Magnitude and Direction of Interlimb Asymmetry and the Association of Interlimb Asymmetry with Physical Performance in Judo Athletes with Visual Impairment.

For judo athletes with visual impairments and their coaches, understanding possible muscle adaptations can be challenging. As it is commonplace for these adaptations to include interlimb asymmetry, we analyzed the magnitude and direction of interlimb asymmetry in judo athletes with visual impairments and verified the association of this asymmetry with their unilateral physical performances. Participants were 18 elite judo athletes (10 male, 8 female) with visual impairments. These athletes performed three physical tests: countermovement jump (CMJ), medicine ball throw (MBT), and handgrip strength (HGS), while we conducted unilateral right and left side assessments using the interlimb asymmetry equation for each physical test. Our main results showed that the CMJ and MBT tests presented asymmetry values above 10%; with CMJ significantly higher than HGS (p = 0.050), and with inconsistencies across the three tests in the direction of interlimb asymmetry (k = -0.22-0.26). Unilateral CMJ (left limb) was negatively correlated with asymmetry (r = -0.51; p = 0.031), and unilateral MBT (right limb) was positively correlated with asymmetry (r = 0.52; p = 0.024). Based on these results, coaches should prioritize regular assessments of interlimb asymmetry using these specific tests. This data can guide the construction of training programs aimed at minimizing asymmetry and enhancing overall physical performance. Continuous monitoring and adjustment of training strategies based on asymmetry findings are crucial for optimizing muscle balance in judo athletes with visual impairments.

Time-Motion and Technical-Tactical Aspects of Glory World Series Matches in the Male Middle-Heavy-Weight Category.

PURPOSE: To characterize the time structure of K1 kickboxing matches of Glory World Series (Glory) and to determine potential differences between winners and losers. METHODS: Seventeen matches of Glory 2019 (17 first rounds, 13 second rounds, and 8 third rounds) were video-analyzed to quantify (1) the time expended in high- and low-intensity activity and pauses, (2) the number and pattern of attacks, and (3) the number of effective attacks. Fighters were professional male athletes (age 27.9 [2.7] y) of the middle-weight category (85 kg). The number and the pattern of attacks and the number of effective attacks were compared between winners and losers. RESULTS: The mean times expended in high- and low-intensity activity and pauses were 234.6 (133.9) seconds, 97.4 (60.1) seconds, and 36.0 (19.9) seconds, respectively, resulting in an effort-to-pause ratio of ∼1.8:1. Compared with losers, winners presented (1) a greater number of attacks in the second round (P = .004) and entire match (P = .009), (2) a greater number of attacks containing 3 attacks in sequence in the second round (P = .001) and attacks containing >3 attacks in the third round (P = .049), and (3) a greater number of effective attacks in the second round (P = .011) and entire match (P = .008). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study indicate that K1 kickboxing in Glory matches presents a ∼1.8:1 effort-to-pause ratio and that winners perform more attacks, effective attacks, and attacks in sequence. These data provide useful insights to improve the training specificity of kickboxing athletes.

Epidemiology of Injuries and Their Implications in Jiu-Jitsu Practitioners: An Integrative Systematic Review / Epidemiologia das lesões e suas implicações em praticantes de jiu-jitsu: Uma revisão sistemática integrativa

Abstract Objective To investigate the epidemiology of injury types among jiu-jitsu practitioners, as well as the incidence regarding different skill and experience levels, through the question: "What are the characteristics and prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in Jiu-Jitsu practitioners?". Methods Since the beginning of the study, in August 2020, we conducted a search on the MEDLINE, LILACS, and SciELO electronic databases. We included cross-sectional studies published between 2018 and 2023 on the epidemiology of the types of injuries among jiu-jitsu practitioners that compared their incidence regarding different levels of ability and experience. Two independent researchers performed the data extraction and assessed the risk of bias. Results Seven studies were included. The common outcomes involved 2,847 jiu-jitsu practitioners. A high prevalence in the knee joint and chest and rib areas was reported. Considering the difference in experience level among the practitioners, we could observe that most of the individuals included were beginners. Among the age groups observed, male practitioners older than 30 years of age were the ones who presented the highest rate of musculoskeletal injury, especially during training sessions. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries among jiu-jitsu practitioners. The most affected anatomical segments are the knee joint, the chest, and the rib region, followed by the shoulder joint. The related factors change according to certain variables, being more common during training in male individuals over 30 years of age and beginners in the sport.

Resumo Objetivo Investigar a epidemiologia dos tipos de lesões entre praticantes de jiu-jitsu e sua incidência em diferentes níveis de habilidade e experiência por meio da questão: "Quais as características e a prevalência das lesões musculoesqueléticas em praticantes de jiu-jitsu?" Métodos Desde o início do estudo, em agosto de 2020, foram pesquisados os bancos de dados MEDLINE, LILACS e SciELO. Foram incluídos estudos transversais, publicados entre 2018 e 2023, que investigaram a epidemiologia dos tipos de lesões ocorridas entre praticantes de jiu-jitsu e compararam sua incidência em diferentes níveis de habilidade e experiência. Para tanto, dois pesquisadores independentes realizaram a extração dos dados e avaliaram o risco de viés. Resultados Sete estudos foram incluídos. Os resultados comuns envolveram 2.847 praticantes de jiu-jitsu. Houve uma alta prevalência de lesão na articulação do joelho e nas áreas do tórax e das costelas. Considerando a diferença de nível de experiência entre os praticantes, pôde-se observar que a maioria dos indivíduos incluídos eram iniciantes. Entre as faixas etárias observadas, homens acima de 30 anos de idade foram os que mais apresentaram lesões musculoesqueléticas, principalmente durante os treinos. Conclusão Houve uma alta prevalência de lesões musculoesqueléticas entre os praticantes de jiu-jitsu. Os segmentos anatômicos mais acometidos foram a articulação do joelho, o tórax e a região das costelas, seguidos da articulação do ombro. Os fatores relacionados mudaram de acordo com algumas variáveis, sendo mais comuns durante o treinamento em indivíduos do sexo masculino com mais de 30 anos e iniciantes na modalidade.

