Formulaciones de almuerzos con textura modificada para personas disfágicas, a partir de materias primas dominicanas / Modified texture lunch formulations for dysphagic people, from Dominican raw materials

Introducción: La disfagia es una condición que afecta la eficiencia de la deglución de los alimentos. Mundialmente, una tercera parte de los ancianos padece de algún grado de disfagia, representando un alto riesgo de malnutrición debido a que las carentes opciones alimenticias destinadas a este público no satisfacensus requerimientos nutricionales. Objetivo: Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo desarrollar formulaciones de almuerzos con textura modificada para pacientes con disfagia, a partir de materias primas típicas dominicanas. Materiales y métodos: Se realizaron dos almuerzos de diferentes composiciones [sancocho (S) y arroz con habichuelas y carnes (AHC)] y viscosidades (néctar: 51-350 mPa.s; miel: 351-1,750 mPa.s y pudín: 1,751- 2,500 mPa.s), a los cuales se les evaluó el análisis químico aproximado y la aceptación sensorial. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar, bajo arreglo factorial (2 x 3). Resultados: Se evidenciaron diferencias entre las medias de los tratamientos (p<0.05) para el contenido de humedad y de carbohidratos en relación con las composiciones; el análisis por viscosidades presentó diferencias en el contenido de humedad, grasa, proteínas y carbohidratos, en cuanto a la interacción entre las composiciones y las viscosidades hubo similitudes estadísticas en el porcentaje de cenizas y grasas. Se encontró que los tratamientos más viscosos y la composición S fueron mejor valorados y que el desempeño sensorial global de los almuerzos fue satisfactorio. Conclusiones: El alimento (tipo crema) con materias primas dominicanas, sensorialmente aceptado, podría ser utilizado y también aceptado, en pacientes con disfagia(AU)

Introduction: Dysphagia is a condition that affects the efficiency of food swallowing. Globally, one-third of the elderly population suffers from some degree of dysphagia, representing a high risk of malnutrition due to the lack of dietary options tailored to their nutritional requirements. Objective: This research aimed to develop modified texture lunch formulations for dysphagia patients using typical Dominican raw materials. Materials and methods: Two lunches of different compositions [sancocho (S) and rice with beans and meat (AHC)] and viscosities (nectar: 51-350 mPa.s; honey: 351-1,750 mPa.s and pudding: 1,751-2,500 mPa.s) were made and evaluated for proximate chemical analysis and sensory acceptance. A completely randomized design was used, under factorial arrangement (2 x 3). Results: Differences were observed between treatment means (p<0.05) for moisture and carbohydrate content concerning compositions; viscosity analysis showed differences in moisture, fat, protein, and carbohydrate content, while compositional and viscosity interactions exhibited statistical similarities in ash and fat percentage. It was found that the more viscous treatments and composition S were better rated, and overall sensory performance of the lunches was satisfactory. Conclusions: The food (cream type) with Dominican raw materials, sensorially accepted, could be used and also accepted in patients with dysphagia(AU)

Ultra-processed foods in institutional food services: what are diners eating?

Introduction. Frequent use of ultra-processed foods (UPF) leads to poor health outcomes, and the population must avoid their consumption. Objective. To assess the occurrence of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) in culinary lunch menus from various institutional food services. Materials and methods. Over one month, the five institutional food services analyzed served 1,128 culinary preparations; and a total of 3,863 ingredients were classified according to the extent and purpose of processing using the NOVA classification system. Associations between the occurrence of UPFs and the type, size, and management of food service establishments were analyzed. Five institutional food services in three municipalities (Bauru, Limeira, and Campinas), Brazil. Results. We found 8.4 % up to 12.6 % UPF ingredients used in culinary preparations. The highest frequency of UPFs was associated with private cafeterias (p = 0.002). Most UPFs were part of the recipe or the main ingredient in protein dishes and desserts (p < 0.05) and in university and hospital food services, respectively. UPF use was associated with food service size and type of management (p ≤ 0.003) and was more prevalent in protein dishes (p = 0.003) and large-size institutional food services (28.8 %). Self-managed units (p = 0.03) also use high amounts of UPFs in protein dishes (20.3 %). Conclusions. The presence of UPF rounded 10%; the validity of this value needs further studies. There are no comparative data in the scientific literature regarding the use of these ingredients in institutional food service culinary preparations. Therefore, it is necessary to stimulate reflection to promote healthy food habits and adequate nutrition for diners(AU)

Introducción. El uso frecuente de alimentos ultraprocesados (UPF) conduce a complicaciones de salud, y la población debe evitar su consumo. Objetivo. Evaluar la presencia de alimentos ultraprocesados (UPFs) en los menús de almuerzos de diversos servicios de alimentación institucionales. Materiales y métodos. Durante un mes, los cinco servicios de alimentación institucionales analizados sirvieron 1.128 preparaciones culinarias; y se clasificaron un total de 3.863 ingredientes según el alcance y el propósito del procesamiento, utilizando el sistema de clasificación NOVA. Se analizaron las asociaciones entre la ocurrencia de UPFs y el tipo, tamaño y gestión de los establecimientos de servicio de alimentos. Cinco servicios institucionales de alimentación en tres municipios (Bauru, Limeira y Campinas), Brasil. Resultados. Se encontró entre un 8,4 % hasta un 12,6 % de ingredientes UPF utilizados en las preparaciones culinarias. La mayor frecuencia de UPF se asoció a cafeterías privadas (p = 0,002). La mayoría de los UPFs formaban parte de la receta o eran el ingrediente principal en platos proteicos y postres (p < 0,05) y en los servicios de alimentación universitarios y hospitalarios, respectivamente. El uso de UPFs se asoció con el tamaño del servicio de alimentación y el tipo de gestión (p≤ 0,003) y fue más frecuente en platos proteicos (p = 0,003) y servicios de alimentación institucional de gran tamaño (28,8 %). Las unidades autogestionadas (p = 0,03) también utilizan altas cantidades de UPF en platos proteicos (20,3 %). Conclusiones. La presencia de UPF ronda el 10 %; la validez de este valor necesita más estudios. No existen datos comparativos en la literatura científica sobre el uso de estos ingredientes en las preparaciones culinarias de los servicios de alimentación institucional. Por ello, es necesario estimular la reflexión para promover hábitos alimentarios saludables y una adecuada nutrición de los comensales(AU)

Evidence of Unhealthy Dietary Patterns in the School Lunch Sent from Home for Children in Mexico City.

