Effects of Shear Stress Waves on Meat Tenderness: Ultrasonoporation.

Meat is an important part of the food pyramid in Mexico, to such an extent that it is included in the basic food basket. In recent years, there has been great interest in the application of so-called emerging technologies, such as high-intensity ultrasound (HIU), to modify the characteristics of meat and meat products. The advantages of the HIU in meat such as pH, increased water-holding capacity, and antimicrobial activity are well documented and conclusive. However, in terms of meat tenderization, the results are confusing and contradictory, mainly when they focus on three HIU parameters: acoustic intensity, frequency, and application time. This study explores via a texturometer the effect of HIU-generated acoustic cavitation and ultrasonoporation in beef (m. Longissimus dorsi). Loin-steak was ultrasonicated with the following parameters: time tHIU = 30 min/each side; frequency fHIU = 37 kHz; acoustic intensity IHIU = ~6, 7, 16, 28, and 90 W/cm2. The results showed that acoustic cavitation has a chaotic effect on the loin-steak surface and thickness of the rib-eye due to Bjerknes force, generating shear stress waves, and acoustic radiation transmittance via the internal structure of the meat and the modification of the myofibrils, in addition to the collateral effect in which the collagen and pH generated ultrasonoporation. This means that HIU can be beneficial for the tenderization of meat.

Evaluation of Mangalarga Marchador foal development in the first year of life / Avaliação do desenvolvimento de potros da raça Mangalarga Marchador em seu primeiro ano de vida

The purpose of this study was to examine the development pattern of Mangalarga-Marchador foals by determination of muscle development and deposition of adipose tissue associated with the evaluation of blood-based biomarkers. Thus, 72 Mangalarga Marchador foals (ages ranged from 1-12 mo) were randomly selected and divided into 12 age groups (n=6 per group), evaluated monthly. The thickness of the Longissimus dorsi (LD) and rump fat (RF) were determined through an ultrasound performed on each foal's left side. Such parameters were used to calculate the percentage of body fat (BF), fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM). Morphometric measurements were taken on the foal's right side using a tape measure and a hypsometer. Blood samples were collected for determinations of total proteins, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, and glucose. Morphometric measurements, the thickness of the LD and RF, weight, BF, FM, and FFM showed differences between age groups (P<0.001). Muscle development and fat deposition in subcutaneous tissue were greater between six and 12 months and average weight gain and FFM were proportionally greater between one and six months. We concluded that morphometric measurements increase steadily and linearly during the first 12 months of life, indicating that it is feasible to use the linear regression formula. Moreover, significant differences between age and biochemical biomarkers may be attributed to nutritional and digestive physiology adaptations during these periods.(AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi examinar o padrão de desenvolvimento de potros Mangalarga Marchador através da determinação do desenvolvimento muscular e da deposição de tecido adiposo associado com avaliação de biomarcadores sanguíneos. Assim, 72 potros Mangalarga Marchador (idades entre 1 e 12 meses) foram selecionados ao acaso e divididos em 12 grupos etários (n=6/grupo), avaliados mensalmente. A espessura do Longissimus dorsi (LD) e da cobertura de gordura da garupa (RF) foi determinada através de ultrassonografia realizada do lado esquerdo de cada animal, tais parâmetros foram usados para calcular percentagem de gordura corporal (BF), massa de gordura (FM) e massa livre de gordura (FFM). Mensurações morfométricas foram obtidas do lado direito de cada potro, usando fita métrica e hipômetro. Amostras sanguíneas foram obtidas para determinações de proteínas totais, albumina, triglicérides, colesterol, uréia, creatinina e glicose. Medidas morfométricas, espessura de LD e RF, peso corporal, BF, FM e FFM mostraram diferenças entre os grupos etários (P<0,001). O desenvolvimento muscular e a deposição de gordura no tecido subcutâneo foram maiores entre 6 e 12 meses e a média de ganho de peso e de FFM foi proporcionalmente maior entre entre 1 e 6 meses . Foi possível concluir que as medidas morfométricas aumentam de forma constante e linear nos primeiros 12 meses de vida, indicando que é factível usar fórmulas de regressão linear. Ainda, diferenças significativas entre idade e biomarcadores bioquímicos podem ser atribuídos às adaptações nutricionais e digestivas durante esses períodos.(AU)

Performance and carcass characteristics of lambs fed diets supplemented with different levels of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive performance, apparent digestibility, and carcass and longissimus dorsi muscle characteristics of lambs fed diets supplemented with four levels of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Thirty-two male Hampshire lambs (25.82±1.95 kg body weight) were distributed in four treatments: basal diet (20:80, forage:concentrate), and the inclusion of 0, 3, 5, and 10 g animal−1 d−1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The variables evaluated were dry matter intake, daily weight gain, feed conversion, apparent digestibility, dorsal fat thickness, longissimus dorsi muscle area, and physicochemical characteristics of carcass and muscle. We used a completely randomized design and orthogonal polynomials to test the linear and quadratic effects of the inclusion levels of the yeast. Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed a quadratic effect on lamb performance. Dry matter intake decreased with yeast in response to a better feed conversion and body weight gain; however, at the highest Saccharomyces cerevisiae dose, daily weight gain and final weight were lower than with the basal diet treatment. Saccharomyces cerevisiae did not affect apparent digestibility or carcass and muscle physicochemical characteristics. Supplementation with 3 and 5 g d−1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae improves productive performance of lambs fed high concentrate diets without affecting the physicochemical characteristics of the carcass or muscle.(AU)

Effects of high-oxygen, carbon monoxide modified atmospheres and vacuum packaging on quality of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum steaks from Nellore cows during ageing.