Epidemiology of Injuries and Their Implications in Jiu-Jitsu Practitioners: An Integrative Systematic Review.

Objective To investigate the epidemiology of injury types among jiu-jitsu practitioners, as well as the incidence regarding different skill and experience levels, through the question: "What are the characteristics and prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in Jiu-Jitsu practitioners?". Methods Since the beginning of the study, in August 2020, we conducted a search on the MEDLINE, LILACS, and SciELO electronic databases. We included cross-sectional studies published between 2018 and 2023 on the epidemiology of the types of injuries among jiu-jitsu practitioners that compared their incidence regarding different levels of ability and experience. Two independent researchers performed the data extraction and assessed the risk of bias. Results Seven studies were included. The common outcomes involved 2,847 jiu-jitsu practitioners. A high prevalence in the knee joint and chest and rib areas was reported. Considering the difference in experience level among the practitioners, we could observe that most of the individuals included were beginners. Among the age groups observed, male practitioners older than 30 years of age were the ones who presented the highest rate of musculoskeletal injury, especially during training sessions. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries among jiu-jitsu practitioners. The most affected anatomical segments are the knee joint, the chest, and the rib region, followed by the shoulder joint. The related factors change according to certain variables, being more common during training in male individuals over 30 years of age and beginners in the sport.

Capacidades Físicas y Composición Corporal de los Practicantes Recreativos de Tang Soo Do y de Karate: Una Revisión Sistemática / Physical Abilities and Body Composition of Recreational Practitioners of Tang Soo Do and Karate: A Systematic Review

El Tang Soo Do es un arte marcial versátil que destaca por el uso de la cadera para sus gestos técnicos. El karate es una de las artes marciales más atractivas alrededor del mundo. Tanto karate como Tang Soo Do comparten un estilo firme en sus técnicas y combate. Sin embargo, algunas de las formas en Tang Soo Do poseen un estilo suave similar al kung fu y al tai chi. Por ello, es interesante describir y comparar las capacidades físicas y la composición corporal de los practicantes de Tang Soo Do y karate a nivel recreativo. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda en Medline® y Web of Science® durante enero de 2021. Se escogieron 10 estudios, organizando sus datos según composición corporal, fuerza muscular, resistencia muscular, flexibilidad y VO2max. Se encontraron 2 estudios en practicantes recreativos de Tang Soo Do y 8 en karate a nivel mundial, por lo que no existen suficientes estudios que permitan describir y comparar adecuadamente las capacidades físicas y la composición corporal entre sus practicantes a nivel recreativo; sin embargo, los resultados encontrados indican que es importante realizar más investigaciones que midan estas variables, con la finalidad de considerar en base a la evidencia alTang Soo Do como una importante opción para el bienestar físico y mental de sus practicantes. Las investigaciones futuras pueden evaluar estos datos en distintos grupos etarios, localización, tiempo de entrenamiento o tipos de competiciones según formas, combate o mixto. Además, se pueden realizar estudios comparativos en los practicantes de Tang Soo Do que permita a este arte marcial ser desde la evidencia una importante opción de práctica en colegios y universidades, así como un estilo de vida para sus practicantes.

SUMMARY: Tang Soo Do is a versatile martial art that stands out for the use of the hip for its technical gestures. Karate is one of the most attractive martial arts around the world. Both karate and Tang Soo Do share a firm style in their techniques and combat. However, some of the forms in Tang Soo Do possess a gentle style similar to Kung Fu and Tai Chi. Therefore, it is interesting to describe and compare the physical abilities and body composition of recreational Tang Soo Do and karate practitioners. A search was carried out in Medline® and Web of Science® during January 2021. Following the search 10 studies were chosen, organizing their data according to body composition, muscular strength, muscular resistance, flexibility and VO2max. Two studies were found on recreational Tang Soo Do practitioners and eight on karate worldwide, hence, there are not enough studies to adequately describe and compare physical abilities and body composition among recreational practitioners; However, the results found, indicate that it is important to conduct further research to measures these variables, in order to consider Tang Soo Do as an important option for the physical and mental well-being of its practitioners. Future research can evaluate these data can be evaluated in different age groups, location, training time or types of competitions according to forms, combat or mixed. In addition, comparative studies can be carried out on Tang Soo Do practitioners that allow this martial art to become an important option for practice in schools and universities, as well as a lifestyle for its practitioners.