The identification and characterization of dietary patterns are tools that are used to assess associations between diet and health or disease conditions. In Mexico, studies have examined dietary patterns in children for breakfast or for the whole day, but not specifically for their school lunch. The aim was to describe dietary patterns identified in school lunch and their association with the nutritional status and metabolic parameters of schoolchildren. In this cross-sectional study on schoolchildren from four elementary schools of Mexico City, we recorded anthropometry measurements, a fasting blood sample was collected, and metabolic parameters were determined. We obtained information on the foods and beverages that children brought for their school lunch; estimated the caloric and nutritional content; and created food groups to obtain dietary patterns from the energy provided by those groups. Among the 350 schoolchildren (mean age, 7.9 ± 1.2 years) included, 24.9% and 21.7% presented having overweight and obesity, respectively. A total of 89.4% of schoolchildren brought the school lunch from home. Using the K-means method, the following four dietary patterns were identified: (1) sandwiches, tortas, and sweetened dairy products were consumed by 13.1% (n = 46) of the schoolchildren; (2) sweet snacks were consumed by 50.3% (n = 176); (3) sweetened dairy products were brought by 15.1% of the children (n = 53); and (4) sandwiches and tortas were brought by 21.4% (n = 75). These four patterns showed significant differences in terms of the caloric and nutritional contents (p < 0.001). Energy sources in the identified patterns were primarily sugars (15.8-40%). No association was found between the anthropometric and metabolic parameters of children and the dietary patterns. No dietary pattern obtained from the school lunch could be considered as healthy, since all of them had high energy content, and a high percentage of the energy was from sugars from ultra-processed foods and beverages.

Aceptabilidad de los almuerzos del Programa de Alimentación Escolar y estimaciones de pérdidas económicas asociadas en la comuna de Coquimbo, Chile

RESUMEN Una nutrición adecuada es fundamental para el crecimiento y desarrollo óptimo de la infancia. En Chile, el Programa de Alimentación Escolar tiene como propósito disminuir la brecha asociada con el acceso a la cantidad y calidad de los alimentos en la población de estudiantes vulnerables. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el grado de aceptabilidad de los almuerzos que el Programa ofrece a los estudiantes y sus pérdidas económicas asociadas. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en 528 estudiantes primarios y secundarios de 5 colegios públicos de la comuna de Coquimbo, quienes evaluaron 6 almuerzos mediante la escala sensorial hedónica de 9 puntos, encuesta de características organolépticas, test de ordenación y determinación de porcentaje de ingesta para establecer pérdidas económicas. Se realizó muestreo probabilístico estratificado, ANOVA para análisis de la escala hedónica y porcentaje de ingesta, tablas de contingencia, Chi cuadrado para características organolépticas (p<0,05). Se encontró que la carne de res con fideos tuvo la mayor preferencia y las más bajas aceptaciones fueron frijoles con fideos y pastel de pescado con puré de papas (p<0,05). Las preparaciones con menor aceptabilidad representaron el 82,2% de las pérdidas económicas, principalmente frijoles. Los resultados confirman una baja ingesta de pescado y verduras, que las características de sabor por bajo contenido de sal afectan las preferencias y que existe una relación directa entre la ingesta y la pérdida económica.

ABSTRACT Adequate nutrition is a fundamental factor for optimal early childhood growth and development. In Chile, the School Nutritional Program aims to diminish the gap associated with access to the quantity and quality of food. The objective of this study was to determine the degree of acceptability of prepared lunches that are given to students by the School Nutritional Program and its association with economic losses. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 528 primary and secondary students from 5 public schools in the Coquimbo commune, who evaluated 6 lunches using the 9-point hedonic sensory scale, a survey of organoleptic characteristics, a ranking test and determination of the intake percentage to establish economic losses. Stratified probability sampling was performed, ANOVA for analysis of the hedonic scale and percentage of intake, contingency tables, Chi square tests were used for organoleptic characteristics (p<0.05). The thin sliced beef with noodles was found to have the highest preference and the lowest ranked meals were beans with noodles and fish cake with mashed potatoes (p<0.05). Preparations with lower acceptability represented 82.2% of economic losses and were mainly beans. The results confirm a low intake of fish and vegetables, that taste characteristics due to low salt content affect preferences and that there was a direct relationship between intake and economic loss.

Evaluación de la cobertura de la merienda escolar en 4 departamentos de Paraguay. Años 2016-2018

RESUMEN Introducción: La merienda escolar contribuye con la nutrición y rendimiento escolar, es importante conocer su alcance. Objetivo: Evaluar la merienda escolar en Concepción, Cordillera, Paraguarí y Central, en cuanto implementación y cobertura. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo de licitaciones para merienda escolar entre 2016-2018 en Concepción, Cordillera, Paraguarí y Central. Fueron caracterizadas las instituciones incluidas, días cubiertos del calendario escolar (180 días) y cantidad de beneficiarios. Resultados: Fueron incluidas 15 licitaciones. En Concepción 90% fueron instituciones públicas, 6% privadas, 3% sin datos; Cordillera 88% fueron públicas, 8% privadas, 4% sin datos; Paraguarí 91% fueron públicas, 3% privadas, resto sin datos; Central 12% fueron privadas 11% sin datos, resto públicas. En Concepción fueron 30.112 beneficiarios en 2016/2017 y 27.514 en 2018, en Cordillera aumentó de 37.167 (2017) a 44.375 (2018); en Paraguarí varió de 30.339 (2016) a 29.761 (2018), en Central fueron 180.535 beneficiarios en 2017-2018. En Concepción en 2016/2017 se planificó merienda para 80 días, 133 días en 2018, en Cordillera 160 días en 2017, 117 días en 2018; en Paraguarí en 2016 fueron 122 días, 110 en 2017 y 117 días en 2018; en Central fueron 216 días en 2017-2018.Los beneficiarios cubiertos según Registro Único de Estudiantes al 2018 fue 78,5% en Concepción, 87% en Cordillera, 90% en Paraguarí, 75% en Central. Conclusiones: En provisión de merienda escolar, la mayoría fueron instituciones públicas, hubo descenso de beneficiarios en el 2018 excepto Cordillera. 2/3 de los beneficiarios registrados fueron incluidos y se proveyó durante poco más de la mitad del año escolar.

