Caracterización de la meningoencefalitis bacteriana en la provincia Camagüey en el período de 2016-2020

Introducción: Las infecciones del sistema nervioso central constituyen un importante problema de salud en todas las regiones del planeta; representan un reto para el médico de asistencia, el microbiólogo y el epidemiólogo, en función de un precoz y correcto diagnóstico, elementos básicos para un pronóstico satisfactorio. Objetivo: Determinar el comportamiento de la meningoencefalitis bacteriana en la provincia Camagüey. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo, sobre el comportamiento de la meningoencefalitis bacteriana en la provincia Camagüey en el periodo comprendido desde el 2016 hasta el 2020. El universo de estudio estuvo constituido por todos los casos (128) diagnosticados con meningoencefalitis bacteriana, atendidos en los hospitales de más de 100 camas durante el período del primero de enero de 2016 al 31 de diciembre de 2020. Resultados: El año 2017 resultó ser el mayor número de casos, el agente causal predominante fue el Streptococcus pneumoniae; las edades pediátricas fueron las de mayor incidencia en especial el menor de un año y sexo masculino. El síntoma cardinal en el estudio fue la fiebre y el neumococo fue el más letal agente causal. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico precoz de las meningoencefalitis bacterianas conlleva a una menor letalidad y por ende menos secuelas.

Introduction: Central nervous system infections are an important health problem in all regions of the planet; they represent a challenge for the attending physician, the microbiologist and the epidemiologist, based on an early and correct diagnosis, basic elements for a satisfactory prognosis. Objective: To determine the behavior of bacterial meningoencephalitis in the Province of Camagüey. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective observational study was carried out on the behavior of bacterial meningoencephalitis in Camagüey province during the period 2016-2020. The study universe consisted of all cases (128) diagnosed with bacterial meningoencephalitis, attended in Hospitals with more than 100 beds during the period from January 1st, 2016 to December 31st, 2020. Results: The year 2017 turned out to be the one with the largest number of cases, the predominant causal agent was Streptococcus pneumoniae; pediatric ages were those with the highest incidence, especially those under 1 year of age and males. The cardinal symptom in the study was fever, and pneumococcus was the most lethal causative agent. Conclusions: The early diagnosis of bacterial meningoencephalitis leads to less lethality and therefore fewer sequelae.

Pediatric bacterial meningitis and meningococcal disease profile in a Brazilian General Hospital

Abstract Objective To evaluate the clinical and epidemiological profile of bacterial meningitis and meningococcal disease in pediatric patients admitted to a Brazilian Secondary Public Hospital. Methods A descriptive observational study was conducted. Microbiologically proven bacterial meningitis or meningococcal disease diagnosed from 2008 to 2018 were included. Results A total of 90 patients were diagnosed with proven bacterial meningitis. There were 64 confirmed cases of meningococcal disease. The prevalence was higher in boys (n=38), median age 30 months (1-185). The main clinical manifestations were: meningococcal meningitis (n=27), meningococcemia without meningitis (n=14), association of meningococcemia with meningitis (n=13), and fever without a known source in infants (n=7).Admissions to intensive care unit were necessary for 45 patients. Three deaths were notified. Serogroup C was the most prevalent (n=32) followed by serogroup B (n=12).Pneumococcal meningitis was identified in 21 cases; out of the total, 10 were younger than two years. The identified serotypes were: 18C, 6B, 15A, 28, 7F, 12F, 15C, 19A and 14. Pneumococcal conjugate 10-valent vaccine covered four of the nine identified serotypes.Haemophilus influenzae meningitis serotype IIa was identified in three patients, median age 4 months (4-7). All of them needed intensive care. No deaths were notified. Conclusion Morbidity and mortality rates from bacterial meningitis and meningococcal disease remain high, requiring hospitalization and leading to sequelae. Our study observed a reduced incidence of bacterial disease over the last decade, possibly reflecting the impact of vaccination.

Pneumococcal Meningitis Complicated by Spinal Cord Dysfunction and Acute Polyradiculopathy.