Nellore (Bos indicus) cows play an important role in Brazilian beef production. Here, we investigated whether modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) technology could contribute to improving the quality of Nellore cow steaks. To verify this, steaks obtained from Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) were stored at 2 °C for 28 days using different packaging systems, with one being vacuum and the others being three MAP systems: 75% O2/25% CO2 (75%O2-MAP), 60% CO2/0.2% CO/39.8% N2 and 40% CO2/0.4% CO/59.6% N2 (0.2%CO-MAP and 0.4%CO-MAP, respectively). Steaks packaged using the CO-MAP showed improved color stability of fresh meat. In turn, the 75%O2-MAP drastically affected the oxidative stability related to proteins and lipids compared to both anaerobic environments (CO-MAP and vacuum). The CO-MAP increased tenderization and ultrastructural changes when compared to the aerobic MAP without affecting pH, collagen or cooking loss, which were influenced by the storage time. In conclusion, MAP technology may improve the quality and appearance of fresh meat originating from Nellore cows, being a promising alternative for the Brazilian beef industry.

The effect of different grazing heights on carcass and meat quality characteristics of Nellore cattle fattened in pastures of Convert grass.

Carcass characteristic and meat quality from bulls and Nellore steers (n = 64 total) subjected to different grazing heights (15, 25, 35, and 45 cm) were evaluated isolatedly, under continuous grazing and variable load, in pastures of Convert grass. The experimental period was from May 2015 to June 2017, in an area of 16 ha, divided into 16 paddocks of 1 ha. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications. Each paddock was grazed by three animals and regulators, used to adjust grazing heights. The final slaughter weight, hot carcass, and crude protein in the meat of steers were higher when the pastures were managed at 42 cm. When the pasture was managed between 25 and 35 cm in height, greater fat thickness, marbling, muscle:bone and muscle+fat:bone ratio and lower color* of the meat and percentage of bone were found. For the steers, the height of 40 cm provided higher fat thickness and marbling in the meat. The loss during thawing in meat was greater at 28 cm in height. The heights of grazing alter the carcass characteristics and meat of bulls and steers.

Carcass traits and meat quality of steers on pasture submitted to different dietary supplementation / Características de carcaça e qualidade de carne de novilhos submetidos a diferentes estratégias de suplementação

This study aimed at evaluating carcass traits and meat quality of Nellore steers on pasture submitted to different dietary supplementation strategies. The 32 Nellore animals tested (8 ± 0.6 months) were raised under rotational grazing on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã (syn. Urochloa brizantha cv. Piatã) pasture and distributed in four treatments: supply of mineral salt ad libitum in the growth and finishing phases (MSGF); concentrate supplementation only during the growth phase (CG); concentrate supplementation only during the finishing phase (CF) and concentrate supplementation the growth and finishing phases (CGF). The concentrated supplement was supplied at 0.5% of body weight and mineral ad libitum. The steers were slaughtered when more than 50% of the lot of each treatment reached 450 kg body weight. The mean the hot and cold carcass weight and subcutaneous fat thickness did not differ between treatments (P > 0.05). The calves the treatment CF and CGF showed a larger rib-eye area and higher ether extract levels in the Longissimus dorsi muscle than in MSGF and CG (P < 0.05). Mean shearing force was similar between treatments (P > 0.05). The use of feeding strategies on pasture with concentrate supplementation in the growth and finishing phases of Nellore cattle anticipates slaughter in 92 days and produces carcasses and meat with satisfactory traits.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar as características de carcaça e qualidade de carne de novilhos Nelore submetidos à diferentes estratégias de suplementação à pasto. Foram utilizados 32 bezerros Nelore (idade inicial de 8 ± 0,6 meses) mantidos em pastagem Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã (syn. Urochloa brizantha cv. Piatã) manejados em sistema rotacionado e distribuídos em quatro tratamentos: suplementação com sal mineral durante a recria e terminação (MSGF), suplementação com concentrado somente na fase de recria (CG), suplementação com concentrado somente na fase de terminação (CF) e suplementação concentrada durante a recria e terminação (CGF). O suplemento concentrado foi fornecido a 0,5% do peso corporal e o mineral ad libitum. Os animais foram abatidos quando mais de 50% do lote de cada tratamento atingiu 450 kg de peso corporal. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as médias de peso da carcaça quente e fria e a espessura de gordura subcutânea de novilhos entre os tratamentos (P > 0,05). Os animais do tratamento CF e CGF apresentaram maior área de olho de lombo e maior teor de extrato etéreo no músculo Longissimus dorsi do que os tratamentos MSGF e CG (P < 0,05). As médias de força de cisalhamento foram similares entre os tratamentos (P > 0,05). O uso de estratégias de suplementação concentrada na fase de recria e terminação para novilhos Nelore criados à pasto pode antecipar o abate em até 92 dias, melhorar a composição física da carcaça e carne e garantir a produção de carcaças com características satisfatórias.(AU)

Carcass traits and meat quality of steers on pasture submitted to different dietary supplementation / Características de carcaça e qualidade de carne de novilhos submetidos a diferentes estratégias de suplementação

This study aimed at evaluating carcass traits and meat quality of Nellore steers on pasture submitted to different dietary supplementation strategies. The 32 Nellore animals tested (8 ± 0.6 months) were raised under rotational grazing on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã (syn. Urochloa brizantha cv. Piatã) pasture and distributed in four treatments: supply of mineral salt ad libitum in the growth and finishing phases (MSGF); concentrate supplementation only during the growth phase (CG); concentrate supplementation only during the finishing phase (CF) and concentrate supplementation the growth and finishing phases (CGF). The concentrated supplement was supplied at 0.5% of body weight and mineral ad libitum. The steers were slaughtered when more than 50% of the lot of each treatment reached 450 kg body weight. The mean the hot and cold carcass weight and subcutaneous fat thickness did not differ between treatments (P > 0.05). The calves the treatment CF and CGF showed a larger rib-eye area and higher ether extract levels in the Longissimus dorsi muscle than in MSGF and CG (P 0.05). The use of feeding strategies on pasture with concentrate supplementation in the growth and finishing phases of Nellore cattle anticipates slaughter in 92 days and produces carcasses and meat with satisfactory traits.

