Time maters: Exploring the dynamics of bioactive compounds content, bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity during Lupinus angustifolius germination.

Germination is a process that enhances the content of health-promoting secondary metabolites. However, the bioaccessibility of these compounds depends on their stability and solubility throughout the gastrointestinal tract. The study aimed to explore how germination time influences the content and bioaccessibility of γ-aminobutyric acid and polyphenols and antioxidant capacity of lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) sprouts during simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Gamma-aminobutyric acid showed a decrease following gastrointestinal digestion (GID) whereas phenolic acids and flavonoids exhibited bioaccessibilities of up to 82.56 and 114.20%, respectively. Although the digestion process affected the profile of phenolic acids and flavonoids, certain isoflavonoids identified in 7-day sprouts (G7) showed resistance to GID. Germination not only favored antioxidant activity but also resulted in germinated samples exhibiting greater antioxidant properties than ungerminated counter parts after GID. Intestinal digests from G7 did not show cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 macrophages, and notably, they showed an outstanding ability to inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species. This suggests potential benefit in mitigating oxidative stress. These findings contribute to understand the dynamic interplay between bioprocessing and digestion in modulating the bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds in lupin, thereby impacting health.

Isoflavone Content and Nutritional-Related Properties of Debittered Seeds from Two Andean Lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) Ecotypes Propagated in Two Soils.

Lupinus mutabilis Sweet is a fabaceous plant native to the Andean highlands and produces seeds with valuable nutritional properties. Thus, as part of our research on native emerging food, the present study aimed at determining some nutritional and functional-related features of seeds from two L. mutabilis ecotypes after propagation in two different substrates commonly found in the Bogotá plateau. Propagated plants produced seeds that, after conventional debittering, exhibited attractive contents of soluble protein (24-39 g/100 g dry seed powder (dsp)), phenolic (787-1003 g/100 g dsp), isoflavone (1-104 g/100 g dsp), and iron (5.3-6.4 g/100 g dsp), as well as antioxidant capacity (39-78 µM/100 g dsp). Higher pH, humidity saturation, organic matter, and total nitrogen of silty loam soil promoted isoflavone accumulation and better antioxidant capacity at pH 4-7, and no soil effect was observed for total phenolic and iron contents. The profiles based on isoflavone aglycones were also recorded by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, detecting eleven main compounds with mutabilein as the most abundant isoflavone (38.3-104.3 g/100 g dsp). Finally, a formulation was developed to fabricate an emulsion-type drink based on the debittered, pulverized L. mutabilis seeds, resulting in different emulsifying capacities (19-100%) depending on the biopolymer stabilizer, being xanthan gum the best additive. The findings revealed an attractive Andean lupin profile to be used as a raw food material.

Antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum of quinolizidines isolated from three controlled-growth Genisteae plants: structure-activity relationship implications.

The Genisteae tribe belongs to the Fabaceae family. The wide occurrence of secondary metabolites, explicitly highlighting the quinolizidine alkaloids (QAs), characterizes this tribe. In the present study, twenty QAs (1-20), including lupanine (1-7), sparteine (8-10), lupanine (11), cytisine and tetrahydrocytisine (12-17), and matrine (18-20)-type QAs were extracted and isolated from leaves of three species (i.e., Lupinus polyphyllus ('rusell' hybrid), Lupinus mutabilis, and Genista monspessulana) belonging to the Genisteae tribe. These plant sources were propagated under greenhouse conditions. The isolated compounds were elucidated by analyzing their spectroscopical data (MS, NMR). The antifungal effect on the mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum (Fox) of each isolated QA was then evaluated through the amended medium assay. The best antifungal activity was found to be for compounds 8 (IC50 = 16.5 µM), 9 (IC50 = 7.2 µM), 12 (IC50 = 11.3 µM), and 18 (IC50 = 12.3 µM). The inhibitory data suggest that some QAs could efficiently inhibit Fox mycelium growth depending on particular structural requirements deduced from structure-activity relationship scrutinies. The identified quinolizidine-related moieties can be involved in lead structures to develop further antifungal bioactives against Fox.

Andean crops: kañiwa and tarwi flours used for the development of vegan gluten-free muffins.