ABSTRAC Introduction: The school meal contributes to nutrition and school performance, it is important to know its reach. Objective: To evaluate school meals in Concepción, Cordillera, Paraguarí and Central, in terms of implementation and reach. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective, descriptive, observational study of awarded contracts for school meals between 2016-2018 in Concepción, Cordillera, Paraguarí and Central. We characterized the included institutions, covered days of the school calendar (180 days) and number of beneficiaries. Results: 15 contracts were included. In Concepción, 90% of schools were public institutions, 6% private, 3% without data; in Cordillera 88% were public, 8% private, 4% without data; in Paraguarí 91% were public, 3% private, the rest without data; in Central 12% were private, 11% without data, the rest public. In Concepción there were 30,112 beneficiaries in 2016/2017 and 27,514 in 2018, in Cordillera it increased from 37,167 (2017) to 44,375 (2018); in Paraguarí it varied from 30,339 (2016) to 29,761 (2018), in Central there were 180,535 beneficiaries in 2017-2018. In Concepción in 2016/2017 meals were planned for 80 days, 133 days in 2018, in Cordillera 160 days in 2017, 117 days in 2018; in Paraguarí in 2016 there were 122 days, 110 in 2017 and 117 days in 2018; In Central there were 216 days in 2017-2018. The beneficiaries covered according to the Single Student Registry in 2018 were 78.5% in Concepción, 87% in Cordillera, 90% in Paraguarí, 75% in Central. Conclusions: In the provision of school meals, the majority of schools were public institutions, there was a decrease in beneficiaries in 2018 except in Cordillera. 2/3 of the registered beneficiaries were included and meals were provided for just over half the school year.

When global and local molecular descriptors are more than the sum of its parts: Simple, But Not Simpler?

In this report, we introduce a set of aggregation operators (AOs) to calculate global and local (group and atom type) molecular descriptors (MDs) as a generalization of the classical approach of molecular encoding using the sum of the atomic (or fragment) contributions. These AOs are implemented in a new and free software denominated MD-LOVIs ( http://tomocomd.com/md-lovis ), which allows for the calculation of MDs from atomic weights vector and LOVIs (local vertex invariants). This software was developed in Java programming language and employed the Chemical Development Kit (CDK) library for handling chemical structures and the calculation of atomic weights. An analysis of the complexities of the algorithms presented herein demonstrates that these aspects were efficiently implemented. The calculation speed experiments show that the MD-LOVIs software has satisfactory behavior when compared to software such as Padel, CDKDescriptor, DRAGON and Bluecal software. Shannon's entropy (SE)-based variability studies demonstrate that MD-LOVIs yields indices with greater information content when compared to those of popular academic and commercial software. A principal component analysis reveals that our approach captures chemical information orthogonal to that codified by the DRAGON, Padel and Mold2 software, as a result of the several generalizations in MD-LOVIs not used in other programs. Lastly, three QSARs were built using multiple linear regression with genetic algorithms, and the statistical parameters of these models demonstrate that the MD-LOVIs indices obtained with AOs yield better performance than those obtained when the summation operator is used exclusively. Moreover, it is also revealed that the MD-LOVIs indices yield models with comparable to superior performance when compared to other QSAR methodologies reported in the literature, despite their simplicity. The studies performed herein collectively demonstrated that MD-LOVIs software generates indices as simple as possible, but not simpler and that use of AOs enhances the diversity of the chemical information codified, which consequently improves the performance of traditional MDs.

Alimentos seleccionados por los padres para los refrigerios de sus hijos en etapa de educación básica en Reynosa, Tamaulipas / Lunch box contents of elementary school children in Reynosa, Tamaulipas

Resumen Los refrigerios que consumen los niños durante el recreo complementan su dieta diaria, y pueden representar un riesgo de obesidad si los padres los preparan con base en alimentos procesados, elevados en azúcar, sal y grasa. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar el contenido de los refrigerios empacados en casa, así como el estado nutricio de escolares de Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal. Se trabajó con 769 niños de 12 escuelas públicas de educación básica. Se tomaron peso y talla. Se registraron durante una semana los refrigerios por observación directa, mediante una lista de cotejo. El 44.7 % de los escolares presentó sobrepeso u obesidad. Los alimentos contenidos en los refrigerios fueron el sándwich (50.0 %), tacos (29.5 %) y tortas (14.5 %). Las bebidas azucaradas incluyeron jugo (44 %) y agua saborizada (38.2 %). El 18.8 % llevó frutas, 13.5 % verduras y 31.6 % agua. En promedio, el contenido de energía fue de 327 kcal, por lo tanto, sobrepasaron la recomendación de calorías, e incluían alimentos no saludables (alto contenido de azúcar y grasa en relación a su aportación nutrimental), siendo necesario realizar intervenciones de educación nutricional para promover el consumo de agua y alimentos saludables dentro del entorno escolar, para mejorar la calidad de los hábitos alimenticios, tanto en escuelas de medio tiempo, como de tiempo completo, las cuales, brindan el servicio de alimentación.

Abstract School lunch supplements children's dailydiet and may pose a risk of obesity if they are prepared based on processed foods high in sugar, salt and fat. The aim of this study was to identify the content of lunch packs, as well as the nutritional status of scholars from Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico. To that aim, a descriptive and transversal study was conducted. We worked with 769 children from 12 public elementary schools. Students' size and weight were taken. The contents of their lunch packs were recorded for one week by direct observation through a checklist. 44.7 % of school children were overweight or obese. The foods contained in the lunch packs were sandwich (50.0 %), tacos (29.5 %) and big sandwich (14.5 %). Sugary drinks included juice (44 %) and flavored water (38.2 %). They also contained fruits (18.8 %), vegetables (13.5 %) and water (31.6 %). On average, the energy content was 327 kcal. Therefore, they exceeded the calorie recommendation and included unhealthy foods (high content of sugar and fat in relation to their nutritional contribution). This suggests the need to implement nutrition education intervention programs to promote the consumption of drinking water and healthy foods within the school environment to improve the quality of eating habits.