Percepção dos alunos do ensino médio em relação a uma proposta de ensino das lutas nas aulas de Educação Física / Perception of high school students in relation to a proposal for teaching martial arts in Physical Education classes / Percepción de estudiantes de secundaria en relación a una propuesta de enseñanza de lucha en las clases de Educación Física

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a percepção dos alunos do Ensino Médio em relação às lutas enquanto unidade temática nas aulas de Educação Física. Para tanto, a pesquisa se caracterizou como de natureza aplicada, do tipo descritiva, com a participação de 17 alunos do Ensino Médio. A pesquisa foi realizada em dois momentos, sendo o primeiro referente ao desenvolvimento de uma intervenção pedagógica do conteúdo de lutas, e o segundo a partir da aplicação de um questionário. Os resultados apontaram que 82% dos participantes usufruíram de uma prática positiva e prazerosa e 94% dos participantes afirmaram ausência de violência. Assim, compreende-se que as lutas na escola se configuram como um mediador na transformação das apreciações de concepções pelos participantes (AU).

The aim of the study was to analyze the perception of high school students in relation to martial arts as a content in Physical Education classes. Therefore, the research was characterized as being of an applied nature, of the descriptive type, with the participation of 17 high school students. The research was carried out in two moments, the first one referring to the development of a pedagogical intervention on the content of martial arts, and the second one based on the application of a questionnaire. The results showed that 82% of the participants en-joyed a positive and pleasant practice and 94% of the participants stated that there was no violence in the classes. Thus, it is understood that the development of martial arts at school was configured as a mediator in the transformation of the appreciation of conceptions by the participants (AU).

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la percepción de los estu-diantes de secundaria en relación a las peleas como unidad temática en las clases de Educación Física. Por lo tanto, la investigación se caracterizó por ser de carácter aplicada, de tipo descriptiva, con la participación de 17 estudiantes de secundaria. La investigación se realizó en dos momen-tos, el primero referido al desarrollo de una intervención pedagógica so-bre el contenido de las peleas, y el segundo a partir de la aplicación de un cuestionario. Los resultados mostraron que el 82% de los participantes disfrutaron de una práctica positiva y agradable y el 94% de los pantes afirmó que no hubo violencia en las clases. Así, se entiende que el desarrollo de las luchas en la escuela se configuró como un mediador en la transformación de la apreciación de las concepciones por parte de los participantes (AU).

Percepção dos alunos do ensino médio em relação a uma proposta de ensino das lutas nas aulas de Educação Física / Perception of high school students in relation to a proposal for teaching martial arts in Physical Education classes / Percepción de estudiantes de secundaria en relación a una propuesta de enseñanza de lucha en las clases de Educación Física

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a percepção dos alunos do Ensino Médio em relação às lutas enquanto unidade temática nas aulas de Educação Física. Para tanto, a pesquisa se caracterizou como de natureza aplicada, do tipo descritiva, com a participação de 17 alunos do Ensino Médio. A pesquisa foi realizada em dois momentos, sendo o pri-meiro referente ao desenvolvimento de uma intervenção pedagógica do conteúdo de lutas, e o segundo a partir da aplicação de um questionário. Os resultados apontaram que 82% dos participantes usufruíram de uma prática positiva e prazerosa e 94% dos participantes afirmaram ausência de violência. Assim, compreende-se que as lutas na escola se configuram como um mediador na transformação das apreciações de concepções pelos participantes.

The aim of the study was to analyze the perception of high school students in relation to martial arts as a content in Physical Education classes. Therefore, the research was characterized as being of an applied nature, of the descriptive type, with the participation of 17 high school students. The research was carried out in two moments, the first one referring to the development of a pedagogical intervention on the content of martial arts, and the second one based on the application of a questionnaire. The results showed that 82% of the participants en-joyed a positive and pleasant practice and 94% of the participants stated that there was no violence in the classes. Thus, it is understood that the development of martial arts at school was configured as a mediator in the transformation of the appreciation of conceptions by the participants.

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la percepción de los estu-diantes de secundaria en relación a las peleas como unidad temática en las clases de Educación Física. Por lo tanto, la investigación se caracterizó por ser de carácter aplicada, de tipo descriptiva, con la participación de 17 estudiantes de secundaria. La investigación se realizó en dos momen-tos, el primero referido al desarrollo de una intervención pedagógica so-bre el contenido de las peleas, y el segundo a partir de la aplicación de un cuestionario. Los resultados mostraron que el 82% de los participantes disfrutaron de una práctica positiva y agradable y el 94% de los participantes afirmó que no hubo violencia en las clases. Así, se entiende que el desarrollo de las luchas en la escuela se configuró como un mediador en la transformación de la apreciación de las concepciones por parte de los participantes.

Distal rupture of the biceps brachii tendon in a female mixed martial arts athlete: a case report.

The distal rupture of the biceps brachii muscle tendon (DBT) accounts for 3% of biceps ruptures. Diagnosis typically relies on high clinical suspicion and complementary imaging studies, with >90% of cases documented in males between the fourth and sixth decades of life. Reports of DBT ruptures in females are scarce, mostly involving partial and degenerative injuries. Here, we present an unprecedented case of a 28-year-old female professional mixed martial arts athlete with a total traumatic DBT rupture. The athlete underwent surgical repair using anchor reattachment technique. No complications were observed, and the athlete showed satisfactory outcomes, being cleared for physiotherapy after 2 weeks and returning to sports after a 3-month postoperative period.