Background: Meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae is associated with devastating clinical outcomes. A considerable number of patients will develop long-term neurologic complications. Hearing loss, diffuse brain edema, and hydrocephalus are frequently encountered. Acute spinal cord dysfunction and polyradiculopathy can develop in some patients. Case Report: A 63-year-old female was admitted to our hospital with sudden-onset bilateral lower extremity weakness. On admission, the patient had evidence of spinal cord dysfunction given the abnormal motor and sensory physical examination findings and the absent sensation with a sensory level at dermatome T4 on neurologic examination. Computed tomography myelography did not show evidence of spinal cord compression or transverse myelitis. Cerebrospinal fluid examination was positive for pneumococcal meningitis. The patient was treated with antibiotics and steroids. Nerve conduction studies demonstrated the absence of response, suggesting damage to the peripheral nerves and polyradiculopathy. The patient was treated with plasmapheresis for possible Guillain-Barré syndrome; however, she did not improve despite appropriate antibiotics, steroids, and plasmapheresis. She developed persistent quadriparesis, sensory impairments in upper and lower extremities, and bowel and bladder sphincter dysfunction. Conclusion: Our case demonstrates the development of spinal cord dysfunction (supported by the sudden onset of paraplegia and the presence of a sensory level) and polyradiculopathy (flaccid paralysis, ascending weakness, and absence of response in neurophysiologic studies suggesting severe damage to the peripheral nerves). The appearance of either complication is unusual, and the simultaneous occurrence of both complications is even more uncommon.

Pediatric bacterial meningitis and meningococcal disease profile in a Brazilian General Hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical and epidemiological profile of bacterial meningitis and meningococcal disease in pediatric patients admitted to a Brazilian Secondary Public Hospital. METHODS: A descriptive observational study was conducted. Microbiologically proven bacterial meningitis or meningococcal disease diagnosed from 2008 to 2018 were included. RESULTS: A total of 90 patients were diagnosed with proven bacterial meningitis. There were 64 confirmed cases of meningococcal disease. The prevalence was higher in boys (n = 38), median age 30 months (1-185). The main clinical manifestations were: meningococcal meningitis (n = 27), meningococcemia without meningitis (n = 14), association of meningococcemia with meningitis (n = 13), and fever without a known source in infants (n = 7). Admissions to intensive care unit were necessary for 45 patients. Three deaths were notified. Serogroup C was the most prevalent (n = 32) followed by serogroup B (n = 12). Pneumococcal meningitis was identified in 21 cases; out of the total, 10 were younger than two years. The identified serotypes were: 18C, 6B, 15A, 28, 7F, 12F, 15C, 19A and 14. Pneumococcal conjugate 10-valent vaccine covered four of the nine identified serotypes. Haemophilus influenzae meningitis serotype IIa was identified in three patients, median age 4 months (4-7). All of them needed intensive care. No deaths were notified. CONCLUSION: Morbidity and mortality rates from bacterial meningitis and meningococcal disease remain high, requiring hospitalization and leading to sequelae. Our study observed a reduced incidence of bacterial disease over the last decade, possibly reflecting the impact of vaccination.

Meningitis crónica autoinmune secundaria a meningitis aguda por neumococo: caso clínico / Autoimmune chronic meningitis secondary to pneumococcal meningitis: report of one case

Pneumococcal meningitis produces several inflammatory disorders in susceptible subjects. A worsening of meningitis can occur on the fourth day of evolution in relation with the withdrawal of steroids. Other complications include the development of inflammatory signs in the post-acute stage of infection associated with disseminated vasculitis of the cerebral blood vessels and, even later, an autoimmune chronic meningitis. All these inflammatory complications are well controlled with the use of steroids. We report a 53-year-old woman with pneumococcal meningitis that had a good response to treatment with antibiotics and steroids. On the four day, after the steroids were discontinued, she complained of headache, became confused, and had an abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), report CT angiography showed signs of arteritis. She improved when the steroids were re-started. She was discharged in good condition but after slow tapering of the steroids over a four-month period she had a relapse of all her symptoms and had a gait disturbance. On readmission, she had an inflammatory CSF, there were no signs of infection and the cerebral MRI showed meningeal thickening with ventricular space enlargement. She improved again with steroids and she is now well on high-dose steroids but deteriorates each time the steroids are stopped. She experienced both acute and sub-acute inflammatory responses and finally developed a chronic meningitis responsive, and is dependent on steroids.