BACKGROUND: The flours of two Andean crops, tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis) and kañiwa (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen), present an excellent nutritional profile for inclusion in vegan gluten-free muffin formulations. In this study, the proximal composition and techno-functional properties of tarwi and kañiwa flours, and the technological quality of batters and muffins (potato starch-based) formulated with 50% of these flours were evaluated. RESULTS: Andean flours have high protein, fiber, and fat content, and display high water and oil absorption. In premixes formulated with potato starch and Andean flours, a reduction in paste viscosity was observed due to starch dilution and lower water availability. Depending on their ability to interact with water, the batters formulated with these flours had a higher consistency. Confocal laser scanning micrographs showed that batters with Andean flours presented a complex matrix with dispersed starch granules surrounded by proteins and fiber fragments. Muffins made with Andean flours had a slightly lower specific volume than the control, but crumb hardness was not modified by tarwi flour (50%) and a mixture of tarwi (25%) and kañiwa (25%) flours. The intrinsic color of these flours modified crumb color, and their reducing sugar content also favored Maillard reactions in the crust. These color changes are desirable in gluten-free products because such products are frequently pale due to their high starch content. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that tarwi and kañiwa flours are suitable for developing vegan, gluten-free muffins of good technological quality and improved nutritional profile, adding value to these underutilized ancestral flours. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Composition and Antifungal Activity of the Alkaloidal Fraction of Lupinus mirabilis Leaves: A Biochemometrics-Based Exploration.

Lupinus plants are well-recognized due to their significant alkaloid content, which has made them the subject of several studies. However, the lack of chemical and biological information on the Colombian Lupinus species remains a fact. Therefore, the alkaloidal fractions from the leaves of L. mirabilis obtained by conventional solvent and ultrasound-assisted extraction (CSE and UAE, respectively) at different time frames were analyzed. Sparteine (2) was the main component in all cases; however, its relative abundance showed large variability, ranging from 64.7% to 80.6%. Minor constituents were also affected by the extraction conditions. In general, prolonged times gave a higher proportion of alkaloids under CSE, while only a slight decrease was observed under UAE. Both the method and extraction time appeared to equally affect the ratios of particular alkaloids, leading to variations in their effect on the mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum. Holistic analysis through multiple-covariate statistical methods as an approach to integrating chemical and bioactivity datasets allowed inferring the compounds most likely responsible for the changes in mycelial growth inhibition. 13α-Hydroxylupanine (12) might represent a promising compound to be included in further studies against this phytopathogen.

Quinolizidine-Based Variations and Antifungal Activity of Eight Lupinus Species Grown under Greenhouse Conditions.

Fusarium oxysporum is an aggressive phytopathogen that affects various plant species, resulting in extensive local and global economic losses. Therefore, the search for competent alternatives is a constant pursuit. Quinolizidine alkaloids (QA) are naturally occurring compounds with diverse biological activities. The structural diversity of quinolizidines is mainly contributed by species of the family Fabaceae, particularly the genus Lupinus. This quinolizidine-based chemo diversity can be explored to find antifungals and even mixtures to address concomitant effects on F. oxysporum. Thus, the antifungal activity of quinolizidine-rich extracts (QREs) from the leaves of eight greenhouse-propagated Lupinus species was evaluated to outline promising QA mixtures against F. oxysporum. Thirteen main compounds were identified and quantified using an external standard. Quantitative analysis revealed different contents per quinolizidine depending on the Lupinus plant, ranging from 0.003 to 32.8 mg/g fresh leaves. Bioautography showed that all extracts were active at the maximum concentration (5 µg/µL). They also exhibited >50% mycelium growth inhibition. All QREs were fungistatic except for the fungicidal QRE of L. polyphyllus Lindl. Angustifoline, matrine, 13α-hydroxylupanine, and 17-oxolupanine were ranked to act jointly against the phytopathogen. Our findings constitute reference information to better understand the antifungal activity of naturally afforded QA mixtures from these globally important plants.

In Vivo Healthy Benefits of Galacto-Oligosaccharides from Lupinus albus (LA-GOS) in Butyrate Production through Intestinal Microbiota.