Increasing trend in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu injuries presenting to U.S. emergency departments - a 10-year analysis and injury profile.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate injury trends in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu (BJJ) participation by presenting to U.S. emergency departments over a 10-year period and formulate an injury profile. METHODS: The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission's (CPSC) National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database was queried for martial arts related injuries from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2021. Codes and narratives were examined to compile data for patients sustaining BJJ-related injuries. RESULTS: From 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2021 there were 7,722 (NE = 282,315) ED-diagnosed martial arts related injuries with 911 (NE = 36,023) BJJ-related injuries identified. Regression analysis demonstrated an increasing trend in the annual incidence of Brazilian Jiu Jitsu injuries presenting to the ED (R2 = 0.934; SE = 2.069: p < .0001). Average age was 25.68 years of age (range 4-83). The most common injury diagnoses were sprains/strains and other/not listed at 27.68% and 26.39%. The most commonly injured body parts were the upper trunk, and the shoulder comprising 13.66% and 12.14% of injured body parts, respectively. The most commonly fractured region was toes, at 14.15% of all fractures. The most common dislocations occurred at the shoulder and knee, at 32.49% and 28.45% of dislocations, respectively. The most common mechanisms of injury specifically identified were indeterminate contact between players, fall onto ground, or fall onto another player comprising 18.62% and 17.17%, of injuries, respectively. CONCLUSION: There was an increasing trend of BJJ-related injuries presenting to U.S. Emergency Departments. The most common diagnoses and body parts injured were sprains/strains and upper trunk and shoulder, respectively. The most commonly fractured and dislocated regions were toes and shoulder, respectively. The most common mechanisms of injury were indeterminate contact or falling. This study provides novel information concerning trends in injury and injury profiles for Brazilian Jiu Jitsu related injuries.

Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in body segments in Judo and Jiu-jitsu athletes / Prevalência de dor musculoesquelética nos segmentos corporais em atletas de Judô e Jiu-jitsu

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A notable gap persists in understanding the prevalence of pain and musculoskeletal injuries in combat sports. This study offers a comprehensive exploration of the most affected anatomical regions. Such an investigation is pivotal for refining clinical strategies involving preventive measures and physiotherapeutic interventions. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional observational study. Individuals aged 18 years or over, combat sport modalities practitioners, of both genders, and capable of answering the questionnaire were included. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test. RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 71 athletes. Female athletes practiced 12.65% Judo and 21.51% practiced Jiu-jitsu, while 26.58% of male athletes practiced Judo and 39.24% Jiu-jitsu. The mean age was 31.14±11.75 years, and body mass index of 27.69 kg/m2 (±5.31). The average time of practice was 8±10.59 years. The regions most affected by pain in the last 12 months were the lumbar spine (90%), knees (90%) and wrists/ hands (60%). Female Judo presented a significant index of pain in the last 12 months in the upper limbs, and the neck was the region identified as most responsible for limiting activities. In the last 7 days, the thoracic and lumbar spine regions were more significant. In female Jiu-jitsu, in the 12-month and 7-day analyses, the ankle/foot were the most affected regions when compared to the male gender, and the knees were identified as most responsible for limiting activities. CONCLUSION: A comprehensive description of the main regions affected by musculoskeletal disorders and pain is of fundamental importance for the development of prevention and physiotherapeutic treatment strategies.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Persiste uma lacuna notável na compreensão da prevalência da dor e das lesões musculoesqueléticas nos esportes de combate. Este estudo oferece uma exploração abrangente das regiões anatômicas mais afetadas. Tal investigação é fundamental para refinar estratégias clínicas envolvendo medidas preventivas e intervenções fisioterapêuticas. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional transversal. Foram incluídos indivíduos com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, praticantes de modalidades esportivas de combate, de ambos os sexos e capazes de responder ao questionário. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva e o teste Qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: A amostra final foi composta por 71 atletas. Das atletas do sexo feminino, 12,65% praticavam Judô e 21,51% praticavam Jiu-jitsu, enquanto 26,58% do sexo masculino praticavam Judô e 39,24% Jiu-jitsu. A média de idade foi de 31,14±11,75 anos, e índice de massa corporal de 27,69 kg/ m2 (±5,31). O tempo médio de prática foi de 8±10,59 anos. As regiões mais afetadas pela dor nos últimos 12 meses foram coluna lombar (90%), joelhos (90%) e punhos/mãos (60%). O Judô feminino apresentou índice significativo de dor nos últimos 12 meses em membros superiores, sendo o pescoço identificado como o maior responsável pela limitação das atividades. Nos últimos 7 dias, colunas torácica e lombar foram mais significativas. No Jiu-jitsu feminino, em 12 meses e 7 dias, tornozelo/pé foram mais afetados quando comparado ao masculino, e os joelhos foram os maiores responsáveis pela limitação das atividades. CONCLUSÃO: Uma descrição abrangente das principais regiões afetadas por dor e lesões musculoesqueléticas é de fundamental importância no desenvolvimento de estratégias de prevenção e tratamento fisioterapêutico.