Percepción de satisfacción entre beneficiarios del programa de alimentación escolar en Bucaramanga-Colombia / Perception of satisfaction among beneficiaries of the school food program of Bucaramanga-Colombia

Resumen Introducción: El Programa de Alimentación Escolar PAE en Colombia es uno de los más antiguos orientado a la protección de la población infantil para potenciar su desarrollo y disminuir la deserción escolar; sin embargo, no hay investigación suficiente que permita evidenciar avances y logros del programa. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia en la percepción de satisfacción de los beneficiarios del Programa de Alimentación Escolar - PAE en Bucaramanga, Colombia y sus factores asociados. Metodología: Se realizó en 2017 un estudio cuantitativo de corte transversal analítico. La población correspondió al universo de escolares beneficiarios del PAE en la ciudad (N= 31.230) y la muestra a 401 escolares la cual se dividió en dos grupos según edad: grupo 1 (de 5 a 8 años) y grupo 2 (de 9 a 17 años). Las encuestas para evaluar los componentes sensorial, organizacional y social, fueron sometidas a prueba piloto para validación aparente o facial y ajustadas según resultados. Una vez recogidos los datos se hizo análisis descriptivo a características de interés; para corroborar diferencias estadísticamente significativas se usó la prueba de chi2 y T de Student y se realizaron análisis bivariados y multivariados entre las características de interés y la percepción de satisfacción usando regresión lineal simple y múltiple. Resultados: Los estudiantes mostraron un nivel alto de percepción de satisfacción frente a las raciones recibidas, siendo los más satisfechos los de nivel socioeconómico bajo y medio bajo (Coef B 2,43; IC 95%: 1,61-3,25) y los que recibieron ración preparada en sitio (niños de 5 a 8 años), (Coef B 8,36; IC 95%: 7,08-9,64). Se encontró que el 25% de los estudiantes de nivel socioeconómico medio-medio y medio-alto botaba los alimentos a la basura. Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos mostraron la necesidad prioritaria de ser más rigurosos en la focalización de los beneficiarios del programa, así como llevar a cabo otros ajustes planteados en el estudio, para incrementar la calidad del programa PAE de Bucaramanga.

Abstract Introduction: The PAE School Feeding Program in Colombia is one of the oldest oriented to the protection of the child population to enhance their development and decrease school dropouts; however, there is not enough research to show progress and achievements of the program. Objective: To determine the prevalence of perception of satisfaction of the beneficiaries of the School Feeding Program, in Bucaramanga, Colombia and its associated factors. Methodology: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out in 2017 with an empirical non-experimental analytical approach. The population corresponded to the universe of PAE schoolchildren in the city (N = 31,230) and the sample to 401 students which was divided into two groups according to age: group 1 (from 5 to 8 years) and group 2 (from 9 to 17 years). The surveys to evaluate the sensory, organizational and social components were submitted to a pilot test for apparent or facial validation and adjusted according to results. Once the data was collected, a descriptive analysis was made to the characteristics of interest; To corroborate statistically significant differences, the chi2 and Student's T test were used and bivariate and multivariate analyzes were performed between the characteristics of interest and the perception of satisfaction using simple and multiple linear regression. Results: The students showed a high level of satisfaction perception compared to the rations received, being the most satisfied those low and medium low socioeconomic status (Coef B 2.43; 95%CI: 1.61-3.25) and those who received ration prepared on site (children 5 to 8 years old), (Coef B 8.36; 95%CI: 7.08-9.64). Conclusions: These findings showed the priority need to be more rigorous in the targeting of the beneficiaries of the program, as well as carry out other adjustments proposed in the study, to increase the quality of the PAE program in Bucaramanga.

Agreement between two Meal Quality Indexes adapted to evaluate food consumption of institutionalized elderly / Concordância entre dois Índices de Qualidade da Refeição adaptados para avaliar o consumo alimentar de idosos institucionalizados

ABSTRACT Objective To assess agreement between two meal quality indexes adapted for elderly people, evidencing their similarities and differences Methods Agreement study with 322 institutionalized elderly individuals. Food consumption data were collected by the method of weighted food record, in two nonconsecutive days. The Meal Quality Index and the Main Meal Quality Index of each older adult were calculated for the lunch meal. Agreement between methods was tested by cross-classification in quartiles and weighted kappa (Kw), and the difference between medians by the Wilcoxon test. Results The Meal Quality Index median was 54.67 points and the Main Meal Quality Index 53.51 points (p=0.723). When the components of each index were assessed, those associated to the consumption of carbohydrates, total fat and saturated fat were similar. The consumption of fruits separated from vegetables in the Main MealQuality Index evidenced low consumption of vegetables by the elderly. Cross-classification by quartiles showed good agreement; the exact one being 48.8% and the disagreement 3.4% (Kw=0,447). The proportion of elderlyindividuals in the same exact or adjacent quartile was greater than 85.0%. Agreement was higher in males (89.4%, Kw=0.475); in the age range of 70 to 79 years (91.1%; Kw=0.562) and in non-profit nursing homes(96.7%; Kw=0.622). Conclusion The two indexes reviewed show a good agreement between them and common characteristics. The number of components is higher in the MMQI and may represent a more detailed assessment of meal quality.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a concordância entre dois índices de qualidade da refeição adaptados para idosos, evidenciando suas semelhanças e diferenças. Métodos Estudo de concordância realizado com 322 idosos institucionalizados. Os dados de consumo alimentar foram coletados pelo método de registro alimentar por pesagem, em dois dias não consecutivos. Foram calculados o Índice de Qualidade da Refeição e o Main Meal Quality Index de cada idoso para a refeição do almoço. Aconcordância entre os métodos foi testada pela classificação cruzada em quartis e kappa ponderado (Kp), e a diferença entre medianas pelo teste de Wilcoxon. Resultados A mediana do Índice de Qualidade da Refeição foi de 54,67 pontos e do Main Meal Quality Index foi de 53,51 pontos (p=0,723). Quando avaliado os componentes de cada índice, os relacionados ao consumo de carboidratos, gordura total e gordura saturada foram semelhantes. O componente frutas, separado das verdurasno Main Meal Quality Index evidenciou o baixo consumo de verduras pelos idosos. A classificação cruzada por quartis mostrou boa concordância, sendo a exata de 48,8% e a discordância de 3,4% (Kp=0,447). A proporção de idosos no mesmo quartil ou quartil adjacente foi de mais de 85,0%. A concordância foi maior no sexo masculino (89,4%; Kp=0,475); na faixa etária de 70 a 79 anos (91,1%; Kp=0,562) e nas instituições sem fins lucrativos (96,7%; Kp=0,622). Conclusão Os dois índices analisados tem uma boa concordância entre si e características em comum. O número de componentes é maior no MMQI, podendo representar avaliação mais detalhada da qualidade da refeição.

