Physiological Responses of Crotalaria spp. to the Presence of High Aluminum Availability in the Soil.

Brazilian soils are predominantly rich in aluminum, which becomes mobile at pH < 5, affecting sensitive plants; however, some species have developed aluminum tolerance mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to compare the physiological responses of Crotalaria genus species, family Fabaceae, which have the ability to associate with nitrogen-fixing bacteria under the influence of Al3+ in the soil. The soil used was Oxisol; the experimental design was in randomized blocks in a factorial scheme (2 × 3): soil factor (available toxic aluminum content; correction of dolomitic limestone-MgCO3) and species factor (C. juncea; C. spectabilis; C. ochroleuca); cultivated within 43, 53, and 53 days, respectively, with five replications; 30 experimental samples. Mass and length, pigments, gas exchange, and changes in nitrogen metabolism were evaluated. C. juncea showed a higher concentration of amino acids in the leaves, internal carbon, and stomatal conductance in soil with Al3+, as well as higher production of ureides, allantoinic acid, allantoic acid, proteins, and amino acids in the nodules, with 78% of the Al3+ accumulation occurring in the roots. C. ochroleuca demonstrated greater shoot length and nodule number production in limed soil; in soil with Al3+, it showed a 91% increase in chlorophyll a content and 93% in carotenoids. C. spectabilis showed a 93% increase in ureide production in the leaves in soil with Al3+.

Soil amendments to reduce cadmium in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.): A comprehensive field study in Ecuador.

The new EU regulations on maximum levels of cadmium (Cd) in cacao products sparked research on countermeasures to reduce Cd concentrations in cacao beans. This study was set up to test the effects of soil amendments in two established cacao orchards (soil pH 6.6 and 5.1) in Ecuador. Soil amendments included: 1) agricultural limestone at 2.0 and 4.0 Mg ha-1 y-1, 2) gypsum at 2.0 and 4.0 Mg ha-1 y-1 and 3) compost at 12.5 and 25 Mg ha-1 y-1, all amendments were applied at the surface during two subsequent years. Lime application increased the soil pH by one unit down to 20 cm depth. On the acid soil, leaf Cd concentrations decreased by lime application and the reduction factor gradually rose to 1.5 after 30 months. No effects of liming or gypsum on leaf Cd was found in the pH neutral soil. Compost application in the pH neutral soil reduced leaf Cd concentration with factor 1.2 at 22 months but that effect was absent at 30 months after application. Bean Cd concentrations were unaffected by any of the treatments at 22 months after application (acid soil) or 30 months (pH neutral soil) suggesting that any treatment effects on bean Cd might be even more delayed than in leaves. Soil columns experiments in the laboratory showed that mixing lime with compost largely enhanced the depth of lime penetration compared to lime only. Compost + lime reduced 10-3 M CaCl2 extractable Cd in soil without lowering extractable Zn. Our results suggest that soil liming has the potential to lower Cd uptake in cacao in the long term in acid soils and that the compost + lime treatment should be tested at field scale to accelerate the effects of the mitigation.

Detection of nutritional stress in sugarcane by VIS-NIR-SWIR reflectance spectroscopy / Detecção de estresse nutricional em cana-de-açúcar por espectroscopia de reflectância VIS-NIR-SWIR

This study applied spectroradiometry techniques with hyperspectral data to identify the correlations between sugarcane leaf reflectance and the contents of Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Sulfur (S), Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg). During the harvests 2019/20 and 2020/21, sugarcane was introduced to nutritional stress by the application of limestone doses. Liming was applied in a fractional way and, at the end of five years, the amounts corresponded to 0, 9, 15 and 21 t ha-1 of dolomitic limestone. The leaf hyperspectral reflectance data and the state of nutrients in the exponential growth phase of the culture were registered. The wavelengths correlated with N, P, K, S, Ca and Mg were identified using the Spearman's correlation analysis. The test of similarity (ANOSIM) and the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were applied to evaluate data variability, as well as the Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) for the prediction of the nutritional contents. The order of the degree of correlation in the region of visible was: P > K > N > Ca > S > Mg and for the region of the near infrared: P > K > Ca > N > S > Mg. P presented peaks with high correlations in the wavelengths 706-717 nm (-0.78) and 522-543 nm (-0.76). The values of the PLSR registered the best spectral responses in the region of VIS and red-edge, regions that are more sensitive to the deficiency of sulfur, potassium and phosphorus.