Animal digestive systems host microorganism ecosystems, including integrated bacteria, viruses, fungi, and others, that produce a variety of compounds from different substrates with healthy properties. Among these substrates, α-galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are considered prebiotics that promote the grow of gut microbiota with a metabolic output of Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs). In this regard, we evaluated Lupinus albus GOS (LA-GOS) as a natural prebiotic using different animal models. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of LA-GOS on the gut microbiota, SCFA production, and intestinal health in healthy and induced dysbiosis conditions (an ulcerative colitis (UC) model). Twenty C57BL/6 mice were randomly allocated in four groups (n = 5/group): untreated and treated non-induced animals, and two groups induced with 2% dextran sulfate sodium to UC with and without LA-GOS administration (2.5 g/kg bw). We found that the UC treated group showed a higher goblet cell number, lower disease activity index, and reduced histopathological damage in comparison to the UC untreated group. In addition, the abundance of positive bacteria to butyryl-CoA transferase in gut microbiota was significantly increased by LA-GOS treatment, in healthy conditions. We measured the SCFA production with significant differences in the butyrate concentration between treated and untreated healthy groups. Finally, the pH level in cecum feces was reduced after LA-GOS treatment. Overall, we point out the in vivo health benefits of LA-GOS administration on the preservation of the intestinal ecosystem and the promotion of SCFA production.

Pioneer plant species and fungal root endophytes in metal-polluted tailings deposited near human populations and agricultural areas in Northern Mexico.

As a consequence of industrial mining activity, high volumes of tailings are scattered around Mexico. Frequently, tailings contain heavy metals (HM) which entail threats against all organisms. The aim of this research was to identify plants and root fungal endophytes in polymetallic polluted tailings with the potential to be used in strategies of bioremediation. Four deposits of mine wastes, situated in a semi-arid region near urban and semi-urban populations, and agricultural areas, were studied. The physical and chemical characteristics of substrates, accumulation of HM in plant tissues, root colonization between arbuscular mycorrizal (AMF) and dark septate endophyte (DSE) fungi, and the identification of DSE fungi isolated from the roots of two plant species were studied. Substrates from all four sites exhibited extreme conditions: high levels in sand; low water retention; poor levels in available phosphorus and nitrogen content; and potentially toxic levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn). The native plants Lupinus campestris, Tagetes lunulata, and Cerdia congestiflora, as well as the exotic Cortaderia selloana and Asphodelus fistulosus, demonstrated a relevant potential role in the phytostabilization and/or phytoextraction of Pb, Cd, and Zn, according to the accumulation of metal in roots and translocation to shoots. Roots of eleven analyzed plant species were differentially co-colonized between AMF and DSE fungi; the presence of arbuscules and microsclerotia suggested an active physiological interaction. Fourteen DSE fungi were isolated from the inner area of roots of T. lunulata and Pennisetum villosum; molecular identification revealed the predominance of Alternaria and other Pleosporales. The use of native DSE fungi could reinforce the establishment of plants for biological reclamation of mine waste in semi-arid climate. Efforts are needed in order to accelerate a vegetation practice of mine wastes under study, which can reduce, in turn, their potential ecotoxicological impact on organisms, human populations, and agricultural areas.

A Bitter-Sweet Story: Unraveling the Genes Involved in Quinolizidine Alkaloid Synthesis in Lupinus albus.

Alkaloids are part of a structurally diverse group of over 21,000 cyclic nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites that are found in over 20% of plant species. Lupinus albus are naturally containing quinolizidine alkaloid (QA) legumes, with wild accessions containing up to 11% of QA in seeds. Notwithstanding their clear advantages as a natural protecting system, lupin-breeding programs have selected against QA content without proper understanding of quinolizidine alkaloid biosynthetic pathway. This review summarizes the current status in this field, with focus on the utilization of natural mutations such as the one contained in pauper locus, and more recently the development of molecular markers, which along with the advent of sequencing technology, have facilitated the identification of candidate genes located in the pauper region. New insights for future research are provided, including the utilization of differentially expressed genes located on the pauper locus, as candidates for genome editing. Identification of the main genes involved in the biosynthesis of QA will enable precision breeding of low-alkaloid, high nutrition white lupin. This is important as plant based high quality protein for food and feed is an essential for sustainable agricultural productivity.

Purification of Pseudomonas sp. proteases through aqueous biphasic systems as an alternative source to obtain bioactive protein hydrolysates.