Objetivou-se avaliar as características de carcaça e qualidade de carne de novilhos Nelore submetidos à diferentes estratégias de suplementação à pasto. Foram utilizados 32 bezerros Nelore (idade inicial de 8 ± 0,6 meses) mantidos em pastagem Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã (syn. Urochloa brizantha cv. Piatã) manejados em sistema rotacionado e distribuídos em quatro tratamentos: suplementação com sal mineral durante a recria e terminação (MSGF), suplementação com concentrado somente na fase de recria (CG), suplementação com concentrado somente na fase de terminação (CF) e suplementação concentrada durante a recria e terminação (CGF). O suplemento concentrado foi fornecido a 0,5% do peso corporal e o mineral ad libitum. Os animais foram abatidos quando mais de 50% do lote de cada tratamento atingiu 450 kg de peso corporal. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as médias de peso da carcaça quente e fria e a espessura de gordura subcutânea de novilhos entre os tratamentos (P > 0,05). Os animais do tratamento CF e CGF apresentaram maior área de olho de lombo e maior teor de extrato etéreo no músculo Longissimus dorsi do que os tratamentos MSGF e CG (P 0,05). O uso de estratégias de suplementação concentrada na fase de recria e terminação para novilhos Nelore criados à pasto pode antecipar o abate em até 92 dias, melhorar a composição física da carcaça e carne e garantir a produção de carcaças com características satisfatórias.

Correção de medida ultrassonográfica de carcaça em coelhos usando modelo linear misto com covariáveis / Correction ultrasonographic measurement of carcass in rabbits using mixed linear Model with covariates

Objetivou-se avaliar a correção da medida ultrassonográfica da área do músculo Longissimus dorsi, em coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia, pela análise de covariância usando modelos mistos. Foram realizadas análises em delineamento em blocos completos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (operadores) e seis blocos (animais), considerando na análise: a inexistência de covariáveis; a covariável comprimento de olho de lombo; a covariável profundidade de olho de lombo; e as duas covariáveis juntas. Como os animais são uma amostra aleatória, o efeito de bloco foi considerado como aleatório. Consideraram-se as covariáveis como medidas com efeito fixo sem erro, independentemente do tratamento e do comportamento linear. As estatísticas de critério de decisão CV%, R ² e R ¯ ² evidenciaram relação direta entre si e podem ser consideradas para avaliar a precisão experimental em ensaios com avaliação de carcaças. Os valores das estatísticas AIC, BIC e AICC apresentam coerência com a interpretação dos critérios de decisão e indicam que o modelo com duas covariáveis proporciona resultados acurados. A inclusão das covariáveis complementa o controle de local com melhoria na precisão do experimento. A utilização das medidas ultrassonográficas de profundidade e comprimento corrige a média da área do músculo Longissimus dorsi avaliado por diferentes operadores.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the correction ultrasonographic measurement of area the Longissimus dorsi muscle in New Zealand rabbits by covariance analysis using mixed linear models. The analyzes were performed in randomized block design with 5 treatments (operators) and 6 blocks (animals), considering in the analysis: absence of covariates; rib eye length as covariate; rib eye depth as covariate; the two covariates together. As the animals are a random sample, the block effect was considered to be random. The covariates were considered as measures of fixed effect without error, independent of treatment and linear comportment. The decision criterion statistics CV%, R², and R ¯ ²showed a direct relationship between them and can be taken into consideration to evaluate the experimental accuracy in tests with carcass evaluation. The AIC, BIC, and AICC statistics are consistent with the interpretation of the decision criteria and indicate that the two covariates in model provides accurate results. The inclusion of covariates complements the local control to improve the accuracy of the experiment. The use of ultrasound measurements of depth and length corrects the mean area of the Longissimus dorsi muscle evaluated by different operators.(AU)

Correção de medida ultrassonográfica de carcaça em coelhos usando modelo linear misto com covariáveis / Correction ultrasonographic measurement of carcass in rabbits using mixed linear Model with covariates

Objetivou-se avaliar a correção da medida ultrassonográfica da área do músculo Longissimus dorsi, em coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia, pela análise de covariância usando modelos mistos. Foram realizadas análises em delineamento em blocos completos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (operadores) e seis blocos (animais), considerando na análise: a inexistência de covariáveis; a covariável comprimento de olho de lombo; a covariável profundidade de olho de lombo; e as duas covariáveis juntas. Como os animais são uma amostra aleatória, o efeito de bloco foi considerado como aleatório. Consideraram-se as covariáveis como medidas com efeito fixo sem erro, independentemente do tratamento e do comportamento linear. As estatísticas de critério de decisão CV%, R ² e R ¯ ² evidenciaram relação direta entre si e podem ser consideradas para avaliar a precisão experimental em ensaios com avaliação de carcaças. Os valores das estatísticas AIC, BIC e AICC apresentam coerência com a interpretação dos critérios de decisão e indicam que o modelo com duas covariáveis proporciona resultados acurados. A inclusão das covariáveis complementa o controle de local com melhoria na precisão do experimento. A utilização das medidas ultrassonográficas de profundidade e comprimento corrige a média da área do músculo Longissimus dorsi avaliado por diferentes operadores.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the correction ultrasonographic measurement of area the Longissimus dorsi muscle in New Zealand rabbits by covariance analysis using mixed linear models. The analyzes were performed in randomized block design with 5 treatments (operators) and 6 blocks (animals), considering in the analysis: absence of covariates; rib eye length as covariate; rib eye depth as covariate; the two covariates together. As the animals are a random sample, the block effect was considered to be random. The covariates were considered as measures of fixed effect without error, independent of treatment and linear comportment. The decision criterion statistics CV%, R², and R ¯ ²showed a direct relationship between them and can be taken into consideration to evaluate the experimental accuracy in tests with carcass evaluation. The AIC, BIC, and AICC statistics are consistent with the interpretation of the decision criteria and indicate that the two covariates in model provides accurate results. The inclusion of covariates complements the local control to improve the accuracy of the experiment. The use of ultrasound measurements of depth and length corrects the mean area of the Longissimus dorsi muscle evaluated by different operators.(AU)

