RESUMO
The rapid pace of urbanisation comes with considerable environmental implications including pressures on already stressed limited water resources. In urban areas, most of the water use is associated with water consumption in buildings. The second largest use of water is via taps. It is often assumed that water taps with low flow rates can contribute to reduced per capita water consumption. However, this is based on very little evidence. This paper presents the synthesis of a 13,000 high resolution observations made to investigate the actual water consumption of innovative (water saving) electronic taps and conventional mixer taps. High resolution flow-meters and data loggers were fitted into two washrooms in two different buildings of a higher education institution to record the water use through the basin taps. The recorded data provided information on duration, frequency of use and volume of water consumption per use. The data was helpful in identifying trends in hot and cold water use and therefore can be useful in estimating energy for producing hot water and associated greenhouse gas emissions. Analysis of the observed data suggests that the low flow taps have greater mean water consumption per event than the conventional taps and water consumption is more influenced by user behaviour rather than the technology.
RESUMO
Introduction: Continuous Infusion pumps (CIP) are frequently used at neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), to administer medications at flow rates lower than 1 ml/H. Various factors have been shown to alter their performance. No studies have been completed in Chile in this area. Objectives: To describe frequent clinical practices to administer medications through CIP at NICUs in Chile, and suggest recommendations about it. Methods: Four professionals at NICUs in 19 centers were surveyed regarding syringe size, flow rate and precautions. Results: When starting countinuous infusion, 81.9 percent of surveyed professionals use 50 cc syringes, and 66.7 percent of them use flow rates under 1 ml/h. Main precautions include elimination of bubbles in the circuit (51.4 percent), review of conections (38.9 percent) and precise fit between the syringe and the CIP (36.1 percent). Conclusions: In surveyed NICUs, low flow rates and 50cc syringes are frequently used to infuse medications. NICU staff must consider factors that affect the performance of CIP, prefer smaller syringes and flow rate over 1 ml/h for continuous infusion of drugs.
Introducción: En las unidades de cuidado intensivo neonatal (UCIN) se utilizan frecuentemente bombas de infusión continua (BIC) a flujos menores de 1 ml/h para administrar medicamentos. Está demostrado que distintos factores alteran el funcionamiento de las BIC a flujos bajos. En Chile, no existen estudios que describan prácticas relacionadas al uso de BIC. Objetivo: Describir prácticas clínicas frecuentes al administrar medicamentos en BIC en UCIN de Chile y proponer recomendaciones respecto a su uso. Método: Se encuestaron 4 profesionales de UCIN en 19 centros. Los principales aspectos evaluados fueron: tamaño de jeringa usado en las BIC, flujos de infusión continua utilizados y precauciones al instalar una BIC. Resultados: Al instalar una infusión continua, el 81,9 por ciento de los profesionales encuestados usa jeringas de 50 ml y el 66,7 por ciento utiliza flujos menores de 1 ml/h. Las principales precauciones fueron la eliminación de burbujas del circuito (51,4 por ciento), la revisión de las conexiones del sistema (38,9 por ciento) y el ajuste preciso entre jeringa y BIC (36,1 por ciento). Conclusiones: En las UCIN estudiadas se utilizan frecuentemente flujos bajos y jeringas de 50 ml para infundir medicamentos. Las UCIN deben considerar los factores que alteran el funcionamiento de las BIC y preferir el uso de jeringas de menor tamaño y flujos mayores de 1 ml/h para la infusión continua de medicamentos.