Is What Low-Income Brazilians Are Eating in Popular Restaurants Contributing to Promote Their Health?

This study evaluates the healthfulness of the meals offered to and consumed by low-income Brazilians in Popular Restaurants (PR). It is a cross-sectional, exploratory study. The final sample includes 36 PRs, respecting the stratification criteria for each of the five Brazilian regions. To identify the quantity and quality of food consumption, consumers' meals are evaluated. The sample calculation uses a minimum of 41 consumers in each PR. Consumption evaluation is carried out by weighing and direct observation of the meal that each consumer served to his plate. Each dish of the meals had its Technical preparation files (TPF) developed by observing the production and weighing all the ingredients. Evaluations of Energy density (ED), meal's weight components and sodium composition are conducted. Plate's composition is compared to "My plate" guidelines United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The final sample includes 1771 low-income Brazilians consumers. The plate of PRs consumers is adequate only for the "protein group" in comparison to "My plate". Rice and beans compose more than 50% of the plate's weight, as expected, since it is a Brazilian habit of consumption at lunch. Thus, grains are the major group consumed by PRs consumers. The average ED for all PRs is 1.34 kcal/g. Regarding sodium content, rice and main courses presented the highest values and are classified as high, according to Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Concerning sodium, PRs are putting Brazilian low-income population at risk for chronic diseases. However, in general, PRs are good choices because they promote access to cheap and quality traditional Brazilian foods.

In vitro human colonic fermentation of indigestible fraction isolated from lunch menus: impact on the gut metabolites and antioxidant capacity.

The indigestible fraction (IF) isolated from three lunch menus: Modified Mexican Lunch (MM-L), Traditional Mexican Lunch (TM-L) and Alternative Mexican Lunch (AM-L), was studied in terms of antioxidant capacity (AOX) and metabolites produced through fermentation by human intestinal microbiota. IFs were isolated after withstanding in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and total soluble polyphenols (TSP), condensed tannins (CT), hydrolysable polyphenols (HP) and AOX (DPPH, FRAP) were evaluated. AOX, pH and bacterial metabolites profile changes were also monitored during in vitro colonic fermentation. Lunch menus showed differences in IF, TSP, CT and FRAP values (p<.05). TM-L had the highest TSP and CT contents (0.84 and 1.89 g/100 g DW, respectively). Changes in pH and AOX during fermentation were time-dependent and substrate-dependent (p<.05). Butyric acid production was not significantly modified by the IFs (p>.05). Fifty-seven microbiota-produced volatile compounds were detected by SPME-GC-MS. This study shows the potential effects of food habits on bacterial metabolite production.

Lunch quality and sociodemographic conditions between Brazilian regions / Qualidade do almoço e condições sociodemográficas entre as macrorregiões brasileiras / Calidad del almuerzo y condiciones sociodemográficas entre regiones brasileñas

The objective of this study was to assess the quality of lunch consumed by adults in Brazil and its sociodemographic determinants in each Brazilian region. A cross-sectional study was carried out and a representative sample of regional populations was used. The sample comprised of 16,096 adults from the Brazilian National Dietary Survey, part of the Brazilian Household Budget Survey (POF). The lunch quality was evaluated by applying the main meal quality index (MMQI), comprised of 10 items of equal weights that resulted in a score that ranged from zero to 100 points. Linear regression models measured the association between lunch quality and sociodemographic factors. The average energy consumption at lunch was 704kcal (SD = 300), and the meal quality score mean was 57 points (SE = 0.30). The North Region had the worst MMQI score (56 points, SE = 0.07), while the Central had the best MMQI adjusted score (59 points, SE = 0.05). The MMQI final score was positively associated with male gender and ages between 20-39 years, and was inversely associated with having eight years or more of education, per capita income of at least three minimum wages, and with the consumption of meals prepared away from home. Despite differences among sociodemographic factors, all Brazilian regions had a lunch composed of foods rich in sugars and fats, with insufficient portions of fruits and vegetables, resulting in a low meal quality.

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade do almoço consumido por adultos brasileiros e os determinantes sociodemográficos em cada macrorregião brasileira, com delineamento transversal e uma amostra representativa das populações regionais. A amostra incluiu 16.096 adultos, participantes do Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação, um componente da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares. A qualidade do almoço foi avaliada através do main meal quality index (MMQI), com 10 itens de pesos iguais que resultaram em um escore que variava entre zero e 100 pontos. Nas análises, modelos de regressão linear mediram a associação entre a qualidade do almoço e fatores sociodemográficos. O consumo energético médio no almoço foi 704kcal (DP = 300), e o escore médio da qualidade do almoço foi 57 pontos (DP = 0,30). A Região Norte teve o pior MMQI (56 pontos, DP = 0,07), enquanto o Centro-oeste teve o melhor MMQI ajustado (59 pontos, DP = 0,05). O escore final do MMQI mostrou associação positiva com o gênero masculino e idade de 20-39 anos, e associação negativa com escolaridade de oito anos ou mais, renda per capita de pelo menos três salários mínimos e consumo de refeições preparadas fora de casa. Apesar das diferenças entre fatores sociodemográficos, em todas a macrorregiões brasileiras os adultos consumiam um almoço rico em alimentos com alto teor de açúcar e gordura e com porções insuficientes de frutas e verduras, resultando em um almoço de baixa qualidade alimentar.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la calidad del almuerzo que consumen los adultos en Brasil y sus determinantes sociodemográficos en cada región brasileña. Se trata de un estudio transversal con una muestra representativa de las poblaciones regionales. La muestra comprendió a 16.096 adultos de la Encuesta Nacional sobre Dieta, Encuesta sobre Presupuestos Familiares en Brasil. La calidad del almuerzo fue evaluada aplicando el main meal quality index (MMQI), que comprendía 10 ítems de pesos equivalentes que resultaron en un marcador que abarcaba de cero a 100 puntos. El análisis se realizó mediante modelos de regresión lineal que midieron la asociación entre el almuerzo de calidad y sus factores sociodemográficos. El promedio de consumo de calorías en el almuerzo fue 704kcal (SD = 300), y la media del índice de calidad de la comida fue 57 puntos (SE = 0,30). La región Norte tuvo el peor índice de MMQI (56 puntos, SE = 0,07), mientras que el Centro-oeste tuvo el mejor índice de MMQI ajustado (59 puntos, SE = 0,05). El índice final de MMQI se asoció positivamente al género masculino y edades comprendidas entre los 20-39 años, y fue inversamente asociado con contar con ocho años o más de educación, unos ingresos per cápita de al menos tres salarios mínimos, y un consumo de comidas preparadas fuera de casa. A pesar de las diferencias entre los factores sociodemográficos, todas las regiones brasileñas contaron con un almuerzo compuesto por comidas ricas en azúcares y grasas, con insuficiente porciones de frutas y verduras, constituyendo una comida de baja calidad.