Aqueous biphasic systems (ABSs) are an interesting alternative for separating industrial enzymes due to easy scale-up and low operational cost. The proteases of Pseudomonas sp. M211 were purified through ABS platforms formed by polyethylene glycol (PEG) and citrate buffer salt. Two experimental designs 23 + 4 were performed to evaluate the following parameters: molar mass of PEG (MPEG ), concentration of PEG (CPEG ), concentration of citrate buffer (CCit ), and pH. The partition coefficient (K), activity yield (Y), and purification factor (PF) were the responses analyzed. The best purification performance was obtained with the system composed of MPEG  = 10,000 g/mol, CPEG  = 22 wt%, CCit  = 12 wt%, pH = 8.0; the responses obtained were K = 4.9, Y = 84.5%, PF = 15.1, and tie-line length = 52.74%. The purified proteases of Pseudomonas sp. (PPP) were used to obtain hydrolysates of Lupinus mutabilis (Peruvian lupin cultivar) seed protein in comparison with the commercial protease Alcalase® 2.4L. A strong correlation between hydrolysis degree and radical scavenging activity was observed, and the highest antioxidant activity was obtained with Alcalase® (1.40 and 3.47 µmol Trolox equivalent/mg protein, for 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity, respectively) compared with PPP (0.55 and 1.03 µmol Trolox/mg protein). Nevertheless, the IC50 values were lower than those often observed for antioxidant hydrolysates from plant proteins. PEG/citrate buffer system is valuable to purify Pseudomonas proteases from the fermented broth, and the purified protease could be promising to produce antioxidant protein hydrolysates.

Analysis of hepatic transcriptome modulation exerted by γ-conglutin from lupins in a streptozotocin-induced diabetes model.

Lupinus albus γ-conglutin is proposed to positively affect glucose metabolism through inhibition of hepatic glucose production and insulin-mimetic activity; however, the action mechanism is not entirely known. Besides, most studies had focused on its effect on molecular targets directly related to glucose metabolism, and few studies have investigated how γ-conglutin may affect the liver gene expression or if it plays a role in other metabolic processes. Therefore, we investigated the influence of γ-conglutin on the liver transcriptome of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats using DNA microarrays, ontological analyses, and quantitative PCR. Of the 22,000 genes evaluated, 803 and 173 were downregulated and upregulated, respectively. The ontological analyses of the differentially expressed genes revealed that among others, the mitochondria, microtubules, cytoskeleton, and oxidoreductase activity terms were enriched, implying a possible role of γ-conglutin on autophagy. To corroborate the microarray results, we selected and quantified, by PCR, the expression of two genes associated with autophagy (Atg7 and Snx18) and found their expression augmented two and threefold, respectively; indicating a higher autophagy activity in animals treated with γ-conglutin. Although complementary studies are required, our findings indicate for the first time that the hypoglycaemic effects of γ-conglutin may involve an autophagy induction mechanism, a pivotal process for the preservation of cell physiology and glucose homeostasis.

Effect of Ultrasound Application on Protein Yield and Fate of Alkaloids during Lupin Alkaline Extraction Process.

The objective of this work is to elucidate the fate of quinolizidine alkaloids (QA) during the lupin protein extraction process assisted with ultrasound and the evaluation of the nutritional and functional properties of the protein fraction. Proximal characterization, concentration of anti-nutritional compounds, amino acid profile and protein solubility profile of flours from three lupin species were (L. albus, L. angustifolius and L. mutabilis) assessed. The result showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in protein concentration, fat, total alkaloids and particle size between the three species flours. Based on these parameters, the most different Lupinus species (L. mutabilis and L. angustifolius) were chosen to study the behavior of the protein fraction in terms of functionality, composition and resistance to thermal treatments. The results obtained for L. mutabilis described the ultrasound effect as beneficial for protein yield (14% more than control), QA reduction from bagasse (81% less than control) and protein isolate production (50% less than control). On the other hand, L. angustifolius was more resistant to the ultrasound effect with no significant difference between treatments (10 and 15 min) and control but with the lower toxicity and better amino acid score. These results will be useful to design processes to assist in the objective of meeting the future protein demand of the population.