Análisis de combates femeninos de taekwondo durantelos Juegos Olímpicos de París 2024 / Análise das lutas femininas de taekwondo durante os Jogos Olímpicos de Paris 2024 / Analysis of femaletaekwondo matches during Paris 2024 Olympic Games

Objetivo: Analizar la fase activa de combates durante las semifinales y finales de los Juegos Olímpicos de París 2024. Método: Se examinaron doce combates de las categorías femeninas (≤49 kg, ≤57 kg, ≤67 kg y ≥67 kg) utilizando la técnica de análisis de vídeo con el software Kinovea 2023.1.2. Se registraron la frecuencia y duración de los enfrentamientos, identificando los elementos estructurales del combate: tiempo de intercambio (TI), tiempo latente (TL), espacio de interacción (EI) y distancia de enfrentamiento (DE). Además, se identificaron las técnicas efectivas como elemento funcional del combate, así como la cantidad de acciones técnicas realizadas durante los EI. Resultados: En general, las deportistas realizaron esfuerzos de alta intensidad de manera intercalada, con una ratiode~1,4:1 a favor del TI, distribuidos en 48 espacios por asalto entre EI y DE. Se registraron 69 técnicas efectivas y un total de 729 técnicas ejecutadas durante los EI. Conclusiones: Las deportistas mostraron una predominancia del TI en relación con los esfuerzos. La técnica gulleo chagise destacó como la más efectiva, y la categoría ≤67 kg fue identificada como la más eficaz. En promedio, las deportistas realizaron 3 acciones técnicas por EI. En la práctica, los entrenadores podrían desarrollar entrenamientos intermitentes de alta intensidad utilizando las estructuras del presente estudio como guía.

Objetivo: Analisar a fase ativa dos combates durante as semifinais e finais dos Jogos Olímpicos de Paris 2024. Método: Foram examinados doze combates das categorias femininas (≤49 kg, ≤57 kg, ≤67 kg e ≥67 kg) utilizando a técnica de análise de vídeo com o software Kinovea 2023.1.2. A frequência e a duração dos combates foram registradas, identificando os elementos estruturais do combate: tempo de troca (TT), tempo latente (TL), espaço de interação (EI) e distância de enfrentamento (DE). Além disso, foram identificadas as técnicas eficazes como elemento funcional do combate, bem como o número de ações técnicas realizadas durante os Eis. Resultados: De maneira geral, as atletas realizaram esforços de alta intensidade de forma intercalada, com uma razão de ~1,4:1 a favor do TT, distribuídos em 48 espaços por round entre EI e DE. Foram registradas 69 técnicas eficazes e um total de 729 técnicas executadas durante os EIs. Conclusões: As atletas apresentaram uma predominância do TT em relação aos esforços. A técnica gulleo chagi destacou-se como a mais eficaz, e a categoria ≤67 kg foi identificada como a mais eficiente. Em média, as atletas realizaram 3 ações técnicas por EI. Na prática, os treinadores podem desenvolver treinos intermitentes de alta intensidade utilizando asestruturas deste estudo como guia

Objective: To analyse the active phase of female matches during the semifinals and finals of the Paris 2024 Olympic Games.Method:Twelve matches in the female categories (≤49 kg, ≤57 kg, ≤67 kg, and ≥67 kg) were subjected to video analysis using the software Kinovea 2023.1.2. The frequency and duration of the matches were recorded, identifying the structural elements of the combat: exchange time (TI), latent time (LT), interaction space (EI), and engagement distance (DE). Furthermore, effective techniques were identified as a functional element of the combat, as well as the number of technical actions performed during the EI. Results: Overall, the athletes performed high-intensity efforts in an alternating manner, with a ratio of ~1.4:1 in favour of TI, distributed over 48 spaces per round between EIand DE. A total of 69 effective techniques were recorded, with 729 total techniques executed during the EI. Conclusions: The athletes showed a predominance of TIin relation to efforts. The gulleo chagi technique stood out as the most effective, and the ≤67 kg category was identified as the most efficient. On average, athletes performed 3 technical actions per EI. In practice, coaches could develop high-intensity intermittent training using the structures from this study as a guide.

O ensino de lutas/artes marciais como uma prática de educação libertadora: entremeando círculos de cultura, situações-problema e jogos / The teaching of fights/martial arts as a liberating education practice: interspersing crop circles, situational issues, and games / La enseñanza de lucha/artes marciales como práctica de educación liberadora: intercalando círculos en las cosechas, problemas situacionales y juegos

RESUMO A inserção das Lutas/Artes Marciais no campo escolar tem sido tema frequente no campo da Educação Física. As obras de Paulo Freire emergem como possibilidade para atuação pedagógica nesse tema. Realizou-se uma pesquisa-formação qualitativa, com observação, análise e reflexão sobre a experiência com três turmas de Ensino Médio de uma escola pública do município de Lavras (Brasil), somando-se 44 horas/aula. Recorreu-se a um diário de bordo para registro. Os resultados apontaram para uma vasta bagagem cultural dos estudantes sobre o assunto. Concluiu-se que o ensino de práticas como essa, numa perspectiva de educação libertadora, pode contribuir com a formação de sujeitos autônomos, com visões ampliadas de mundo.

ABSTRACT The insertion of Fights/Martial Arts in the school field has been a frequent theme in the field of Physical Education. Paulo Freire's works emerge as a possibility for pedagogical action in this theme. A qualitative research was carried out, with observation, analysis and reflection on the experience with three high school classes from a public school in the municipality of Lavras (Brazil), adding up to 44 hours/class. A logbook was used for recording. The results pointed to a vast cultural baggage of students on the subject. It was concluded that the teaching of practices like this, in a perspective of liberating education, can contribute to the formation of autonomous subjects, with expanded views of the world.

RESUMEN La inserción de las Luchas/Artes Marciales en el ámbito escolar ha sido un tema frecuente en el campo de la Educación Física. Las obras de Paulo Freire emergen como una posibilidad de acción pedagógica en esta temática. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa, con observación, análisis y reflexión sobre la experiencia con tres clases de secundaria de una escuela pública del municipio de Lavras (Brasil), sumando 44 horas/clase. Para el registro se utilizó un cuaderno de bitácora. Los resultados apuntaron a un vasto bagaje cultural de los estudiantes sobre el tema. Se concluyó que la enseñanza de prácticas como ésta, en una perspectiva de educación liberadora, puede contribuir a la formación de sujetos autónomos, con visiones ampliadas del mundo.