Comparison between lambs and goat kids meat production of animals fed Caatinga vegetation enriched with buffel (Cenchrus ciliaris L. ) grass / Comparação entre a produção de carne de cordeiros e cabritos alimentados em vegetação nativa de Caatinga enriquecida com capim-buffel (Cenchrus ciliaris L. )

This study compared the performance and meat production of goat kids and lambs that were fed semi-arid Caatinga vegetation enriched with buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.). Twelve crossbred Boer × undefined breed goat kids and 12 Santa Inês lambs that had 20.7 kg of body weight (BW) were studied. Goat kids presented greater (P 0.05) organic matter intake and digestibility, total gain, average daily gain (ADG) and perirrenal fat compared to lambs fed Caatinga vegetation enriched with buffel grass. However, the morphometric carcass measurements (external and leg length; chest and rump width; leg perimeter and chest circumference) were higher (P 0.05) in lambs compared to those of goat kids. The crude protein and neutral detergent fiber intake and digestibility, cooling carcass loss, biological yield, empty body weight, hot carcass and cold carcass weights and yields, subcutaneous fat thickness, carcass compactness index and Longissimus dorsi area were similar (P > 0.05) between goat kids and lambs. Goat kids (crossbred Boer × undefined breed) more efficiently used Caatinga vegetation enriched with Cenchrus ciliaris L. than Santa Inês lambs; this vegetation improved nutrient intake, ADG and, consequently, feeding conversion. However, Santa Inês lambs presented higher carcass morphometric values.(AU)

Este estudo comparou o desempenho e a produção de carne de cabritos e cordeiros alimentados com Caatinga enriquecida com capim-buffel (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) na região semiárida. Doze cabritos mestiços Boer × sem padrão racial definido (SRD) e 12 cordeiros Santa Inês foram utilizados pesando em média de 20,7 kg de peso vivo (PV). Os cabritos apresentaram maior (P < 0,05) consumo e digestibilidade de matéria orgânica, ganho de peso total, ganho de peso médio diário (GPMD) e gordura perirrenal em relação aos cordeiros alimentados em Caatinga enriquecida com capim-buffel. Porém, as medidas morfométricas da carcaça (comprimento do peito e da perna, largura do peito e da anca, perímetro da perna e circunferência do peito) foram maiores (P < 0,05) nos cordeiros quando comparados aos cabritos. O consumo e a digestibilidade da proteína bruta e da fibra em detergente neutro, perda de carcaça por resfriamento, rendimento biológico, peso do corpo vazio, peso e rendimento das carcaças quente e fria, gordura subcutânea, índice de compactação da carcaça e área de Longissimus dorsi foram semelhantes (P > 0,05) entre cabritos e cordeiros. Cabritos (cruzamento Boer × SRD) utilizam mais eficientemente a vegetação de Caatinga enriquecida com Cenchrus ciliaris L. que os cordeiros Santa Inês, melhorando a ingestão de nutrientes, GPMD e consequentemente a conversão alimentar. No entanto, os cordeiros Santa Inês apresentam medidas morfométricas de carcaça maiores.(AU)

Maturation period of bovine meat subjected to vacuum modifies physical-chemical and microbiological parameters / Período de maturação promove alterações dos parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos da carne bovina submetida a vácuo

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of vacuum maturation on the changes of beef quality up to 9 days of refrigeration. The Longissimus dorsi muscle from 20 crossbred (Charolais x Angus) cattle was used in the research. The samples were distributed in three vacuum-ageing periods: T0 = zero (no vacuum), T3 = 3, T7 = 7 and T9 = 9 days, with five replicates for each period evaluated. During the ageing period, pH, color (L*, a*, b*), hue, chroma, water retention capacity, cooking loss and shear force were determined. The progress of vacuum-ageing changed (p 0.05) chroma, hue and shear force. The remaining parameters did not change significantly during evaluations. According to the results, an ageing period up to 9 days influences instrumental beef quality, i.e. it is lower than the recommended by the industry for ageing meat, which influences the consumers" purchase decision.(AU)

A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da maturação a vácuo sobre as mudanças de qualidade dos bifes de bovinos até 9 dias de refrigeração. O músculo Longissimus dorsi de 20 bovinos cruzados (Charolês x Angus) foram utilizados na pesquisa. As amostras foram distribuídas em três períodos de maturação a vácuo: T0 = zero (sem vácuo), T3 = 3, T7 = 7 e T9 = 9 dias, com cinco repetições, em cada período avaliado. Durante o período de maturação foi determinado o pH, a coloração (L*, a*, b*), tonalidade, croma, capacidade de retenção de água, perda por cocção e força de cisalhamento das amostras. Verificou-se que o progresso da maturação da carne a vácuo altera (p 0,05) o croma, a tonalidade, e a força de cisalhamento. Os demais parâmetros avaliados não apresentaram modificações significativas durante as avaliações. De acordo com os resultados, pode-se afirmar que o período de maturação até 9 dias influencia na qualidade instrumental da carne bovina, ou seja, um período inferior ao recomendado pela indústria para maturação da carne, que por sua vez, influencia na decisão de compra dos consumidores.(AU)