Adecuación y aceptación de almuerzos escolares en dos escuelas públicas de Asunción

Introducción: El Programa de Alimentación Escolar consiste en la entrega directa de alimentos nutritivos y culturalmente aceptados a los niños matriculados en el sistema educativo tanto público como subvencionado, con el objetivo de promover el ingreso, la permanencia, la asistencia regular a clases, la promoción y las mejoras en el rendimiento académico de los escolares. Objetivo: Evaluar el grado de aceptación y porcentaje de adecuación a los requerimientos nutricionales del almuerzo escolar de niños y niñas de dos escuelas públicas de Asunción. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transverso, realizado en 102 escolares de ambos sexos, matriculados en dos escuelas públicas durante el periodo 2013. Se les realizó evaluación antropométrica mediante Índice de Masa Corporal para la edad (IMC/Edad) y Talla/Edad. Se evaluó el grado de aceptación de tres menús ofrecidos mediante los métodos de Escala Hedónica Facial y Porcentaje de Sobras; y también se determinó el porcentaje de adecuación a los requerimientos nutricionales del almuerzo escolar. Resultados: El 39,2% de la población estudiada presentó malnutrición por exceso y un 2,8% riesgo de desnutrición. Mediante la Escala Hedónica Facial y Porcentaje de sobras, para evaluar la aceptación de los menús se demostró que el de mejor aceptación fue el pollo con verduras con puré de papas y de menor preferencia el guiso de poroto con arroz. En cuanto a la adecuación energética, se observó un mayor porcentaje de déficit y en la ingesta de proteínas, se constató un exceso según los requerimientos establecidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y por el Ministerio de Educación y Cultura. Conclusión: La evaluación de aceptación de los menús escolares constata que sólo a 3 de cada 10 niños les agradan las comidas que les sirven. La adecuación de energía y proteínas no se ajustan a los requerimientos recomendados.

Introduction: School Feeding Program is the direct delivery of nutritious and culturally acceptable foods to children enrolled in the public school and subsidized system, with the aim of promoting the entry, permanency, regular school attendance, promotion and improvements in the academic performance of school children. Objective: To evaluate the degree of acceptance and percentage of nutritional requirements adequacy of the scholar lunch of children from two public schools from Asunción. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional, observational study conducted on 102 students of both genders enrolled in two public schools in 2013. Children underwent Nutritional Assessment by BMI/A & Height/A, the degree of acceptance from three offered menus was evaluated by the methods of Facial Hedonic Scale and Leftovers Percentage, in addition, the percentage of adequacy to nutritional requirements of the school lunch was determined. Results: 39,2% of the studied population was overnourished and only 2,8%. had risk of undernourishment. The Facial Hedonic Scale and Leftovers Percentage, used to evaluate the acceptability of the menus showed that best accepted menu was chicken with vegetables and mashed potatoes; and the less preferred was bean stew with rice. Regarding energy adequacy, we observed a high percentage of deficit; and protein intake excess was found, according to the requirements established by the World Health Organization and the Ministry of Education and Culture. Conclusion: We found that just 3 out of 10 children like the meals that they serve. The adequacy of energy and protein do not meet the recommendations

The traditional lunch pattern is inversely correlated with body mass index in a population-based study in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The association of obesity and dietary patterns has been well documented in scientific literature; however, information on the impact of meal patterns on obesity is scarce. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of adherence to lunch patterns and body mass index (BMI) in a representative sample of individuals aged 20 years or older in Sao Paulo. METHODS: Data for 933 participants were retrieved from the Health Survey of São Paulo (ISA-Capital 2008), a cross-sectional population-based survey. The usual dietary intake of individuals with at least one 24-h recall was estimated by the Multiple Source Method. The definition of lunch was self-reported by the participant. Five lunch patterns were derived from twenty-two food groups by exploratory factor analysis: Traditional, Western, Sweetened juice, Salad, and Meats. To estimate the effect of lunch patterns on BMI, we used a generalized linear model with link identity and inverse Gaussian distribution. Analyses were adjusted by age, gender, household income per capita, physical activity levels, smoking status, alcohol consumption, total energy intake, and misreporting status. RESULTS: The greater adherence to the traditional pattern at the lunch meal was associated with lower BMI, only in insufficiently active individuals (ß = -0.78; 95% CI -1.57; -0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The traditional Brazilian lunch pattern might protect the insufficiently active individuals against obesity.

Phenolic compounds content and antioxidant capacity of meals provided to elementary public schools in Chile during 2011 / Contenido de compuestos fenólicos y capacidad antioxidante de alimentos entregados a las escuelas públicas de enseñanza básica en Chile durante 2011

The Chilean National School Feeding Program (NSFP) delivers breakfast and lunch meals that supply 250 and 450 kcal, respectively, along the country. In the last decades, a significant increase of obesity has been observed in primary education children, and it involves risk factors of non-communicable diseases. The dietary intake of foods containing phenolic compounds (PC) exerts favorable effects on health by reducing risk factors of prevalent diseases. The aim of the study was to measure the PC content and antioxidant capacity (AC) [ORAC and DPPH] of meals provided by the NSFP in Quillota, Chile, in 2011. The PC supply of the whole meals served ranged from 362.7 to 1,730 mg GAE. The best breakfast foods include whole grain cookie (2.59±0.3 mg GAE/g), bread with avocado, quince jelly or strawberry jam (1.61±0.13 to 2.05±0.3 mg GAE/g); while the best lunch salads include beetroot, lettuce, and cabbage/fish (1.66±0.3 to 2.35±0.1 mg GAE/g), and main courses contain legumes, or mixed vegetables. The lowest PC contents were observed in pasta and rice preparations (p<0.05). Among desserts, the best source of PC is fruit (1.81±0.04 to 6.91±0.31 mg GAE/g). The correlation between PC and AC varied according to the type of meal. PC content and AC are additional criteria for selecting the best quality meals, in addition to the nutrients and energy content. The results support the recommendation to increase the supply of fruits and vegetable/legumes preparations and fruits instead of starchy foods to scholars.