Este estudo aplicou técnicas de espectrorradiometria com dados hiperespectrais para identificar as relações da reflectância foliar da cana-de-açúcar com os teores de Nitrogênio (N), Fósforo (P), Potássio (K), Enxofre (S), Cálcio (Ca) e Magnésio (Mg). Durante as safras 2019/20 e 2020/21 a cana foi induzida ao estresse nutricional a partir da aplicação de doses de calcário. A calagem foi aplicada de forma fracionada e ao final de cinco anos as quantidades corresponderam a 0, 9, 15 e 21 t ha-1 de calcário do tipo dolomítico. Foram registrados os dados de reflectância hiperespectral da folha e o estado de nutrientes na fase de exponencial crescimento da cultura. Os comprimentos de onda correlacionados ao N, P, K, S, Ca e Mg foram identificados usando análise de correlação de Spearman. Aplicou-se o teste de similaridade (ANOSIM) e Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) para avaliar a variabilidade dos dados, assim como, a Regressão por Mínimos Quadrados Parciais (PLRS) para a predição dos teores nutricionais. A ordem do grau de correlação na região do visível foi: P > K > N > Ca > S > Mg e para região do infravermelho próximo: P > K > Ca > N > S > Mg. O P teve picos com alta correlação nos comprimentos de onda 706-717 nm (-0,78) e 522-543 nm (-0,76). Os valores do PLRS registraram melhores respostas espectrais na região do VIS e red-edge, regiões mais sensíveis a deficiência do enxofre, potássio e fósforo.

Application of limestone-molasses blends in Nile tilapia rearing tanks

The work aimed at determining the effects of applying different blends between liquid molasses and agricultural limestone on water quality and growth performance of Nile tilapia juveniles, Oreochromis niloticus. The study employed 24 indoor tanks of 100 L and 24 outdoor tanks of 250 L. Four control groups were set up (no product applied, only molasses, only limestone, molasses-limestone blend with 48% limestone but no fish) and two experimental groups (molasses-limestone blends with 32% and 48% molasses), with four replicates each. Over 11 weeks, the water quality was monitored systematically. The 24-h cycle monitoring of temperature, pH, specific conductance, dissolved O2 and total alkalinity were carried out at the 8th week. The blends between molasses and limestone accelerated the dissolution rate of the agricultural limestone in water. The blend containing 48% molasses led to greater increases in water alkalinity and pH in relation to tanks with only limestone applications. However, the molasses-limestone blend applications impaired the Nile tilapia growth performance, especially in the outdoor tanks. While the fish yield was 25.1 g m-3 day-1 in the molasses outdoor tanks, it was equal to 22.8 g m-3 day-1 in the molasses (32%)-limestone units (P<0.05). It has been concluded that the blending between limestone and molasses brings no clear benefits to Nile tilapia's rearing tanks when compared to the limestone-only tanks.

Distribuição das formas de potássio no solo em decorrência da aplicação de calcário / Potassium forms distribution in soil as a result of lime application

O potássio existe no solo em diferentes formas e todas se encontram em equilíbrio químico dinâmico com o K da solução do solo, o qual determina a disponibilidade para as plantas e é influenciado pelo pH. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da elevação do pH e da aplicação de K na distribuição desse nutriente em suas diversas formas, em algumas classes de solos. O experimento foi conduzido em laboratório, utilizando-se cinco solos catarinenses. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma combinação fatorial entre doses de calcário (0, 0,25, 0,5, 1,0 e 1,5 vezes a quantidade de calcário indicada para elevar o pH até 6,0) e aplicação ou não de 1000 mg kg-1de K. A adição de K juntamente com calcário proporcionou aumentos no pH dos solos um pouco mais baixos em comparação com a aplicação somente do corretivo da acidez. O K na solução do solo foi a forma mais afetada pela adição de calcário, cujos teores diminuíram em todos os solos, independentemente da adição ou não de K. O aumento do pH também proporcionou diminuição do K extraível em quatro dos cinco solos, à exceção do Argissolo. Os teores de K não trocável foram os menos afetados pela calagem. A elevação do pH afeta a distribuição relativa do K entre as principais formas em que esse nutriente se encontra no solo e isso pode afetar sua disponibilidade às plantas.(AU)

All forms of potassium in the soil are in a dynamic equilibrium with K in the soil solution, which affects K availability to the plants and it is affected by the soil pH. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the soil pH and K application on the distribution of soil K forms in five Brazilian soils. The experiment was conducted in laboratory, using five soils. Treatments consisted of a factorial combination including rates of limestone (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 times the amount of lime indicated by the SMP method to raise soil pH to 6.0) and two rates of K (0 and 1000 mg kg-1). Addition of KCl, together with limestone, promoted lower values of soil pH relatively to limestone alone. Solution K was the most sensitive K form affected by liming rates, which decreased in all soils with increases on K rate, regardless of K addition. Exchangeable K also decreased in all soils with the increase on lime applied, except on the Argisol. The non-exchangeable K levels were the least affected by liming. Addition of lime affects the distribution of K among all K forms and this may affect the availability of K to the plants.(AU)

Asbestos cement waste treatment through mechanochemical process with KH2PO4 for its utilization in soil pH correction and nutrient delivery.