Maturation period of bovine meat subjected to vacuum modifies physical-chemical and microbiological parameters / Período de maturação promove alterações dos parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos da carne bovina submetida a vácuo

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of vacuum maturation on the changes of beef quality up to 9 days of refrigeration. The Longissimus dorsi muscle from 20 crossbred (Charolais x Angus) cattle was used in the research. The samples were distributed in three vacuum-ageing periods: T0 = zero (no vacuum), T3 = 3, T7 = 7 and T9 = 9 days, with five replicates for each period evaluated. During the ageing period, pH, color (L*, a*, b*), hue, chroma, water retention capacity, cooking loss and shear force were determined. The progress of vacuum-ageing changed (p 0.05) chroma, hue and shear force. The remaining parameters did not change significantly during evaluations. According to the results, an ageing period up to 9 days influences instrumental beef quality, i.e. it is lower than the recommended by the industry for ageing meat, which influences the consumers" purchase decision.

A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da maturação a vácuo sobre as mudanças de qualidade dos bifes de bovinos até 9 dias de refrigeração. O músculo Longissimus dorsi de 20 bovinos cruzados (Charolês x Angus) foram utilizados na pesquisa. As amostras foram distribuídas em três períodos de maturação a vácuo: T0 = zero (sem vácuo), T3 = 3, T7 = 7 e T9 = 9 dias, com cinco repetições, em cada período avaliado. Durante o período de maturação foi determinado o pH, a coloração (L*, a*, b*), tonalidade, croma, capacidade de retenção de água, perda por cocção e força de cisalhamento das amostras. Verificou-se que o progresso da maturação da carne a vácuo altera (p 0,05) o croma, a tonalidade, e a força de cisalhamento. Os demais parâmetros avaliados não apresentaram modificações significativas durante as avaliações. De acordo com os resultados, pode-se afirmar que o período de maturação até 9 dias influencia na qualidade instrumental da carne bovina, ou seja, um período inferior ao recomendado pela indústria para maturação da carne, que por sua vez, influencia na decisão de compra dos consumidores.

Comparison between lambs and goat kids meat production of animals fed Caatinga vegetation enriched with buffel (Cenchrus ciliaris L. ) grass / Comparação entre a produção de carne de cordeiros e cabritos alimentados em vegetação nativa de Caatinga enriquecida com capim-buffel (Cenchrus ciliaris L. )

This study compared the performance and meat production of goat kids and lambs that were fed semi-arid Caatinga vegetation enriched with buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.). Twelve crossbred Boer × undefined breed goat kids and 12 Santa Inês lambs that had 20.7 kg of body weight (BW) were studied. Goat kids presented greater (P 0.05) organic matter intake and digestibility, total gain, average daily gain (ADG) and perirrenal fat compared to lambs fed Caatinga vegetation enriched with buffel grass. However, the morphometric carcass measurements (external and leg length; chest and rump width; leg perimeter and chest circumference) were higher (P 0.05) in lambs compared to those of goat kids. The crude protein and neutral detergent fiber intake and digestibility, cooling carcass loss, biological yield, empty body weight, hot carcass and cold carcass weights and yields, subcutaneous fat thickness, carcass compactness index and Longissimus dorsi area were similar (P > 0.05) between goat kids and lambs. Goat kids (crossbred Boer × undefined breed) more efficiently used Caatinga vegetation enriched with Cenchrus ciliaris L. than Santa Inês lambs; this vegetation improved nutrient intake, ADG and, consequently, feeding conversion. However, Santa Inês lambs presented higher carcass morphometric values.

Este estudo comparou o desempenho e a produção de carne de cabritos e cordeiros alimentados com Caatinga enriquecida com capim-buffel (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) na região semiárida. Doze cabritos mestiços Boer × sem padrão racial definido (SRD) e 12 cordeiros Santa Inês foram utilizados pesando em média de 20,7 kg de peso vivo (PV). Os cabritos apresentaram maior (P 0,05) entre cabritos e cordeiros. Cabritos (cruzamento Boer × SRD) utilizam mais eficientemente a vegetação de Caatinga enriquecida com Cenchrus ciliaris L. que os cordeiros Santa Inês, melhorando a ingestão de nutrientes, GPMD e consequentemente a conversão alimentar. No entanto, os cordeiros Santa Inês apresentam medidas morfométricas de carcaça maiores.

Chromium and selenium-enriched yeast for castrated finishing pigs: effects on performance and carcass characteristics / Cromo e selênio leveduras para suínos castrados em terminação: efeitos sobre o desempenho e características de carcaça

To evaluate the effect of organic chromium (Cr) and selenium (Se) supplementation on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs, 300 castrated males were distributed in a randomized block design with three treatments and five replications of 20 pigs each. Treatments consisted of different diets, formulated to reach or exceed Rostagno et al. (2011) nutritional requirements, as follows: 1) control - basal diet without organic Cr and Se supplementation from 70 to 130 kg of body weight; 2) CrSe70 - basal diet supplemented with 0.8 mg kg-1 of Cr- and 0.6 mg kg-1 of Se-enriched yeast from 70 to 130 kg of body weight; 3) CrSe100 - basal diet without organic Cr and Se supplementation from 70 to 100 kg of body weight followed by basal diet supplemented with 0.8 mg kg-1 of Cr- and 0.6 mg kg-1 of Se-enriched yeast from 100 to 130 kg of body weight. Performance was evaluated by measuring body weight, daily weight gain, daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio. At the end of experimental period, pigs were sacrificed and lean meat percentage, longissimus dorsi muscle depth, back fat thickness, and carcass bonus index were determined using prediction equations generated by the software Hennessy System GP4 after carcass scanning with an electronic probe. Data were submitted to one-way ANOVA and in case of significant differences (P ≤ 0.05), means were compared by SNK multiple-range test. Daily feed intake (P = 0.008) and feed conversion ratio (P = 0.004) decreased for pigs supplemented with Cr- and Se-enriched yeast from 70 to 100 kg of body weight. Otherwise, pigs supplemented between 100 and 130 kg of body weight increased (P = 0.032) daily feed intake in comparison to the control group.(AU)

