents.

Effects of water extracts of Lepidium meyenii walp (maca) growing in two different places in Xin-jiang on the maturation and function of dendritic cells / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of water extracts of Lepidium meyenii walp (LMWE) collected from two different places in Xinjiang on the maturation and function of dendritic cells (DCs) and to evaluate their roles in immunoregulation. Methods Water extracts of LMWE growing in Tashikuergan County (Ta xian) and A La gou of Xinjiang were prepared and named as LMWE-T and LMWE-A,respectively. Bone marrow-derived DCs and splenocytes isolated from C57BL/6 mice were treated with different concentrations of polysaccharide extracts from LMWE-T/A. Effects of LMWE-T/A on the per-centage and apoptosis of DC,expression of co-stimulatory molecules and secretion of cytokines were detected by flow cytometry and ELISA. MTT assay was used to analyze the proliferation of splenocytes. Changes in the functions of DC were evaluated by mixed lymphocyte reaction(MLR). Results LMWE-T/A had no in-fluence on the percentage and viability of DC. Expression of CD40 and CD86,and secretion of TNF-α,IL-12p40 and IFN-γ were significantly increased by LMWE-T/A treatment in a dose-dependent manner. LMWE-T/A treatment enhanced the functions of DCs and also dose-dependently promoted the proliferation of splenocytes. LMWE-A was more effective than LMWE-T in promoting CD86 expression,IFN-γ secretion and splenocyte proliferation. Pretreatment with TAK-242,an inhibitor of Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4),could sig-nificantly inhibit the regulatory effects of LMWE-T/A on CD40 expression and the secretion of TNF-α and IL-12p40. Conclusion This study shows that LMWE could promote the maturation of DC through TLR4 signaling pathway,enhance the functions of DC without side effects on DC survival,and increase the prolif-eration of splenocytes,indicating that LMWE has a potential immunopotentiating effect. LMWE-A has better effects than LMWE-T on immune enhancement.

A new macamide from Lepidium meyenii cultivated in Lijiang / 中草药

Objective To study the chemical constituents of the dried roots of Lepidium meyenii cultivated in Lijiang. Methods The samples were extracted by 90% alcohol, and then isolated by silica column, MCI, and HPLC. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by NMR techniques including 2D NMR such as HSQC, HMBC, and COSY. The cytotoxic activity of the new compound against five cell lines (NB4, A549, PC3, SHSY5Y, and MCF7) was evaluated by MTT methods. Results Three macamides were isolated and identified as N-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl) hexadec-9Z-enamide (1), N-benzyl-13-oxo-9E,11E-octadecadienamide (2) and N-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-hexadecanamide (3) from this plant. Conclusion Compound 1 is a new compound named macalepidiumide A and shows no significant cytotoxic activity.

Identification and characterization of microRNAs and their targets in high-altitude stress-adaptive plant maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp).

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, short (~21-nucleotide), non-coding RNA molecules that play pivotal roles in plant growth, development, and stress response signaling. In this study using recently published draft genome sequence of a high-altitude plant maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp) and applying genome-wide computational-based approaches, a total of 62 potentially conserved miRNAs belonging to 28 families were identified and four (lme-miR160a, lme-miR164c, lme-miR 166a, and lme-miR 319a) of them further validated by RT-PCR. Deploying psRNATarget tool a total of 99 potential miRNA target transcripts were also identified in maca. Targets include a number of transcription factors like Squamosa promoter-binding, NAC, MYB, auxin response factor, APETALA, WRKY, and F-box protein. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first genome-based miRNA profiling of a high-altitude plant.

Structural Characterization and Antifatigue Effect In Vivo of Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp) Polysaccharide.

Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp) polysaccharides (MP) with purity of 99.2% were obtained to investigate their structural characteristics and antifatigue effect in vivo. The physicochemical properties of MP were analyzed through high-performance gel filtration chromatography, IR, monosaccharide composition, methylation, GC-MS, and NMR analyses. The antifatigue effect of MP was evaluated by using a mouse weight-loaded swimming model. MP is an acidic heteropolysaccharide with an average molecular weight (Mw ) of 793.5 kDa. It is composed of D-GalA: D-Glc: L-Ara: D-Man: D-Gal: L-Rha = 35.07:29.98:16.98:13.01:4.21:0.75 (mol, %). The findings revealed that MP contained ß-1,3-Galp(A), ß-1,3-Glcp, and α-1, 3-Manp linked alternatingly to form a backbone (5:4:1). MP (above mid-dosage 50 mg/kg bw/d) could effectively elongate swimming durations and accelerate average swimming speeds (within the 1st 5 min) of mice (P < 0.05) and improve the serous biochemical parameters of mice. Compared with the control model, high-dosage (100 mg/kg bw/d) MP treatment could significantly enhance glutathione peroxidase and creatine kinase activities (P < 0.05) and decreased lactate dehydrogenase activity (P < 0.01). High-dosage MP could significantly reduce the levels of blood urea nitrogen, lactic acid, and malondialdehyde (P < 0.05). MP is an acidic polysaccharide with a high D-GalA content, which could be responsible for the antifatigue effect of maca.

Anti-fatigue activity of polysaccharide fractions from Lepidium meyenii Walp. (maca).

The two fractions of polysaccharide MPS-1 and MPS-2 were extracted from Lepidium meyenii Walp. (maca) by water, and purified using a DEAE-52 and a Sephadex G-100 column. The molecular weight (MW) of MPS-1 was 7.6kDa, and the MW of MPS-2 was 6.7kDa. The MPS-1 was composed of xylose, arabinose, galactose and glucose, with the mole ratio 1:1.7:3.3:30.5; the MPS-2 was composed of arabinose, galactose and glucose, with the mole ratio 1:1.3:36.8. The IR spectrum implied that only α-pyranose existed in MPS-1, and both α-pyranose and ß-pyranose existed in MPS-2. The anti-fatigue activities of MPS-1 and MPS-2 were measured by the forced swimming test, along with the determination of blood lactate (BLA), urea nitrogen (BUN), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and liver glycogen (LG). The results indicated that both MPS-1 and MPS-2 presented dose-dependently positive effects on the fatigue related parameters. Additionally, MPS-2 has a better anti-fatigue effect than MPS-1.

GC-MS Analysis on Essential Oil and Liposoluble Constituents of Lepidium Meyenii Walp / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

In order to provide scientific basis for quality evaluation of Lepidium meyenii Walp.in Sichuan province,the extracted constituents of essential oil and petroleum ether were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS),respectively.The volatile oil and fat soluble components were extracted by the steam distillation and petroleum ether ultrasonic.They were isolated and identified by GC-MS.The structures were identified in combination with database search system of MS.The relative content of every compound was determined by normalization method.The results showed that a total of 22 compounds were identified in volatile oil (98.85％) and 40 compounds were identified in liposoluble constituents (73.99％).There were significant differences of components and relative percentage contents of volatile oil and fat-soluble components.Dodecane,quinoline,3-methoxybenzaldehyde,palmitic acid methyl ester and ethyl linoleate were the same compositions.Comparative analysis was conducted on volatile oil and liposoluble constituents by GC-MS for the first time.The results provided references for herbal resource investigation and quality standard evaluation of Maca.