In Vitro Assay of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and Lupin (Lupinus spp.) Extracts on Human Platelet Aggregation.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death throughout the world. A major risk factor for CVD is platelet aggregation. Various plant extracts exhibit anti-aggregatory action in vitro. The dietary intake of traditional plant crops such as quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) and lupin (Lupinus spp., Fabaceae family), highly recognized for their high nutritional value, is increasing worldwide. The aim of the study was to assay possible antiplatelet effects of quinoa and lupin bean extracts in vitro. The proximate chemical composition of quinoa grains and the three most widely known lupin cultivars: blue (L. angustifolius), yellow (L. luteus or mutabilis) and white (L. albus) grown in Chile were analyzed. The anti-aggregation activity of the ethanol extracts of the crops was assayed using flow cytometry in ADP-stimulated human platelets, and their inhibition of the maximal platelet aggregation was measured. All the lupin extracts exhibited a significant anti-aggregatory effect (p < 0.0001), while quinoa extracts did not exert this effect compared to control platelets. In conclusion, lupin beans extracts exhibited an anti-aggregatory effect on activated human platelets.

Lupine as a potential agent against diet-induced obesity through adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase pathway: crude oil versus nanoemulsion formulations

Obesity represents a major challenge to the pharmaceutical community due to the minimal availability of anti-obesity drugs and the drawbacks of current weight-loss agents. The study described herein presents lupine oil, in two pharmaceutical formulations, as a potential anti-obesity agent via its effect on different physiological, biochemical, and hormonal parameters. Rats were divided into two groups; one group was continued on a standard commercial rodent diet and served as the non-obese control. The other group was fed a high-fat diet for 7 weeks to prepare an obese rat model. Then, the obese rats were divided into groups to receive 100 mg/kg of the crude lupine oil or nanoemulsion for 10 or 20 days. Lupine oil showed a potent body weight-reducing effect and improved insulin resistance. The oil altered obesity-induced hyperlipidemia and it enhanced the leptin/adiponectin/AMPK hormonal system in epididymal fat, serum, and liver, to which all the above physiological activities could be attributed. The nanoemulsion formulation of lupine oil significantly amplified the activity for all the above physiological and hormonal parameters when compared to the crude oil formulation. Lupine oil nanoemulsion could be used as a potential drug against diet-induced obesity.

Evaluación de los extractos de Amaranthus caudatus (Amaranto), Lupinus mutabilis (Tarwi) y Linum usitatissimum (Linaza), sobre la hiperglicemia inducida por aloxano en ratones / Evaluation of the extracts of Amaranthus caudatus (Amaranto), Lupinus mutabilis (Tarwi) and Linum usitatissimum (Linaza), on the Alloxane-induced hyperglycemia in mice

La prevalencia de diabetes mellitus se incrementa en todo el mundo alcanzando a 592 millones de diabéticos el año 2035; así mismo la OMS proyecta que las muertes por diabetes se dupliquen entre los años 2005 y 2030 (OMS, 2016). En Bolivia la medicina tradicional reporta plantas medicinales a las cuales se les ha atribuido propiedades hipoglucemiantes, sin embargo en muchos casos no existen estudios científicos que avalen dichas propiedades. Este estudio se ha realizado con la finalidad de evaluar el efecto de los granos de Amaranthus caudatus (amaranto), Linum usitatissimum (Linaza) y Lupinus mutabilis (tarwi) sobre la hiperglicemia inducida por aloxano en animales de experimentación. Se administró por vía oral a ratones con hiperglicemia (glicemia > 180,6 mg/dl) una dosis de 2000 mg/kg de peso corporal de cada extracto hidro-etanólico obtenido de los granos de A. caudatus, L. usitatissimum y L. mutabilis. Los niveles de glucosa fueron medidos antes y después de la administración de los extractos. Los extractos hidro-etanolicos disminuyeron de forma significativa (p<0.05) la glucosa plasmática a las cuatro y dos horas después de su administración. El extracto de A. caudatus disminuyo la glucosa plasmática de 380 mg/dl a 260 mg/dl, el extracto de L. mutabilis disminuyo la glucosa plasmática de 310 mg/dl a 167 mg/dl, y el extracto de L. usitatissimum disminuyo la glucosa plasmática de 210,57 mg/dl a 168,14 mg/dl. Siendo el extracto de L. mutabilis el que presento mayor actividad sobre la hiperglicemia inducida por aloxano.