The manufacture of asbestos materials has been banished worldwide due to their toxicity, but discarding the existing wastes remains a challenge. We investigated an alternative mechanochemical method to treat asbestos-cement materials by loading them with potassium and phosphorus from KH2PO4 during the milling process to obtain a product used as liming and soil conditioner. The results showed total asbestos fibrous elimination after 7 to 8 h of milling. The materials showed a slow-release fertilizer profile. The liming property is maintained when the asbestos-cement weight proportion used is equal to or higher than KH2PO4. A comparative soil experiment with limestone also indicates that lower doses of the K- and P-enriched detoxified asbestos cement were required to reach similar liming effects. Maize cultivation (greenhouse) was used to evaluate its performance showing higher biomass production for the sample loaded with potassium and phosphorous.

Lowering the Toxicity of Cd to Theobroma cacao Using Soil Amendments Based on Commercial Charcoal and Lime.

Carbonaceous and calcareous materials are commonly used as amendments to decrease the Cd mobility in contaminated soils. This study evaluated the effect of amendments applied to cocoa seedlings in the greenhouse, considering the mobilization of soil cadmium toward the seedlings as the main response. The experimental conditions considered soil artificially contaminated with Cd at a concentration of 50 mg Cd kg-1 and applications of amendments in different treatments with the presence of charcoal dust and calcium carbonate. The charcoal was characterized by microscopy and by adsorption tests, and it proved to be a material with macropores, with a maximum capacity of 8.06 mg Cd g-1 and favorable kinetic behavior according to the adjustment of the data obtained to the pseudo-second-order model. The results also showed that the application of liming decreased the mobility of Cd toward the seedlings, with the liming combined with charcoal leading to the absence of Cd in the cocoa seedlings, considering a residual concentration of Cd in the soil of 35 mg Cd kg-1. The results, although limited to a small scale, demonstrated the possibility of applying low-cost and easy-to-handle amendments for the control of Cd in cocoa plantations.

Cover crops, lime and gypsum influence on soil physical attributes

Cover crops promote nutrient cycling, and lime and gypsum can alter the soil physical attributes. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of lime and gypsum rates applied to a no-tillage system with addition of residues of three cover crops on the soil physical attributes. This experiment was carried out in chapadão do sul-ms. The treatments were comprised of three cover crops (Urochloa ruziziensis, fallow, and Pennisetum glaucum), with gypsum (0, 2.3 and 4.6 Mg ha-1) and lime applied at a dose of 0, 2, 4, 6 Mg ha-1).The attributes evaluated were: soil density, macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity and penetration resistance. The soil of the experiment was classified an Oxisol. Cover crops and lime and gypsum improved macroporosity, microporosity and total porosity at all depths, 0-0.2 m. Millet presented lower values for penetration resistance with the lime application and without gypsum application. No residual effect on soil density was detected for lime and gypsum application or cover crops in the 0.1-0.2 m layer. Brazilian Cerrado producers will have a well-defined management system to follow aiming at improving the soil physical attributes.

Worldwide cadmium accumulation in soybean grains and feasibility of food production on contaminated calcareous soils.

Elevated toxins in soybeans extensively threaten Asian residents and over one billion vegetarians worldwide. An integrated dataset of toxic trace metal(loid)s especially cadmium (Cd) analysis in soybean grain samples (n = 5217) from 12 countries/regions of origin was compiled for risk analysis. Worldwide grain Cd averaged 0.093 mg kg-1, but mean values varied 16-fold between regions, with South China (0.32 mg kg-1) > Argentina (0.15 mg kg-1) = German (0.13 mg kg-1) > Japan (0.11 mg kg-1) > the United States (0.064 mg kg-1) > Central-North China (0.020-0.60 mg kg-1) ≥ Iran (0.042 mg kg-1) = Brazil (0.023 mg kg-1) = South Korea (0.020 mg kg-1). Regression analysis suggested widespread contamination and acidic soil features significantly contributed the elevated food Cd contamination worldwide. Arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) are also of concern because excessive levels were often observed in grains. Given that soil Cd bioavailability is generally low in alkaline pH ranges, the feasibility of producing safe food from contaminated land was investigated by greenhouse experiments with one low-Cd soybean cultivar grown on 20 contaminated calcareous soils. Equilibrium-based approaches i.e., 0.01 M CaCl2 and in-situ porewater extractions, and diffusion-based diffusive gradients in thin-films technique were used to determine the plant-available fractions of soil metal(loid)s to explain the bioaccumulation variation. The results suggested that soybean grains bioaccumulated mean 0.76 mg Cd kg-1, ranging from 0.16 to 2.1 mg kg-1, whereas As and Pb bioaccumulation was low. Cadmium accumulation was closely correlated with plant-available Cd fractions especially the 0.01 M CaCl2-extractable Cd, but negatively correlated with soil pH. Even in the alkaline pH range, a slight decrease of soil pH would increase grain Cd significantly. Study region and those arable lands that have similar soil conditions are not recommended for growing soybean unless novel remediation strategies are developed.