El Programa de Alimentación Escolar (PAE) para enseñanza básica en Chile distribuye, en todo el país, desayunos y almuerzos que aportan 250 y 450 kcal, respectivamente. En las últimas décadas ha aumentado significativamente la obesidad en escolares, lo que induce factores de riesgo de enfermedades no transmisibles. La ingestión de alimentos que contienen polifenoles (PF) ejerce efectos beneficiosos al reducir factores de riesgo de enfermedades prevalentes. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el contenido de PF y la capacidad antioxidante (CA) [ORAC y DPPH] de los alimentos entregados por el PAE en Quillota, Chile, en 2011. El aporte de PF en las raciones servidas fluctuó entre 362.7 y 1,730 mg EAG. El mejor desayuno contenía galletón con granos integrales (2.59±0.3 mg EAG/g), pan con palta, dulce de membrillo o de fresas (1.61±0.13 a 2.05±0.3 mg EAG /g) y el mejor almuerzo, ensaladas de remolacha, lechuga, o col/pescado (1.66±0.3 a 2.35±0.1 mg EAG /g), y un plato principal con leguminosas o vegetales mixtos. Los contenidos menores de PF se observaron en platos con pastas y arroz (p<0.05). Entre los postres, la mejor fuente de PF es la fruta (1.81±0.04 a 6.91±0.31 mg EAG/g). La correlación entre PF y CA fluctuó según el tipo de preparación. El contenido de PF y la CA son criterios de calidad adicionales al aporte de energía y nutrientes de las preparaciones. Los resultados apoyan la recomendación de aumentar el aporte a los escolares de frutas y vegetales/leguminosas en lugar de alimentos con alto contenido de almidones.

Índices de adesão e aceitação no programa de alimentação escolar com gestão escolarizada / Adoption Indexes and acceptance in the school feeding program with educated management

o Estado de Goiás, a partir de 1995, migrou do modelo de gestão centralizado para o modelo de gestão escolarizado, no qual a Secretaria Estadual de Educação transfere para as unidades escolares os recursos financeiros provenientes do Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento e Educação (FNDE), bem como a responsabilidade de execução do Programa de Alimentação Escolar (PAE). Com o intuito de verificar os índices de adesão e aceitação no modelo de gestão em questão, 51 unidades de ensino estadual de 04 Subsecretarias de Educação Regional contemplaram a amostra. A adesão média foi de 49%, considerando o número de alunos matriculados. Já sobre os presentes, o índice subiu para 56%. A presença de cantinas, o período (matutino e vespertino) e o tipo de cardápio influenciaram na adesão ao Programa. A aceitação média foi de 87%. Um dos objetivos da implantação do modelo escolarizado no Estado de Goiás foi a melhoria na qualidade, porém, de acordo com todos os resultados obtidos, a realidade do PAE das unidades de ensino ainda não condiz com às referências estabelecidas pelo FNDE. (AU)

The State of Goiás, in 1995, migrated from centralized model to the management model schooled, in which Department of Education transfers to the schools the financial resources from National Development and Education Fund (FNDE) and the responsibility for implementing the School Lunch Program (PAE). In order to check the acceptance and adhesion rates in the model in question. 51 school units from 04 Regional Education Departments beheld the sample. The mean adhesion was 49%, considering the number of students enrolled. Already on the present, the index increased to 56%. The presence of commercial establishment, the period (morning and afternoon) and type of menu influenced in adhesion. The average acceptance was 87%. One goal of the deployment model schooled in the state of Goiás was the improvement in quality, however, agree with all the results, the reality of the PAE does not consistent with the references provided by FNDE. (AU)

Estudio cualitativo sobre la percepción de estudiantes universitarios sobre horario de almuerzo / Qualitative study on college student’s perceptions on lunch

Introducción: La alimentación saludable permite el óptimo crecimiento y desarrollo del individuo. Una dieta sana es el resultado de la combinación adecuada de macro y micronutrientes, la cual debe ser suficiente, moderada, equilibrada y variada. La dieta puede ser modificada a través del trascurso de la vida, considerándose el acceso a la universidad un momento crucial para el fortalecimiento de los hábitos alimentarios. Metodología: el objetivo de esta investigación es interpretar la percepción que poseen los estudiantes universitarios sobre el horario de almuerzo. Para obtener resultados se utilizó un diseño cualitativo con enfoque fenomenológico. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de una encuesta semiestructurada. Se entrevistó a 15 estudiantes que cumplían con los criterios de selección de la investigación. Los resultados fueron analizados por los investigadores principales mediante análisis de contenido. Resultados: los entrevistados identifican el almuerzo como uno de los principales horarios de comida y que su práctica habitual contribuye a la mejora de los hábitos alimentarios. Los entrevistados refieren que una de las principales causas para no cumplir con este horario de alimentación es la falta de tiempo debido a la carga académica. Conclusión: se concluye que los estudiantes perciben que es importante realizar el horario de almuerzo a diario, sin embargo declaran no consumir almuerzo durante gran parte de la semana académica.

Introduction. A healthy diet leads to optimal growth and development of the individual. A healthy diet is the result of the right combination of macro and micronutrients, which should be sufficient, moderate, balanced and varied. Diet can be modified through the course of life, while the university period is a crucial time to strengthen proper food habits. Methods. The purpose of this investigation is to interpret the perception that college students have about lunchtime. A qualitative design with a phenomenological approach was used. Data collection was conducted through a structured survey. We interviewed 15 students who met the selection criteria. The results were analyzed by the principal investigators using content analysis. Results. Respondents pointed out that lunch is one of the main meals and that a regular lunchtime helps to improve eating habits. Respondents report that one of the main causes for not complying with this feeding schedule is the lack of time due to academic burden. Conclusion. This study concludes that students perceive daily lunchtime to be important and yet claim that during much of the academic week they skip this meal.