Artes marciales para estudiantes en riesgo de exclusión social: investigación acción participativa en un centro de día / Artes marciais para alunos em risco de exclusão social; investigação ação participativa em um centro dia / Martial arts for students at risk of social exclusión; participatory action research in a day center

Resumen Se plantearon dos objetivos: (O1) analizar los efectos de una intervención de artes marciales sobre las actitudes hacia la violencia; (O2) Señalar estrategias pedagógicas útiles para este tipo de programas. Se diseñó un estudio de caso dentro de un proceso de investigación-acción participativa. Participaron siete estudiantes de educación primaria (6-11 años) usuarios de un centro de día. Se implementó una intervención de ocho semanas (15 sesiones) basada en el Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ). Se recogió información a través de grupos de discusión, entrevistas individuales y diario del profesor. El análisis produjo tres categorías/temas (nueve subcategorías): cambios (actitudes hacia la violencia, comportamiento, relaciones sociales), sensaciones (positivas, negativas) y estrategias pedagógicas (contacto físico, etiqueta, encargado, juegos con momentos de calma). Los objetivos planteados fueron ampliamente conseguidos, disminuyendo las actitudes hacia la violencia de los participantes (O1) y señalando estrategias pedagógicas para poder replicar la intervención en diferentes contextos (O2). Por lo tanto, el programa puede considerarse un éxito para la mejora de las actitudes hacia violencia de jóvenes en riesgo de exclusión que acudan a un centro de día.

Resumo Foram definidos dois objetivos: (O1) analisar os efeitos de uma intervenção de artes marciais nas atitudes face à violência; (O2) Apontar estratégias pedagógicas para esse tipo de programa. Um estudo de caso foi desenhado dentro de um processo de pesquisa-ação participativa. Participaram sete alunos do ensino básico (6-11 anos), utentes de um centro de dia. Foi implementada uma intervenção de oito semanas (15 sessões) baseada no Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. As informações foram coletadas por meio de grupos focais, entrevistas individuais e diário do professor. A análise produziu três categorias/temas (nove subcategorias): mudanças (atitudes perante à violência, comportamento, relações sociais), sensações (positivas, negativas) e estratégias pedagógicas (contato físico, etiqueta, gerente, jogos com momentos de calma). Os objetivos declarados foram em grande parte alcançados através da redução das atitudes dos participantes face à violência (O1) e da indicação de estratégias pedagógicas para poder replicar a intervenção em diferentes contextos (O2). Portanto, o programa pode ser considerado um sucesso por melhorar as atitudes face à violência entre os jovens em risco de exclusão que frequentam um centro de dia.

Abstract Two objectives were set: (O1) to analyze the effects of a martial arts intervention on attitudes towards violence; (O2) Point out pedagogical strategies for this type of program. A case study was designed within a participatory-action-research process. Seven primary school students (6-11 years old), users of a day center, participated. An eight-week intervention (15 sessions) based on Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu was implemented. Information was collected through focus groups, individual interviews and the teacher's diary. The analysis produced three categories/themes (nine subcategories): changes (attitudes towards violence, behavior, social relationships), sensations (positive, negative) and pedagogical strategies (physical contact, etiquette, manager, games with moments of calm). The stated objectives were largely achieved by reducing participants' attitudes towards violence (O1) and indicating pedagogical strategies to be able to replicate the intervention in different contexts (O2). Therefore the program can be considered a success for improving attitudes towards violence among young people at risk of exclusion who attend a day center.

Effects of Olympic Combat Sports on Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Non-Athlete Population: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.

This systematic review aimed to assess the available body of published peer-reviewed articles related to the effects of Olympic combat sports (OCS) on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in the non-athlete population. The methodological quality and certainty of evidence were evaluated using PRISMA, TESTEX, RoB, and GRADE scales. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (code: CRD42023391433). From 4133 records, six randomized controlled trials were included, involving 855 non-athletes (mean age = 27.2 years old). The TESTEX scale reported all studies with a ≥ 60% (moderate-high quality) score. The GRADE scale indicated moderate to low certainty of evidence. It was only possible to perform a meta-analysis on direct methods to maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max). The main results indicated significant differences in favor of OCS compared to active/passive controls in VO2max (SMD = 4.61; 95%CI = 1.46 to 7.76; I2 = 99%; p = 0.004), while the individual results of the studies reported significant improvements in favor of the OCS on the indirect methods of the CRF. OCS improved CRF in a healthy non-athlete population of different ages, specifically showing a significant improvement in VO2max with direct tests, such as cardiopulmonary tests. However, moderate to low certainty of evidence is reported, so no definitive recommendations can be established.

Behavior of female judo weight divisions on approach and grip phases in different judo rules: The top 20 athletes from the 2016 and 2020 Olympic cycles.