Melhoramento de campo nativo com uso de calcário e gesso agrícola nos Campos de Cima da Serra/RS / Improvement of native grassland fieldswith use of lime and agricultural gypsum in “Campos de Cima da Serra”/RS

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito da aplicação de calcário, em doses superiores às recomendadas, e de gesso agrícola na produtividade e teor de macronutrientes do campo nativo na região dos Campos de Cima da Serra –RS. O experimento foi realizado em área de pastagem nativa, localizado em Vacaria –RS. O experimento foi disposto em blocos completamente casualizados alocados em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Conduzido em esquema fatorial 3x2: sendo três doses de calcário (0; 3,0 e 5,0 ton ha-1, visando atingir a saturação por bases de 65% e 5,0 ton ha-1, visando atingir uma saturação por bases de 75%) e duas doses de gesso (0 e 2,0 ton ha-1), aplicados superficialmente. O gesso agrícola foi aplicado aleatoriamente em uma das subparcelas. Ao final de cada estação climática foram realizadas avaliações da produção de massa de forragem e teor de macronutrientes, na matéria seca da parte aérea, em duas amostras coletada de uma área de 0,25 m2por parcelas, através do corte da parte aérea “rente ao solo”. A produção de matéria seca do campo nativo no outono, inverno e primavera, apresentou incremento significativo com a aplicação de 5 ton ha-1, sem haver influência no verão. A aplicação de calcário no solo aumentou o teor de nitrogênio e potássio no tecido foliar do campo nativo no período do outono e de cálcio na primavera. A aplicação de gesso agrícola aumentou a produção de matéria seca apenas na primavera e reduziu os teores de magnésio no inverno. Portanto, os resultados demonstram, o potencial de usodo calcário em doses superiores as recomendadas atualmente e do gesso agrícola para aumento da produção de forragem e qualidade das forragens naturais nas épocas avaliadas por este presente trabalho.(AU)

The objective of this work was to verify the effect of the application of lime in doses higher than those recommended and of agricultural gypsum on the productivity and macronutrient content of the native field in the "Campos de Cima da Serra" region (Southern Brazil). The experiment was conducted in a native pasture located in Vacaria municipality (Rio Grande do Sul state). The experiment was arranged in randomized blocks allocated in split plots, with four replications each. Conducted in a3x2 factorial scheme: three doses of limestone (0, 3,and 5ton ha-1, aiming to reach a base saturation of 65% and 5.0 ton ha-1, aiming to reach a base saturation 75%) and two doses of gypsum (0 and 2.0 ton ha-1), applied superficially. In addition, agricultural gypsum was randomly applied to one of the subplots. At the end of each climatic season, evaluations of forage mass production and macronutrient content were carried out in dry shoot matter in two samples collected from an area of 0.25 m2 per plot by cutting theaerial part "close to the ground”. The production of dry matter in the native field in autumn, winter and spring showed a significant increase with the application of 5 ton ha-1, with no influence in summer. Furthermore, the application of lime in the soil increased the nitrogen and potassium content in the leaf tissue of the native field in the autumn period. Interestingly, the same happens to calcium in the spring. On the other hand, the application of agricultural gypsum increased dry matter production only in spring and reduced magnesium contents in winter. Therefore, the results demonstrate the potential of using limestone in doses higher than those currently recommended and agricultural gypsum to increase natural forage production and their quality attime intervals evaluated in this work.(AU)

Efficiency of sanitary management of litter in Eimeria spp. control in poultry housing of Western Paraná, Brazil / Eficiência dos manejos sanitários de cama no controle de Eimeria spp. em aviários no Oeste do Paraná, Brasil

Abstract The objective of this research was to evaluate the control of coccidiosis in the litter of commercial poultry housing in the Western region of Paraná, Brazil, which adopts sanitary management to control Salmonellosis. Three litter treatments were selected, proposed by an integrating company in the region: fermentation associated with liming (FL); liming (L) and fermentation (F). Stool samples were collected from 18 poultry housing, in a completely randomized experimental design, testing different collection areas in the sheds, from the 5th day of the birds' housing, repeated weekly until the 40th day, during five successive flocks. The incidence of coccidiosis was determined by oocysts count in feces (OoPG), testing the interactions between treatment, age of birds and the number of flocks housed. Samples were selected to identify, through the Multiplex PCR, species of the genus Eimeria. circulating in the shed. The results showed that in litter where fermentation was adopted, the efficiency to control the sporulation of Eimeria spp. was significantly (p <0.05) higher than in the other treatments. The use of the Multiplex PCR technique requires improvements in the preparation of samples for the extraction of genetic material.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência dos manejos sanitários aplicados à cama de aviários comerciais para o controle da salmonelose nas criações de frango de corte, na região Oeste do Paraná, e verificar seu efeito no controle da coccidiose. Foram selecionados três tratamentos de cama: a fermentação associada à calagem (FL); calagem (L) e fermentação (F). As amostras de fezes foram coletadas de 18 aviários, com um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, testando-se diferentes áreas de coleta. As coletas foram realizadas a partir do 5° dia do alojamento e se repetiram semanalmente até o 40° dia, durante cinco lotes sucessivos. A incidência da parasitose foi determinada pela contagem de oocistos por grama de fezes (OoPG), testando as interações entre tratamento, idade das aves e número de lotes alojados. Amostras de fezes foram selecionadas para identificar os oocistos esperulados das espécies do gênero Eimeria circulantes no galpão, por meio do Multiplex PCR. Observou-se que a fermentação foi significativamente (p<0,05) mais eficiente, comparando-se o mesmo lote ao longo de todos os observados. A utilização da técnica de PCR Multiplex, precisa ser padronizada para amostras de campo.