Formação para merendeiras: uma proposta metodológica aplicada em escolas estaduais atendidas pelo programa nacional de alimentação escolar, em Salvador, Bahia / Professional training for school lunch cooks: a methodological experiment done in state schools supported by the National School Feeding Program in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Descrever uma experiência de formação desenvolvida para merendeiras de escolas atendidas pelo Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, cujo objeto de análise foi um curso realizado para merendeiras de 97 escolas estaduais, em Salvador (BA). A definição e a implementação da formação apresentou três etapas: sondagem de conteúdos e metodologias junto às merendeiras, desenvolvimento das atividades de formação e avaliação da metodologia do curso pelas merendeiras. RESULTADOS: A consulta às merendeiras possibilitou a indicação dos conteúdos de maior interesse e a metodologia a ser utilizada. O curso teve duração de 20 horas, em turmas de aproximadamente 35 pessoas, e foi realizado em unidades escolares. O programa da atividade apresentou conteúdos diferenciados, incluindo: o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar, a merendeira no sistema da alimentação escolar, princípios de nutrição e alimentação e boas práticas de produção. Como recursos metodológicos foram adotados: teatro, exposição dialogada, oficinas, gincana, experiências práticas, jogos interativos, atividades em grupo, aplicação de formulários e um módulo que contemplava todas as apresentações. Ao final do evento, as merendeiras avaliaram o curso segundo os seguintes aspectos: explicação dos conteúdos, recursos utilizados, ritmo das atividades, atendimento às perguntas, apreensão dos conteúdos, aspectos positivos e negativos e sugestões. CONCLUSÃO: A experiência evidenciou a possibilidade de orientar a construção de um novo modelo de formação, mediante a contribuição e a valorização da consulta ao público-alvo, o que permitiu uma ressignificação das práticas tradicionais de formação e proporcionou maior chance de êxito, devido às demandas específicas apresentadas pelos próprios participantes.

OBJECTIVE: This study reports a professional training experiment directed at school lunch cooks in state schools supported by the National School Feeding Program. METHODS: This descriptive study was carried out among school lunch cooks from 97 state schools, in Salvador (Bahia , Brazil). Definition and implementation of the professional training consisted of three stages: a preliminary survey among the cooks in search of contents and methodology, professional training activities and the subjects' assessment of such activities. RESULTS: The preliminary survey pointed to both those contents of major interest among the cooks and the methodology. Professional training activities were designed as a 20-hour event for groups of about 35 people, taking place in school units. The activity program carried a number of different contents, including the National School Feeding Program, the school lunch cooks in the school feeding system, feeding and nutrition principles, and Good Manufacturing Practices. Methodological resources comprised dramatization, dialogued presentations, workshops, group contests, practical activities, interactive games, form completion, guided group activities and a printed brochure with all presentations. At the end of the event, an assessment was requested from the subjects as to the following features: content presentation, resources employed, pace of activities, question answering, content learning, positive and negative aspects as well as suggestions. CONCLUSION: The experiment showed the feasibility of building a new professional training model by using and valuing the contributions from the target subjects, thus allowing the reframing of traditional professional training practices and increasing the chances of success, since the subjects' specific demands were taken into account.

Higiene e cuidados com lancheiras escolares / Hygiene and care of school lunchboxes

Diante das buscas de qualidade para uma alimentação segura, em aspectos de higiene alimentar, a higienização dos utensílios e manipulação adequada é de fundamental importância para garantir a segurança dos alimentos. A falha na higienização dos utensílios é um dos fatores que pode favorecer o crescimento e multiplicação de micro-organismos. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a higiene das lancheiras, através da realização de Swab-test e da determinação da temperatura de transporte e conservação dos lanches transportados pelas mesmas. Os resultados evidenciaram que a higiene das lancheiras apresenta riscos de contaminação aos lanches transportados e a temperatura de transporte e armazenamento dos lanches favorecem a multiplicação microbiana. Conclui-se que a melhor maneira de prevenir as doenças transmitidas por alimentos é educar as pessoas quanto aos requisitos básicos das boas práticas de higiene.(AU)

Because of quality search for a safe alimentation, talking about hygienic feeding, the cleansing of utensils and adequate manipulation are of fundamental importance to secure the safety of the foods. Any fault in the cleansingof the utensils could be one of the factors, which can lead to the increase and multiplication of microorganisms. This study had the objective to evaluate lunchboxes hygiene through the realization of swab-tests taking into consideration the temperature when transportation takes place and conservation of the snacks transported in these lunchboxes. The results evidenced that the lunchboxes cleansing showed risks of contaminations to the foods transported in these lunchboxes and also showed that the temperature and storage of these foods can cause microbial multiplication. Results were obtained through a training realized with the participation of those responsible for the care of the children. It was concluded that the best way to prevent against food poisoning is through elucidating those who deal with foods by teaching them the basic necessities of good hygienic practice. (AU)

Composição físico-química da merenda escolar municipal de Imperatriz, MA / Physico-chemical composition of school feeding city of Imperatriz, MA

O Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) é o mais antigo programa social do Governo Federal Brasileiro e atende milhões de crianças e adolescentes por dia. A merenda escolar representa um atrativo para a freqüência dos alunos matriculados nas escolas públicas, consistindo numa atividade integrada ao ensino, daí sua importância. O presente estudo investiga os parâmetros físico-químicos no que se referem à umidade, cinzas, sais minerais (cálcio, magnésio, ferro, fósforo e potássio), acidez titulável e lipídeos de alguns produtos (arroz, bolacha salgada, achocolatado, canjica de milho, macarrão e leite em pó), que compõem e merenda servida em escolas do município de Imperatriz-MA.(AU)

The Brazilian Program of Pertaining to School Feeding (PNAE) is the oldest social program of the Federal Government and takes care of to millions of children and adolescents per day. The school lunch represents a attractive one for the frequency of the pupils registered public schools, consisting of an activity integrated to education, from there its importance. The present study evaluated the physical chemistry parameters to the moisture, ashes, minerals (calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphor and potassium), acidity and fat of some products (rice, salty big cookie, chocolate in dust, paste of maize, pasta and milk in dust) that they compose lunch served in schools of the city of Imperatriz-MA, Brazil. (AU)