In judo combat, the approach and gripping phases play a crucial role in determining victory, and it is believed that they can be influenced by the current rules. The objective of this study was to compare the technical-tactical actions executed by female judokas in the approach and gripping subphases during international competitions held in the 2016 and 2020 Olympic cycles, which featured different rules. We analyzed 1332 combat videos from the top 20 female judo athletes in the world rankings. These videos were equally distributed across weight divisions in the 2016 and 2020 Olympic cycles (48 kg = 132; 52 kg = 72; 57 kg = 109; 63 kg = 96; 70 kg = 69; 78 kg = 106; >78 kg = 82; total = 666 combats per cycle). The athletes in the 2020 cycle spent more time executing approach actions without contact with the judogi (formless: 2020 = 26.9; 2016 = 21.3 s; p < 0.001) and less time attempting grips (2020 = 24.6; 2016 = 31.2 s; p < 0.001) than the 2016 athletes. Additionally, the 2020 athletes spent less time on one-handed grips (left collar: 2020 = 7.1; 2016 = 7.9 s; p = 0.017; right sleeve: 2020 = 4.6; 2016 = 5.6 s; p = 0.018; left sleeve: 2020 = 4.7; 2016 = 5.2 s; p = 0.031) compared to the 2016 athletes. In both Olympic cycles, athletes devoted the most time to traditional grips (left collar right sleeve: 2016 = 12.3 ± 19.9; 2020 = 12.2 ± 17.5; right collar left sleeve: 2016 = 11.5 ± 20.6; 2020 = 12.3 ± 19.9 s). Differences in the approach subphases between Olympic cycles had varying impacts on different weight divisions (formless = 52 kg, 57 kg, 78 kg; right anteroposterior = 52 kg, 57 kg, 70 kg; grip attempts = 57 kg, 63 kg, 70 kg, 78 kg, >78 kg; p < 0.05), as did changes in grip types (right collar; left collar; left sleeve = 70 kg; right sleeve = >78 kg; right dorsal = 63 kg; left dorsal = 63 kg, 78 kg; right collar left sleeve = 48 kg, 52 kg; right dorsal left sleeve = 78 kg; right dorsal left collar = 48 kg, 70 kg; right dorsal left dorsal = 48 kg, 63 kg; p < 0.05). There were notable technical-tactical shifts in the behavior of female athletes between the Olympic cycles with different rules, and these findings should be taken into account for specialized training in female judo.

Brazilian Jiu Jitsu players' motivations to train.

Combat sports, such as Brazilian Jiu Jitsu (BJJ), require intense physical, mental, and emotional tasking within its training. With the degree of difficulty ingrained within the sport, many participants that once were intrigued by the sport may lose this interest and enjoyment if their goals are not met. The purpose of this study was to examine the relative strength of sport motivations among BJJ players. Participants included 228 BJJ athletes varying in levels of sport participation experience. Grounded in Self-Determination Theory, participants were assessed on five motives for sport participation including: fitness, appearance, competence, social, and interest/enjoyment. Motives related to interest/enjoyment, competence, and fitness, were rated relatively higher; and appearance and social were rated relatively lower regarding participants' motivation for BJJ participation. Analyses were also conducted related to athletes' years of experience and competitive level of participation (i.e., hobbyist or non-competitor to those who compete on a regular basis) There was a significant effect of competence and interest/enjoyment motivators among competitive BJJ players, regardless of years of experience in the sport. Findings from this study could aid coaches, sport clinicians, and sport psychologists in working with BJJ players by focusing their training on the motivators that are most appealing to these athletes.

The Percentage of Total and Regional Fat Is Negatively Correlated with Performance in Judo.

This study investigated the associations between total and regional body composition with performance in the special judo fitness test (SJFT), as well as strength and power tests (countermovement vertical jump-CMJ, squat jump-SJ, plyometric push-up-PPU, and force push-up-FPU). Twenty-three high-level judo athletes participated in this study. Initially, they underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, after which they performed the CMJ, SJ, PPU, and FPU tests. On another day, the SJFT was carried out. Correlations were tested using Pearson's test. The performance in the SJFT was correlated with the total and arm %fat mass (r = -0.759), torso fat mass (r = -0.802), torso %fat mass (r = -0.822) and in the lower limb regions with the leg fat mass (r = -0.803) and leg %fat (r = -0.745). In the strength and power tests, there were also negative correlations observed between regional fat and performance. There was a negative correlation between the percentage of total fat and performance in the SJFT (r = -0.824), SJ (r = -0.750), CMJ (r = -0.742), PPU (r = -0.609), and FPU (r = -0.736). Fat, both total fat and regional fat in the arms, torso, and legs, is strongly correlated with a poor performance in the SJFT and poor strength and power.

Intermittent Fasting Promotes Weight Loss without Decreasing Performance in Taekwondo.

Intermittent fasting (IF) is commonly used by combat sports athletes for weight loss. However, IF can decrease performance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of IF on total body mass (TBM) and Taekwondo performance. Nine athletes (seven male, two female; 18.4 ± 3.3 years) underwent 4 weeks of 12 h IF. TBM, countermovement jump (CMJ), mean kicks (MK), and total number of kicks (TNK) were compared weekly. Performance was measured in the fed state (FED) and fast state (FAST). Results showed decreased TBM in week 1 (62.20 ± 6.56 kg; p = 0.001) and week 2 (62.38 ± 6.83 kg; p = 0.022) compared to pre-intervention (63.58 ± 6.57 kg), stabilizing in week 3 (62.42 ± 6.12 kg), and no significant change in week 4 (63.36 ± 6.20 kg). CMJ performance in week 1 was lower in FED (35.26 ± 7.15 cm) than FAST (37.36 ± 6.77 cm; p = 0.003), but in week 3, FED (38.24 ± 6.45 cm) was higher than FAST (35.96 ± 5.05 cm; p = 0.047). No significant differences were found in MK and TNK in FSKTmult. RPE, KDI, and HR were similar between FED and FAST (p < 0.05). [LAC] was higher post-test compared to pre-test (p = 0.001), with higher concentrations in FED than FAST (p = 0.020). BG was higher in FED than FAST (p < 0.05) before physical tests. Therefore, IF promotes decreased TBM without decreasing performance.