Melhoramento de campo nativo com uso de calcário e gesso agrícola nos Campos de Cima da Serra/RS / Improvement of native grassland fieldswith use of lime and agricultural gypsum in “Campos de Cima da Serra”/RS

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito da aplicação de calcário, em doses superiores às recomendadas, e de gesso agrícola na produtividade e teor de macronutrientes do campo nativo na região dos Campos de Cima da Serra –RS. O experimento foi realizado em área de pastagem nativa, localizado em Vacaria –RS. O experimento foi disposto em blocos completamente casualizados alocados em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Conduzido em esquema fatorial 3x2: sendo três doses de calcário (0; 3,0 e 5,0 ton ha-1, visando atingir a saturação por bases de 65% e 5,0 ton ha-1, visando atingir uma saturação por bases de 75%) e duas doses de gesso (0 e 2,0 ton ha-1), aplicados superficialmente. O gesso agrícola foi aplicado aleatoriamente em uma das subparcelas. Ao final de cada estação climática foram realizadas avaliações da produção de massa de forragem e teor de macronutrientes, na matéria seca da parte aérea, em duas amostras coletada de uma área de 0,25 m2por parcelas, através do corte da parte aérea “rente ao solo”. A produção de matéria seca do campo nativo no outono, inverno e primavera, apresentou incremento significativo com a aplicação de 5 ton ha-1, sem haver influência no verão. A aplicação de calcário no solo aumentou o teor de nitrogênio e potássio no tecido foliar do campo nativo no período do outono e de cálcio na primavera. A aplicação de gesso agrícola aumentou a produção de matéria seca apenas na primavera e reduziu os teores de magnésio no inverno. Portanto, os resultados demonstram, o potencial de usodo calcário em doses superiores as recomendadas atualmente e do gesso agrícola para aumento da produção de forragem e qualidade das forragens naturais nas épocas avaliadas por este presente trabalho.

The objective of this work was to verify the effect of the application of lime in doses higher than those recommended and of agricultural gypsum on the productivity and macronutrient content of the native field in the "Campos de Cima da Serra" region (Southern Brazil). The experiment was conducted in a native pasture located in Vacaria municipality (Rio Grande do Sul state). The experiment was arranged in randomized blocks allocated in split plots, with four replications each. Conducted in a3x2 factorial scheme: three doses of limestone (0, 3,and 5ton ha-1, aiming to reach a base saturation of 65% and 5.0 ton ha-1, aiming to reach a base saturation 75%) and two doses of gypsum (0 and 2.0 ton ha-1), applied superficially. In addition, agricultural gypsum was randomly applied to one of the subplots. At the end of each climatic season, evaluations of forage mass production and macronutrient content were carried out in dry shoot matter in two samples collected from an area of 0.25 m2 per plot by cutting theaerial part "close to the ground”. The production of dry matter in the native field in autumn, winter and spring showed a significant increase with the application of 5 ton ha-1, with no influence in summer. Furthermore, the application of lime in the soil increased the nitrogen and potassium content in the leaf tissue of the native field in the autumn period. Interestingly, the same happens to calcium in the spring. On the other hand, the application of agricultural gypsum increased dry matter production only in spring and reduced magnesium contents in winter. Therefore, the results demonstrate the potential of using limestone in doses higher than those currently recommended and agricultural gypsum to increase natural forage production and their quality attime intervals evaluated in this work.

Tolerance of Eucalyptus and Pinus seedlings to exchangeable Aluminium

Tolerance to acid soil is an important trait of Eucalyptus and Pinus species introduced into commercial forestry plantations in tropical ecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the exchangeable Al on growth of the seedlings of two species and one hybrid of Eucalyptus and two species of Pinus. We also wanted to identify the role of the root cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) on Al tolerance. The experiment was conducted under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. The soil used was collected from the top layer of a red yellow Oxisol, from the Brazilian savanna region. The treatments consisted of different rates of P and the presence or absence of liming with CaCO3 and MgCO3. The species of Eucalyptus and Pinus showed no growth differences between the treatments. For all species, a higher density of fine roots was found in treatments with lower levels of bases and a higher Al exchangeable concentration. The Pinus species had a higher root CEC than the Eucalyptus species, which had a lower leaf Al concentration. Al concentration in the fine roots was 50 fold greater than in the leaves of all species. Similar to Al, concentrations of Fe, Cu and Zn in the roots were significantly higher than in the leaves in all species. In contrast, higher Mn concentration was found in the leaf tissue. This may lead species of Eucalyptus and Pinus to be more susceptible to Mn than to Al toxicity.(AU)