To evaluate the effect of organic chromium (Cr) and selenium (Se) supplementation on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs, 300 castrated males were distributed in a randomized block design with three treatments and five replications of 20 pigs each. Treatments consisted of different diets, formulated to reach or exceed Rostagno et al. (2011) nutritional requirements, as follows: 1) control - basal diet without organic Cr and Se supplementation from 70 to 130 kg of body weight; 2) CrSe70 - basal diet supplemented with 0.8 mg kg-1 of Cr- and 0.6 mg kg-1 of Se-enriched yeast from 70 to 130 kg of body weight; 3) CrSe100 - basal diet without organic Cr and Se supplementation from 70 to 100 kg of body weight followed by basal diet supplemented with 0.8 mg kg-1 of Cr- and 0.6 mg kg-1 of Se-enriched yeast from 100 to 130 kg of body weight. Performance was evaluated by measuring body weight, daily weight gain, daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio. At the end of experimental period, pigs were sacrificed and lean meat percentage, longissimus dorsi muscle depth, back fat thickness, and carcass bonus index were determined using prediction equations generated by the software Hennessy System GP4 after carcass scanning with an electronic probe. Data were submitted to one-way ANOVA and in case of significant differences (P ≤ 0.05), means were compared by SNK multiple-range test. Daily feed intake (P = 0.008) and feed conversion ratio (P = 0.004) decreased for pigs supplemented with Cr- and Se-enriched yeast from 70 to 100 kg of body weight. Otherwise, pigs supplemented between 100 and 130 kg of body weight increased (P = 0.032) daily feed intake in comparison to the control group.(AU)

Chromium and selenium-enriched yeast for castrated finishing pigs: effects on performance and carcass characteristics / Cromo e selênio leveduras para suínos castrados em terminação: efeitos sobre o desempenho e características de carcaça

To evaluate the effect of organic chromium (Cr) and selenium (Se) supplementation on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs, 300 castrated males were distributed in a randomized block design with three treatments and five replications of 20 pigs each. Treatments consisted of different diets, formulated to reach or exceed Rostagno et al. (2011) nutritional requirements, as follows: 1) control - basal diet without organic Cr and Se supplementation from 70 to 130 kg of body weight; 2) CrSe70 - basal diet supplemented with 0.8 mg kg-1 of Cr- and 0.6 mg kg-1 of Se-enriched yeast from 70 to 130 kg of body weight; 3) CrSe100 - basal diet without organic Cr and Se supplementation from 70 to 100 kg of body weight followed by basal diet supplemented with 0.8 mg kg-1 of Cr- and 0.6 mg kg-1 of Se-enriched yeast from 100 to 130 kg of body weight. Performance was evaluated by measuring body weight, daily weight gain, daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio. At the end of experimental period, pigs were sacrificed and lean meat percentage, longissimus dorsi muscle depth, back fat thickness, and carcass bonus index were determined using prediction equations generated by the software Hennessy System GP4 after carcass scanning with an electronic probe. Data were submitted to one-way ANOVA and in case of significant differences (P ≤ 0.05), means were compared by SNK multiple-range test. Daily feed intake (P = 0.008) and feed conversion ratio (P = 0.004) decreased for pigs supplemented with Cr- and Se-enriched yeast from 70 to 100 kg of body weight. Otherwise, pigs supplemented between 100 and 130 kg of body weight increased (P = 0.032) daily feed intake in comparison to the control group.

To evaluate the effect of organic chromium (Cr) and selenium (Se) supplementation on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs, 300 castrated males were distributed in a randomized block design with three treatments and five replications of 20 pigs each. Treatments consisted of different diets, formulated to reach or exceed Rostagno et al. (2011) nutritional requirements, as follows: 1) control - basal diet without organic Cr and Se supplementation from 70 to 130 kg of body weight; 2) CrSe70 - basal diet supplemented with 0.8 mg kg-1 of Cr- and 0.6 mg kg-1 of Se-enriched yeast from 70 to 130 kg of body weight; 3) CrSe100 - basal diet without organic Cr and Se supplementation from 70 to 100 kg of body weight followed by basal diet supplemented with 0.8 mg kg-1 of Cr- and 0.6 mg kg-1 of Se-enriched yeast from 100 to 130 kg of body weight. Performance was evaluated by measuring body weight, daily weight gain, daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio. At the end of experimental period, pigs were sacrificed and lean meat percentage, longissimus dorsi muscle depth, back fat thickness, and carcass bonus index were determined using prediction equations generated by the software Hennessy System GP4 after carcass scanning with an electronic probe. Data were submitted to one-way ANOVA and in case of significant differences (P ≤ 0.05), means were compared by SNK multiple-range test. Daily feed intake (P = 0.008) and feed conversion ratio (P = 0.004) decreased for pigs supplemented with Cr- and Se-enriched yeast from 70 to 100 kg of body weight. Otherwise, pigs supplemented between 100 and 130 kg of body weight increased (P = 0.032) daily feed intake in comparison to the control group.

Parameter estimates for reproductive and carcass traits in Nelore beef cattle.