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus increases worldwide reaching 592 million diabetics in 2035; Likewise, the WHO projects that deaths due to diabetes double between the years 2005 and 2030 (WHO, 2016). In Bolivia, traditional medicine reports medicinal plants to which hypoglycaemic properties have been attributed, however in many cases there are no scientific studies to support these properties. This study was carried out with the purpose of evaluating the effect of Amaranthus caudatus (amaranth), Linum usitatissimum (Linseed) and Lupinus mutabilis (tarwi) on the hyperglycemia induced by alloxan in experimental animals. Mice with hyperglycemia (glycemia>10 mmol/L) were administered a dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight orally of each hydro-ethanolic extract obtained from the grains of A. caudatus, L. usitatissimum and L. mutabilis. Glucose levels were measured before and after the administration of the extracts. The hydro-ethanol extracts significantly decreased (p <0.05) the plasma glucose at four and two hours after its administration. The extract of A. caudatus decreased the plasma glucose from 380 mg / dl to 260 mg / dl, the extract of L. mutabilis decreased the plasma glucose from 310 mg / dl to 167 mg / dl, and the extract of L. usitatissimum decreased Plasma glucose from 210.57 mg / dl to 168.14 mg / dl. The extract of L. mutabilis was the one with the highest activity on the hyperglycemia induced by alloxan.

Chemical and Nutritional Evaluation of Protein-Rich Ingredients Obtained through a Technological Process from Yellow Lupin Seeds (Lupinus luteus).

In recent years, interest in plant-based proteins has been rising due to ethical and sustainability issues. In this context, the production of protein concentrates and isolates from new plant sources have increased enormously because of their nutritional and techno-functional properties. Therefore, this work describes a pilot process for obtaining protein-rich ingredients from a yellow lupin variety (Lupinus luteus) developed by the Agriaquaculture Nutritional Genomic Center (CGNA). A protein alkaline solubilisation followed by isoelectric precipitation was used as a method for obtaining a protein concentrate (LPC) and isolate (LPI) with 75 and 95% protein, respectively. The changes in the protein quality and chemical composition during the protein concentration process from lupin flour were evaluated. Thus, nutritional parameters such as the amino acids (AAs) profile, essential amino acid index (EAAI), chemical score (CS), the protein efficiency ratio (PER), and digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) were determined to evaluate the nutritional quality of LPC and LPI. The facile and scalable protein isolation method without a defatting process proposed in this study showed a great protein separation efficiency (PSE), while the amino acids profile was not affected during both the concentration as well as the isolation of proteins. In addition, SDS-PAGE showed that both LPC and LPI mainly contained the high-molecular-weight proteins α and ß-conglutins. Both LPC and LPI had a balanced amino acids profile, and arginine was the most predominant amino acid. These results are useful for increasing the use of lupin based-protein ingredients as a potential functional ingredient in the food industry.

Decomposition of cover crop mulch and weed control under a no-till system for organic maize / Decomposição da palhada e controle de plantas daninhas em plantio direto orgânico de milho

The decomposition dynamics of cover crop mulch influence the nutrient supply of successor crops and weed suppression. This is even more relevant in organic production systems, due to their limited use of chemical fertilizers and herbicides. As such, the aim of this study was to quantify biomass production, model the decomposition and N, P and K release of the mulch of different cover crops, and assess the weed suppression of cover crops in the form of mulch and in consortium with organic maize. A randomized block design was used, with a 7x2 factorial scheme (7 cover crop management strategies and 2 cropping systems - maize in monoculture and intercropped with jack bean) and 4 replicates. The management practices that produced the most biomass were white lupine intercropped with black oat and the white lupine, black oat and sunflower monocultures. The use of cover crops did not differ from manual weeding in terms of weedbiomass, but did affect the relative importance (RI) of nutgrass. Additionally, maize intercropped with jack bean reduced weed biomass in subsequent crop growth stages.

A dinâmica de decomposição da palhada de plantas de cobertura influencia o suprimento de nutrientes para a cultura sucessora e a supressão de plantas daninhas. Desse modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar a produção de biomassa e de modelar a decomposição e liberação de N, P e K da palhada de diferentes plantas de cobertura, assim como, avaliar a supressão de plantas daninhas por plantas de cobertura na forma de palhada e em consórcio com milho orgânico. O experimento foi realizado em esquema fatorial 7 x 2 (7 tipos de manejos de planta de cobertura e 2 sistemas de cultivo ­ milho em monocultivo e consorciado com feijão-de-porco) em blocos ao acaso com 4 repetições. Os manejos que produziram a maior biomassa foram os consórcios de tremoço branco e aveia preta, além dos monocultivos de tremoço branco, aveia preta e girassol. Os manejos de planta de cobertura não se diferenciaram do manejo com capina manual para biomassa de plantas daninhas, porém afetaram a importância relativa da tiririca. Já o consórcio de milho com feijão-de-porco diminuiu a biomassa de plantas daninhas em estádios avançados da cultura.