Tolerance of Eucalyptus and Pinus seedlings to exchangeable Aluminium

Tolerance to acid soil is an important trait of Eucalyptus and Pinus species introduced into commercial forestry plantations in tropical ecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the exchangeable Al on growth of the seedlings of two species and one hybrid of Eucalyptus and two species of Pinus. We also wanted to identify the role of the root cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) on Al tolerance. The experiment was conducted under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. The soil used was collected from the top layer of a red yellow Oxisol, from the Brazilian savanna region. The treatments consisted of different rates of P and the presence or absence of liming with CaCO3 and MgCO3. The species of Eucalyptus and Pinus showed no growth differences between the treatments. For all species, a higher density of fine roots was found in treatments with lower levels of bases and a higher Al exchangeable concentration. The Pinus species had a higher root CEC than the Eucalyptus species, which had a lower leaf Al concentration. Al concentration in the fine roots was 50 fold greater than in the leaves of all species. Similar to Al, concentrations of Fe, Cu and Zn in the roots were significantly higher than in the leaves in all species. In contrast, higher Mn concentration was found in the leaf tissue. This may lead species of Eucalyptus and Pinus to be more susceptible to Mn than to Al toxicity.

Acidificação do solo sob fertilização nitrogenada de longo prazo em campo nativo com introdução de azevém / Soil acidification under long-term nitrogen fertilization in a native pasture with ryegrass introduction

A pastagem nativa é uma importante fonte de alimentos na produção de bovinos e ovinos no bioma Pampa. A introdução do azevém e a fertilização nitrogenada são alternativas que visam intensificar a exploração pecuária de forma mais sustentável. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos de doses de nitrogênio em cobertura em pastagem nativa com introdução de azevém nos indicadores de acidez do solo. O experimento consistiu de uma sucessão secundária da pastagem natural submetida ao pastejo contínuo. A área foi calcareada, e foram utilizadas três doses de nitrogênio em cobertura, correspondendo a 0, 100 e 200 kg ha-1 ano-1 de nitrogênio. Foram realizadas avaliação de saturação por bases, saturação por alumínio e pH nas camadas de 0-10 e 10-20 cm. Na camada de 0-10 cm, para cada 100 kg ha-1 ano-1 de nitrogênio aplicado em cobertura, o pH decresceu 0,27 unidades. Na camada de 10-20 cm o pH decresceu de 5,3 até 4,7 e 4,6 com a aplicação de nitrogênio na dose de 100 e 200 kg ha-1 ano-1, respectivamente. A fertilização nitrogenada de longo prazo em campo nativo com introdução de azevém resultou em acidificação do solo até a profundidade de 20 cm.(AU)

Native pastures are very important food sources for bovine and sheep production in the Pampa biome. Ryegrass introduction and nitrogen fertilization are alternatives aimed at a more sustainable intensification of livestock production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of doses of nitrogen fertilizer in native pasture with ryegrass introduction on soil chemical acidity indicators. The experiment consists of a secondary native pasture under continuous grazing. The area was limed, and three different nitrogen rates (0, 100, and 200 kg ha-1 year-1 of nitrogen) were applied. Basis and aluminum saturation and pH were evaluated in 0-10 and 10-20 cm soil layer. In 0-10 cm soil layer, pH decreases 0.27 units per 100 kg ha-1 year-1 of nitrogen applied. In 10-20 cm soil layer, pH decreases of 5.3 to 4.7 and 4.6 with dose of nitrogen of 100 and 200 kg ha-1 year-1, respectively. Long-term nitrogen fertilization in native pasture with ryegrass introduction resulted in soil acidification until 20 cm soil depth.(AU)

Acidificação do solo sob fertilização nitrogenada de longo prazo em campo nativo com introdução de azevém / Soil acidification under long-term nitrogen fertilization in a native pasture with ryegrass introduction

A pastagem nativa é uma importante fonte de alimentos na produção de bovinos e ovinos no bioma Pampa. A introdução do azevém e a fertilização nitrogenada são alternativas que visam intensificar a exploração pecuária de forma mais sustentável. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos de doses de nitrogênio em cobertura em pastagem nativa com introdução de azevém nos indicadores de acidez do solo. O experimento consistiu de uma sucessão secundária da pastagem natural submetida ao pastejo contínuo. A área foi calcareada, e foram utilizadas três doses de nitrogênio em cobertura, correspondendo a 0, 100 e 200 kg ha-1 ano-1 de nitrogênio. Foram realizadas avaliação de saturação por bases, saturação por alumínio e pH nas camadas de 0-10 e 10-20 cm. Na camada de 0-10 cm, para cada 100 kg ha-1 ano-1 de nitrogênio aplicado em cobertura, o pH decresceu 0,27 unidades. Na camada de 10-20 cm o pH decresceu de 5,3 até 4,7 e 4,6 com a aplicação de nitrogênio na dose de 100 e 200 kg ha-1 ano-1, respectivamente. A fertilização nitrogenada de longo prazo em campo nativo com introdução de azevém resultou em acidificação do solo até a profundidade de 20 cm.