The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for scrotal circumference at 365 (SC365) and 450 (SC450) days of age, age at first calving (AFC), ribeye area (REA), backfat (BF) thickness, and rump fat (RF) thickness, in order to provide information on potential traits for Nelore cattle breeding program. Genetic parameters were estimated using the Average Information Restricted Maximum Likelihood method in single- and multitrait analyses. Four different animal models were tested for SC365, SC450, REA, BF, and RF in single-trait analyses. For SC365 and SC450, the maternal genetic effect was statistically significant (P < 0.01) and was included for multitrait analyses. The direct heritability estimates for SC365, SC450, AFC, REA, BF, and RF were equal to 0.31, 0.38, 0.24, 0.32, 0.16, and 0.19, respectively. Maternal heritability for SC365 and SC450 was equal to 0.06 and 0.08, respectively. The highest genetic correlations were found among the scrotal circumferences. Testing for the inclusion of maternal effects in genetic parameters estimation for scrotal circumference should be evaluated in the Nelore breeding program, mostly for correctly ranking the animal's estimated breeding values. Similar heritability estimates were observed for scrotal circumference, as well as favorable genetic correlations of this trait with AFC and carcass traits. Thus, scrotal circumference measured at 365 days of age could be a target trait for consideration in the Nelore selection index in order to improve most of the traits herein analyzed.

Genetic parameters for carcass traits and body size of meat sheep / Parâmetros genéticos para características de carcaça e tamanho corporal em ovinos de corte

The present study aimed to estimate variance components and heritability coefficients (h2) in Santa Inês sheep by single- and two-trait analyses for the traits loin eye area (LEA), length (LEL) and maximum depth (LED), in the longissimus dorsi muscle, subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT), fat thickness over the biceps femoris muscle (FTBF), croup height (CH), thoracic circumference (TC), thoracic depth (TD), body length (BL), and adult live weight (ALW). The restricted maximum likelihood (REML) was used to estimate variance components in an animal model. In both types of analyses, we estimated moderate heritability for all traits, with the exception of SFT, CH, TC, BL, and ALW (all of which yielded low h2 estimates). In two-trait analysis for body size, only TD yielded a lower h2 estimate, when compared to single-trait analysis. On the other hand, CH, TC, and BL yielded higher h2 estimates. Most estimates for variance components and h2 in two-trait analysis were higher than those in single-trait analysis. This finding suggests the possibility of a moderate response to selection for improvement in the carcass of meat sheep using the specific carcass traits evaluated (except SFT), highlighting LEA. The fat thickness over the biceps femoris muscle showed higher potential for response to direct selection for fat deposition than SFT. Thoracic depth showed higher potential for response...(AU)

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa estimar componentes de variância e coeficientes de herdabilidade (h2) por análises uni e bicaracterística para as características área (AOL), comprimento (COL) e profundidade máxima (POL) de olho de lombo, no músculo longissimus dorsi, espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS), espessura de gordura do músculo biceps femoris (EGBF), altura da garupa (AG), circunferência torácica (CT), profundidade torácica (PT), comprimento corporal (CC) e peso vivo à idade adulta (PA), em ovinos Santa Inês. Foi utilizado modelo animal pela metodologia da máxima verossimilhança restrita (REML). Estimou-se herdabilidade moderada para as características, nos dois tipos de análise, exceto para EGS, AG, CT, CC e PA, para as quais as estimativas foram de baixa magnitude. Nas análises bicaracterísticas para tamanho corporal, apenas PT apresentou menor estimativa de h2, quando comparado com a análise unicaracterística, enquanto que AG, CT e CC apresentaram valores maiores. Nas análises bicaracterísticas, a maioria das estimativas de componentes de variância e h2 foram superiores àquelas obtidas nas análises unicaracterística, o que evidencia a possibilidade de resposta moderada à seleção para melhoria da carcaça em ovinos de corte usando as características de carcaça avaliadas, com exceção de EGS e com destaque para área de olho de lombo. A espessura de gordura do músculo...(AU)

Genetic parameters for carcass traits and body size of meat sheep / Parâmetros genéticos para características de carcaça e tamanho corporal em ovinos de corte

The present study aimed to estimate variance components and heritability coefficients (h2) in Santa Inês sheep by single- and two-trait analyses for the traits loin eye area (LEA), length (LEL) and maximum depth (LED), in the longissimus dorsi muscle, subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT), fat thickness over the biceps femoris muscle (FTBF), croup height (CH), thoracic circumference (TC), thoracic depth (TD), body length (BL), and adult live weight (ALW). The restricted maximum likelihood (REML) was used to estimate variance components in an animal model. In both types of analyses, we estimated moderate heritability for all traits, with the exception of SFT, CH, TC, BL, and ALW (all of which yielded low h2 estimates). In two-trait analysis for body size, only TD yielded a lower h2 estimate, when compared to single-trait analysis. On the other hand, CH, TC, and BL yielded higher h2 estimates. Most estimates for variance components and h2 in two-trait analysis were higher than those in single-trait analysis. This finding suggests the possibility of a moderate response to selection for improvement in the carcass of meat sheep using the specific carcass traits evaluated (except SFT), highlighting LEA. The fat thickness over the biceps femoris muscle showed higher potential for response to direct selection for fat deposition than SFT. Thoracic depth showed higher potential for response...

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa estimar componentes de variância e coeficientes de herdabilidade (h2) por análises uni e bicaracterística para as características área (AOL), comprimento (COL) e profundidade máxima (POL) de olho de lombo, no músculo longissimus dorsi, espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS), espessura de gordura do músculo biceps femoris (EGBF), altura da garupa (AG), circunferência torácica (CT), profundidade torácica (PT), comprimento corporal (CC) e peso vivo à idade adulta (PA), em ovinos Santa Inês. Foi utilizado modelo animal pela metodologia da máxima verossimilhança restrita (REML). Estimou-se herdabilidade moderada para as características, nos dois tipos de análise, exceto para EGS, AG, CT, CC e PA, para as quais as estimativas foram de baixa magnitude. Nas análises bicaracterísticas para tamanho corporal, apenas PT apresentou menor estimativa de h2, quando comparado com a análise unicaracterística, enquanto que AG, CT e CC apresentaram valores maiores. Nas análises bicaracterísticas, a maioria das estimativas de componentes de variância e h2 foram superiores àquelas obtidas nas análises unicaracterística, o que evidencia a possibilidade de resposta moderada à seleção para melhoria da carcaça em ovinos de corte usando as características de carcaça avaliadas, com exceção de EGS e com destaque para área de olho de lombo. A espessura de gordura do músculo...