Motivos en la práctica de ejercicio y condición física en deportistas marciales adolescentes en nueva normalidad / Motives in the practice of exercise and physical condition in adolescent martial athletes in the new normality / Motivos na prática do exercício e condição física em adolescentes atletas marciais na nova normalidade

El objetivo de la presente investigación consiste en determinar los motivos en la práctica de ejercicio físico y relación con la condición física -agilidad, flexibilidad, fuerza explosiva- en deportistas marciales adolescentes en la nueva normalidad. La muestra está constituida por 56 deportistas de taekwondo y 18 de kárate. Se utilizó el Autoinforme de Motivos para la Práctica de Ejercicio Físico (AMPEF) y los test de: Illinois, sit and reach y salto vertical cuantificaron la agilidad, flexibilidad de musculatura isquiotibial y fuerza explosiva de tren inferior. Se cumplió análisis estadístico -coeficiente de correlación de Pearson- entre motivaciones y condición física. Los principales factores motivacionales de los adolescentes marciales fueron: Prevención y salud positiva (M=8,9; DE=1,69), desafío (M=8,9; DE=1,8), diversión y bienestar (M=8,6; DE=1,9). Los test físicos evidencian excelentes resultados en agilidad y flexibilidad, la fuerza explosiva está por debajo de la media. Existen correlaciones positivas entre las capacidades de agilidad (0.86 en hombres y 0.80 en mujeres), fuerza (0.90 en hombres y 0.84 en mujeres) y sus correspondientes factores motivacionales, y una correlación negativa entre la flexibilidad (-0.88 en hombres y -0.90 en mujeres) y su motivación respectiva. Se concluye que los resultados del cuestionario AMPEF y niveles de agilidad, flexibilidad y fuerza explosiva se correlacionan ya sea positiva o negativamente, con valores altos en el coeficiente de Pearson, significa que los adolescentes marciales están conscientes de sus capacidades físicas y mostraron motivación para mejorar sus habilidades.

The objective of this research is to determine the reasons in the practice of physical exercise, and its relationship with the physical condition -agility, flexibility, explosive strength- of adolescent martial art athletes in the new normal. The sample is made up of 56 taekwondo athletes and 18 karate athletes. The Reasons to Practice Physical Exercise Self-report (AMPEF, for its name in Spanish) was used, as well as the tests of Illinois, sit and reach and vertical jump quantified agility, flexibility of the hamstring muscles and explosive strength of the lower body. Statistical analysis-Pearson's correlation coefficient-was performed between motivations and physical condition. The main motivational factors of the adolescent athletes were prevention and positive health (M=8.9; SD=1.69), challenge (M=8.9; SD=1.8), and fun and well-being (M=8.6; SD=1,9). Physical tests showed excellent results in agility and flexibility but explosive strength was below average. There were positive correlations between the abilities of agility (0.86 in men and 0.80 in women), strength (0.90 in men and 0.84 in women), and their corresponding motivational factors, as well as a negative correlation between flexibility (-0.88 in men and -0.90 in women) and their respective motivation. It is concluded that the results of the AMPEF questionnaire and levels of agility, flexibility, and explosive strength are correlated either positively or negatively, with high values in Pearson's coefficient. This means that teenage martial athletes are aware of their physical abilities and show motivation to improve their skills.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é determinar os motivos da prática de exercício físico e sua relação com a condição física - agilidade, flexibilidade, força explosiva - em atletas marciais adolescentes na nova normalidade. A amostra é composta por 56 atletas de taekwondo e 18 de caratê. Foi utilizado o Autorrelato dos Motivos para a Prática de Exercício Físico (AMPEF) e os testes de: Illinois, sentar e alcançar e salto vertical quantificaram agilidade, flexibilidade dos músculos isquiotibiais e força explosiva da parte inferior do corpo. A análise estatística -coeficiente de correlação de Pearson- entre motivações e condição física foi concluída. Os principais fatores motivacionais dos adolescentes marciais foram: Prevenção e saúde positiva (M=8,9; DE=1,69), desafio (M=8,9; DE=1,8), diversão e bem-estar (M=8,6, DP=1,9). Os testes físicos apresentam excelentes resultados em agilidade e flexibilidade, a força explosiva está abaixo da média. Existem correlações positivas entre habilidades de agilidade (0,86 em homens e 0,80 em mulheres), força (0,90 em homens e 0,84 em mulheres) e seus correspondentes fatores motivacionais, e uma correlação negativa entre flexibilidade (-0,88 em homens e -0,90 em mulheres); mulheres) e suas respectivas motivações. Conclui-se que os resultados do questionário AMPEF e os níveis de agilidade, flexibilidade e força explosiva estão correlacionados positiva ou negativamente, com altos valores no coeficiente de Pearson, significa que os adolescentes marciais estão cientes de suas habilidades físicas e demonstraram motivação para melhorar suas habilidades.

Corrigendum: Effects of weight divisions in time-motion of female high-level Brazilian Jiu-jitsu combat behaviors.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1048642.].