Native pastures are very important food sources for bovine and sheep production in the Pampa biome. Ryegrass introduction and nitrogen fertilization are alternatives aimed at a more sustainable intensification of livestock production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of doses of nitrogen fertilizer in native pasture with ryegrass introduction on soil chemical acidity indicators. The experiment consists of a secondary native pasture under continuous grazing. The area was limed, and three different nitrogen rates (0, 100, and 200 kg ha-1 year-1 of nitrogen) were applied. Basis and aluminum saturation and pH were evaluated in 0-10 and 10-20 cm soil layer. In 0-10 cm soil layer, pH decreases 0.27 units per 100 kg ha-1 year-1 of nitrogen applied. In 10-20 cm soil layer, pH decreases of 5.3 to 4.7 and 4.6 with dose of nitrogen of 100 and 200 kg ha-1 year-1, respectively. Long-term nitrogen fertilization in native pasture with ryegrass introduction resulted in soil acidification until 20 cm soil depth.

Sewage Sludge Microbial Structures and Relations to Their Sources, Treatments, and Chemical Attributes.

Sewage sludges generation and their disposal have become one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century. They have great microbial diversity that may impact wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) efficiency and soil quality whether used as fertilizers. Therefore, this research aimed to characterize microbial community diversity and structure of 19 sewage sludges from São Paulo, Brazil, as well as to draw their relations to sludge sources [domestic and mixed (domestic+industrial)], biological treatments (redox conditions and liming), and chemical attributes, using molecular biology as a tool. All sludges revealed high bacterial diversity, but their sources and redox operating conditions as well as liming did not consistently affect bacterial community structures. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum followed by Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes; whereas Clostridium was the dominant genus followed by Treponema, Propionibacterium, Syntrophus, and Desulfobulbus. The sludge samples could be clustered into six groups (C1 to C6) according their microbial structure similarities. Very high pH (≥11.9) was the main sludge attribute segregating C6, that presented very distinct microbial structure from the others. Its most dominant genera were Propionibacterium > > Comamonas > Brevundimonas > Methylobacterium ∼Stenotrophomonas ∼Cloacibacterium. The other clusters' dominant genera were Clostridium > > Treponema > Desulfobulbus ∼Syntrophus. Moreover, high Fe and S were important modulators of microbial structure in certain sludges undertaking anaerobic treatment and having relatively low N-Kj, B, and P contents (C5). However, high N-Kj, B, P, and low Fe and Al contents were typical of domestic, unlimed, and aerobically treated sludges (C1). In general, heavy metals had little impact on microbial community structure of the sludges. However, our sludges shared a common core of 77 bacteria, mostly Clostridium, Treponema, Syntrophus, and Comamonas. They should dictate microbial functioning within WWTPs, except by SS12 and SS13.

Accuracy of methods to estimate potential acidity and lime requirement in soils of west region of Santa Catarina / Exatidão de métodospara estimativa da acidez potencial e necessidade de calcário em solos da região oeste de Santa Catarina

The objective of this study was to compare two methods of evaluation of potencial acidity (H+Al) and two methods to estimate liming requirement (LR) for soils from the west region of Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Fourteen soils were incubated with 7 lime rates for 120 days, obtaining the real values of H+Al at pH 7.0 and LR. These values were used as reference to evaluate the accuracy of two H+Al estimating methods: SMP buffer and calcium acetate at pH 7.0, and to evaluate the accuracy of two LR methods: base saturation (BS) and SMP index. On average, H+Al was underestimated in 6 and 40% by SMP and calcium acetate methods, respectively, especially in soils with high buffer capacity. The LR was underestimated in 20 and 30% by SMP index and BS, respectively. The SMP Index showed a better LR estimative than BS, especially in soils with high buffer capacity.(AU)

O estudo objetivou comparar dois métodos de avaliação de acidez potencial (H+Al) e de estimativa da necessidade de calagem (NC) para solos da região Oeste de Santa Catarina (SC). Quatorze solos foram incubados com 7 doses de calcário durante 120 dias, obtendo-se ao final os valores reais de H+Al a pH 7,0 e a NC dos solos. Esses valores serviram de referência para avaliar a exatidão dos métodos de estimativa do H+Al: tampão SMP e acetato de cálcio a pH 7,0 e a exatidão dos métodos de estimativa da NC: índice SMP e saturação por bases (V%). Em média, o H+Al foi subestimado em 6 e 40% pelos métodos SMP e acetato de cálcio, respectivamente, sendo mais problemático nos solos de maior tamponamento. Já a NC foi subestimada em 20 e 30% pelo Índice SMP e V%, respectivamente. O índice SMP estimou melhor a NC que o método V%, principalmente em solos de maior tamponamento.(AU)