Genetic parameters for carcass traits and body size of meat sheep / Parâmetros genéticos para características de carcaça e tamanho corporal em ovinos de corte

The present study aimed to estimate variance components and heritability coefficients (h2) in Santa Inês sheep by single- and two-trait analyses for the traits loin eye area (LEA), length (LEL) and maximum depth (LED), in the longissimus dorsi muscle, subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT), fat thickness over the biceps femoris muscle (FTBF), croup height (CH), thoracic circumference (TC), thoracic depth (TD), body length (BL), and adult live weight (ALW). The restricted maximum likelihood (REML) was used to estimate variance components in an animal model. In both types of analyses, we estimated moderate heritability for all traits, with the exception of SFT, CH, TC, BL, and ALW (all of which yielded low h2 estimates). In two-trait analysis for body size, only TD yielded a lower h2 estimate, when compared to single-trait analysis. On the other hand, CH, TC, and BL yielded higher h2 estimates. Most estimates for variance components and h2 in two-trait analysis were higher than those in single-trait analysis. This finding suggests the possibility of a moderate response to selection for improvement in the carcass of meat sheep using the specific carcass traits evaluated (except SFT), highlighting LEA. The fat thickness over the biceps femoris muscle showed higher potential for response to direct selection for fat deposition than SFT. Thoracic depth showed higher potential for response t

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa estimar componentes de variância e coeficientes de herdabilidade (h2) por análises uni e bicaracterística para as características área (AOL), comprimento (COL) e profundidade máxima (POL) de olho de lombo, no músculo longissimus dorsi, espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS), espessura de gordura do músculo biceps femoris (EGBF), altura da garupa (AG), circunferência torácica (CT), profundidade torácica (PT), comprimento corporal (CC) e peso vivo à idade adulta (PA), em ovinos Santa Inês. Foi utilizado modelo animal pela metodologia da máxima verossimilhança restrita (REML). Estimou-se herdabilidade moderada para as características, nos dois tipos de análise, exceto para EGS, AG, CT, CC e PA, para as quais as estimativas foram de baixa magnitude. Nas análises bicaracterísticas para tamanho corporal, apenas PT apresentou menor estimativa de h2, quando comparado com a análise unicaracterística, enquanto que AG, CT e CC apresentaram valores maiores. Nas análises bicaracterísticas, a maioria das estimativas de componentes de variância e h2 foram superiores àquelas obtidas nas análises unicaracterística, o que evidencia a possibilidade de resposta moderada à seleção para melhoria da carcaça em ovinos de corte usando as características de carcaça avaliadas, com exceção de EGS e com destaque para área de olho de lombo. A espessura de gordura do músculo bic

Genetic parameters for carcass traits and body size of meat sheep / Parâmetros genéticos para características de carcaça e tamanho corporal em ovinos de corte

The present study aimed to estimate variance components and heritability coefficients (h2) in Santa Inês sheep by single- and two-trait analyses for the traits loin eye area (LEA), length (LEL) and maximum depth (LED), in the longissimus dorsi muscle, subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT), fat thickness over the biceps femoris muscle (FTBF), croup height (CH), thoracic circumference (TC), thoracic depth (TD), body length (BL), and adult live weight (ALW). The restricted maximum likelihood (REML) was used to estimate variance components in an animal model. In both types of analyses, we estimated moderate heritability for all traits, with the exception of SFT, CH, TC, BL, and ALW (all of which yielded low h2 estimates). In two-trait analysis for body size, only TD yielded a lower h2 estimate, when compared to single-trait analysis. On the other hand, CH, TC, and BL yielded higher h2 estimates. Most estimates for variance components and h2 in two-trait analysis were higher than those in single-trait analysis. This finding suggests the possibility of a moderate response to selection for improvement in the carcass of meat sheep using the specific carcass traits evaluated (except SFT), highlighting LEA. The fat thickness over the biceps femoris muscle showed higher potential for response to direct selection for fat deposition than SFT. Thoracic depth showed higher potential for response t

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa estimar componentes de variância e coeficientes de herdabilidade (h2) por análises uni e bicaracterística para as características área (AOL), comprimento (COL) e profundidade máxima (POL) de olho de lombo, no músculo longissimus dorsi, espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS), espessura de gordura do músculo biceps femoris (EGBF), altura da garupa (AG), circunferência torácica (CT), profundidade torácica (PT), comprimento corporal (CC) e peso vivo à idade adulta (PA), em ovinos Santa Inês. Foi utilizado modelo animal pela metodologia da máxima verossimilhança restrita (REML). Estimou-se herdabilidade moderada para as características, nos dois tipos de análise, exceto para EGS, AG, CT, CC e PA, para as quais as estimativas foram de baixa magnitude. Nas análises bicaracterísticas para tamanho corporal, apenas PT apresentou menor estimativa de h2, quando comparado com a análise unicaracterística, enquanto que AG, CT e CC apresentaram valores maiores. Nas análises bicaracterísticas, a maioria das estimativas de componentes de variância e h2 foram superiores àquelas obtidas nas análises unicaracterística, o que evidencia a possibilidade de resposta moderada à seleção para melhoria da carcaça em ovinos de corte usando as características de carcaça avaliadas, com exceção de EGS e com destaque para área de olho de lombo. A espessura de gordura do músculo bic