Características fisiológicas de plantas hibernais com potencial fitorremediador sob influência dos herbicidas fomesafen e sulfentrazone / Physiological characteristics of winter cultivated plants with phytoremediation potential under the influence of of the herbicides fomesafem and sulfentrazone

O emprego de espécies vegetais para fitorremediação de solos contaminados com herbicidas persistentes, como os inibidores da enzima protoporfirinogênio oxidase (PROTOX), é uma alternativa interessante dos pontos de vista econômico e ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de fomesafen e sulfentrazone nas características relacionadas à fisiologia de espécies hibernais compotencial para aplicação como fitorremediadoras de solo contaminado por esses herbicidas. Dois experimentos foram instalados em casa de vegetação, um com o herbicida fomesafen e outro com o sulfentrazone, no delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foram testadas doses dos herbicidas fomesafen (0,0; 0,125; 0,250; e 0,5 kg ha-1) e sulfentrazone (0,0; 0,3; 0,6; e 1,2 kg ha-1),marcas comerciais Flex® e Boral 500®, respectivamente, aplicadas na pré-emergência das espécies com potencial fitorremediador (aveia-preta, ervilhaca, nabo e cornichão). Aos 45 dias após a emergência das plantas, foram avaliados o índice de clorofila, a eficiência de carboxilação (EC- mol CO2 m-2 s-1), a condutância estomática de vapores de água (Gs - mol m-1 s-1), a concentração interna de CO2 (Ci - µmolmol-1), a taxa de transpiração (E - mol H2O m-2 s-1), a quantidade de CO2 consumido (QT - µmol mol-1), ouso eficiente da água (UEA - mol CO2 mol H2O-1), a temperatura da folha ΔT (ºC), a taxa fotossintética (A- µmol m-2 s-1) e a massa seca (g vaso-1) da parte aérea. Observou-se que a ervilhaca apresenta os melhores resultados para todas as variáveis avaliadas, demonstrando assim potencial para ser testada como fitorremediadora de solos contaminados com os herbicidas fomesafen e sulfentrazone.

The use of plant species for phytoremediation of soil contaminated with persistent herbicides, such as inhibitors of the protoporphyrinogen oxidase enzyme (PROTOX), is an interesting alternative from the economic and environmental point of view. This work aimed to evaluate the influence of fomesafen and sulfentrazone on the characteristics related to the physiology of winter species with potential for phytoremediation of soil contaminated by these herbicides. Two experiments were installed in a greenhouse, one with the herbicide fomesafen and another with the sulfentrazone, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Fomesafen (0.0, 0.125, 0.250, and 0.5 kg ha-1) and sulfentrazone (0.0, 0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 kg ha-1), commercial brands Flex® and Boral 500®, respectively, were applied pre-emergence on species with phytoremediation potential (black oats, vetch, turnip and lotus).The chlorophyll index, the carboxylation efficiency (EC - mol CO2 m-2 s-1), the stomatal conductance of water vapors (Gs - mol m-1 s-1), the internal CO2 concentration (Ci - μmol mol-1), the transpiration rate (E -mol H2O m-2 s-1), the amount of CO2 consumed (QT - μmol mol-1) and the water use efficiency (UEA - molCO2 mol H2O-1), the leaf temperature ΔT (ºC), the photosynthetic rate (A - μmol m-2 s-1) and the shoot drymass (g vase-1) were evaluated 45 days after plant emergence. It was observed that the vetch presented the best results for all evaluated variables, thus demonstrating potential to be further tested for phytoremediation of soils contaminated with the herbicides fomesafen and sulfentrazone.