Adsorption and availability of phosphorus in response to humic acid rates in soils limed with CaCO3 or MgCO3 / Adsorção e disponibilidade de fósforo em resposta a doses de ácido húmico em solos corrigidos por CaCO3 ou MgCO3

ABSTRACT Humic acid (HA) may reduce adsorption and increase soil P availability, however, the magnitude of this effect is different when Ca2+ prevails over Mg2+ in limed soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of HA rates and carbonate sources on the adsorption, phosphate maximum buffering capacity (PMBC), and P availability in two contrasting soils. Oxisol and Entisol samples were firstly incubated with the following HA rates: 0, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg kg-1, combined with CaCO3 or MgCO3, to evaluate P adsorption. In sequence, soil samples were newly incubated with P (400 mg kg-1) to evaluate P availability. The least P adsorption was found when 296 mg kg-1 of HA was added to Oxisol. Applying HA rates decreased maximum adsorption capacity, increased P binding energy to soil colloids and did not alter PMBC of Entisol. Available P contents in Oxisol increased with HA rates, but it did not change in Entisol. Choosing the right HA rate can decrease PMBC up to 40% and increase the Oxisol P availability by 17%. Application of MgCO3 instead of CaCO3 decreased P adsorption in both soils. Thus, a positive correlation between Ca2+ content and PMBC was verified. Optimum rate of HA and the preponderance of Mg2+ instead of Ca2+ in soil volume fertilized with P are effective practices to reduce adsorption and increase P availability, especially in clayey Oxisol.

RESUMO O ácido húmico (AH) pode reduzir a adsorção e aumentar a disponibilidade de P nos solos, entretanto, a magnitude desse efeito é diferente quando o Ca2+ prevalece sobre Mg2+ em solos com acidez corrigida. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de doses de AH e fontes de carbonato na adsorção, fator capacidade de P máximo (FCPm) e disponibilidade de P em solos contrastantes. Amostras de Latossolo e Gleissolo foram primeiramente incubadas com as seguintes doses de AH: 0, 20, 50, 100, 200 e 400 mg kg-1, combinadas com CaCO3 ou MgCO3, para avaliar a adsorção de P. Em sequência, as amostras de solo foram novamente incubadas com P (400 mg kg-1), para determinar a disponibilidade de P. A aplicação de doses de AH reduziu a capacidade máxima de adsorção, aumentou a energia de ligação do P e não alterou a FCPm do Gleissolo. O teor de P disponível aumentou com o acréscimo das doses de AH no Latossolo, contudo, não foram alterados no Gleissolo. A escolha correta da dose de AH reduziu a FCPm em até 40% e aumentou a disponibilidade de P no Latossolo em 17%. A aplicação de MgCO3 em vez do CaCO3 reduziu a adsorção de P em ambos os solos. Assim, houve correlação positiva entre o teor de Ca2+ e a FCPm. A dose ótima de AH e a predominância de Mg2+ sobre Ca2+ no volume de solo adubado com P são práticas efetivas para reduzir a adsorção e aumentar a disponibilidade de P, especialmente, no Latossolo argiloso.

Accuracy of methods to estimate potential acidity and lime requirement in soils of west region of Santa Catarina / Exatidão de métodospara estimativa da acidez potencial e necessidade de calcário em solos da região oeste de Santa Catarina

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to compare two methods of evaluation of potencial acidity (H+Al) and two methods to estimate liming requirement (LR) for soils from the west region of Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Fourteen soils were incubated with 7 lime rates for 120 days, obtaining the real values of H+Al at pH 7.0 and LR. These values were used as reference to evaluate the accuracy of two H+Al estimating methods: SMP buffer and calcium acetate at pH 7.0, and to evaluate the accuracy of two LR methods: base saturation (BS) and SMP index. On average, H+Al was underestimated in 6 and 40% by SMP and calcium acetate methods, respectively, especially in soils with high buffer capacity. The LR was underestimated in 20 and 30% by SMP index and BS, respectively. The SMP Index showed a better LR estimative than BS, especially in soils with high buffer capacity.

RESUMO: O estudo objetivou comparar dois métodos de avaliação de acidez potencial (H+Al) e de estimativa da necessidade de calagem (NC) para solos da região Oeste de Santa Catarina (SC). Quatorze solos foram incubados com 7 doses de calcário durante 120 dias, obtendo-se ao final os valores reais de H+Al a pH 7,0 e a NC dos solos. Esses valores serviram de referência para avaliar a exatidão dos métodos de estimativa do H+Al: tampão SMP e acetato de cálcio a pH 7,0 e a exatidão dos métodos de estimativa da NC: índice SMP e saturação por bases (V%). Em média, o H+Al foi subestimado em 6 e 40% pelos métodos SMP e acetato de cálcio, respectivamente, sendo mais problemático nos solos de maior tamponamento. Já a NC foi subestimada em 20 e 30% pelo Índice SMP e V%, respectivamente. O índice SMP estimou melhor a NC que o método V%, principalmente em solos de maior tamponamento.