Características fisiológicas de plantas hibernais com potencial fitorremediador sob influência dos herbicidas fomesafen e sulfentrazone / Physiological characteristics of winter cultivated plants with phytoremediation potential under the influence of of the herbicides fomesafem and sulfentrazone

O emprego de espécies vegetais para fitorremediação de solos contaminados com herbicidas persistentes, como os inibidores da enzima protoporfirinogênio oxidase (PROTOX), é uma alternativa interessante dos pontos de vista econômico e ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de fomesafen e sulfentrazone nas características relacionadas à fisiologia de espécies hibernais compotencial para aplicação como fitorremediadoras de solo contaminado por esses herbicidas. Dois experimentos foram instalados em casa de vegetação, um com o herbicida fomesafen e outro com o sulfentrazone, no delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foram testadas doses dos herbicidas fomesafen (0,0; 0,125; 0,250; e 0,5 kg ha-1) e sulfentrazone (0,0; 0,3; 0,6; e 1,2 kg ha-1),marcas comerciais Flex® e Boral 500®, respectivamente, aplicadas na pré-emergência das espécies com potencial fitorremediador (aveia-preta, ervilhaca, nabo e cornichão). Aos 45 dias após a emergência das plantas, foram avaliados o índice de clorofila, a eficiência de carboxilação (EC- mol CO2 m-2 s-1), a condutância estomática de vapores de água (Gs - mol m-1 s-1), a concentração interna de CO2 (Ci - µmolmol-1), a taxa de transpiração (E - mol H2O m-2 s-1), a quantidade de CO2 consumido (QT - µmol mol-1), ouso eficiente da água (UEA - mol CO2 mol H2O-1), a temperatura da folha ΔT (ºC), a taxa fotossintética (A- µmol m-2 s-1) e a massa seca (g vaso-1) da parte aérea. Observou-se que a ervilhaca apresenta os melhores resultados para todas as variáveis avaliadas, demonstrando assim potencial para ser testada como fitorremediadora de solos contaminados com os herbicidas fomesafen e sulfentrazone.(AU)

The use of plant species for phytoremediation of soil contaminated with persistent herbicides, such as inhibitors of the protoporphyrinogen oxidase enzyme (PROTOX), is an interesting alternative from the economic and environmental point of view. This work aimed to evaluate the influence of fomesafen and sulfentrazone on the characteristics related to the physiology of winter species with potential for phytoremediation of soil contaminated by these herbicides. Two experiments were installed in a greenhouse, one with the herbicide fomesafen and another with the sulfentrazone, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Fomesafen (0.0, 0.125, 0.250, and 0.5 kg ha-1) and sulfentrazone (0.0, 0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 kg ha-1), commercial brands Flex® and Boral 500®, respectively, were applied pre-emergence on species with phytoremediation potential (black oats, vetch, turnip and lotus).The chlorophyll index, the carboxylation efficiency (EC - mol CO2 m-2 s-1), the stomatal conductance of water vapors (Gs - mol m-1 s-1), the internal CO2 concentration (Ci - μmol mol-1), the transpiration rate (E -mol H2O m-2 s-1), the amount of CO2 consumed (QT - μmol mol-1) and the water use efficiency (UEA - molCO2 mol H2O-1), the leaf temperature ΔT (ºC), the photosynthetic rate (A - μmol m-2 s-1) and the shoot drymass (g vase-1) were evaluated 45 days after plant emergence. It was observed that the vetch presented the best results for all evaluated variables, thus demonstrating potential to be further tested for phytoremediation of soils contaminated with the herbicides fomesafen and sulfentrazone.(AU)

Anticholinergic toxicity in a one-year-old male following ingestion of Lupinus mutabilis seeds: case report

ABSTRACT CONTEXT: The seeds from Lupinus mutabilis Sweet, also called "chocho", are an important part of the diet in several countries in South America. Prior to consumption, processing is required to remove toxic alkaloids. These alkaloids are known to have pharmacological properties as antiarrhythmics, antimuscarinics and hypoglycemics. CASE REPORT: We report a case in which a one-year-old male initially presented with altered mental status and respiratory distress and subsequently developed symptoms of anticholinergic toxicity, after ingesting a large amount of chocho seeds. CONCLUSION: In spite of going through a difficult clinical condition, the subject evolved favorably through receiving supportive treatment. The seeds from Lupinus mutabilis provide nutritional benefits when consumed, but people need to know their risks when these seeds are consumed without proper preparation.