Spatial analysis of pneumococcal meningitis in São Paulo in the pre- and post-immunization era

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the pneumococcal meningitis incidence rates in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, by age group, municipalities and micro-regions, as well as the spatial distribution of pneumococcal meningitis incidence rates among children under 5 years old in the pre- (2005-2009) and post-vaccination (2011-2013) periods and its associations with socioeconomic variables and vaccination coverage. METHODS The data source was the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System. For the pre- and post-vaccination periods, thematic maps were built for pneumococcal meningitis incidence in under-5 children, by São Paulo state micro-regions, vaccination coverage and socioeconomic variables, using QGIS 2.6.1 software. Scan statistics performed by the SatScan 9.2 software were used to analyze spatial and spatiotemporal clusters in São Paulo municipalities and micro-regions. A Bayesian inference for latent Gaussian model with zero-inflated Poisson model through the integrated nested Laplace approximation was used in the spatial analysis to evaluate associations between pneumococcal meningitis incidence rates and socioeconomic variables of interest in São Paulo micro-regions. RESULTS From 2005 to 2013, 3,963 pneumococcal meningitis cases were reported in São Paulo. Under-5 children were the most affected in the whole period. In the post-vaccination period, pneumococcal meningitis incidence rates decreased among this population, particularly among infants (from 4.17/100,000 in 2005 to 2.54/100,000 in 2013). Two clusters were found in pre-vaccination - one of low risk for pneumococcal meningitis, in the northwest of the state (OR = 0.45, p = 0.0003); and another of high risk in the southeast (OR = 1.62, p = 0.0000). In the post-vaccination period, only a high-risk cluster remained, in the southeast (RR = 1.97, p = 0.0570). In Bayesian analysis, wealth was the only variable positively associated to pneumococcal meningitis (RR = 1.026, 95%CI 1.002-1.052). CONCLUSIONS Pneumococcal meningitis is probably underdiagnosed and underreported in São Paulo. Differentiated rates of pneumococcal meningitis diagnosis and reporting in each microregion, according to the São Paulo Index of Social Responsibility, might explain our results.

Características epidemiológicas, clínicas y bacteriológicas de meningitis neumocócica en pacientes pediátricos de Lima, Perú / Epidemiologic, clinical and bacteriologic characteristics of pneumococcal meningitis in pediatric patients from Lima, Peru

RESUMEN Objetivos. Describir las características clínicas, letalidad, susceptibilidad antibiótica y distribución de serotipos de meningitis neumocócica en pacientes pediátricos de Lima, Perú. Materiales y Métodos. Serie de casos de meningitis neumocócica en niños menores de 16 años. Los datos fueron obtenidos de dos estudios multicéntricos prospectivos, de vigilancia pasiva de enfermedad neumocócica invasiva realizados en Lima-Perú desde los años 2006 al 2008, y del 2009 al 2011. Resultados. Reportamos 44 episodios de meningitis neumocócica; 68,2% fueron en niños menores de 2 años. La tasa de letalidad fue 32,6; y 92,9% de los casos letales ocurrieron en niños menores de dos años (p<0,05). La desnutrición estuvo asociada a los casos letales (p<0,05). El 64,3% de los casos fatales murieron dentro de los 2 primeros días. El 41,9% de los cultivos con neumococo fueron resistentes a la penicilina, 23,3% mostró resistencia intermedia a ceftriaxona (ninguno mostró resistencia completa) y 9,3% mostró resistencia a cloranfenicol. Los serotipos más frecuentes fueron 6B, 14, 19F y 23F, los cuales constituyeron el 68,3% de todas las cepas; 84,1% de las cepas encontradas están incluidas en los serotipos de la vacuna 13 valente. Conclusiones. La meningitis neumocócica continúa siendo una enfermedad letal, especialmente en niños menores de 2 años. Dado que aproximadamente dos tercios de los casos letales fallecen en las primeras 48 h, es crítico un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno, así como asegurar el cumplimiento de la inmunización con la vacuna neumocócica.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To describe the clinical characteristics, lethality, antibiotic susceptibility, and serotype distribution of pneumococcal meningitis in pediatric patients in Lima, Peru. Materials and Methods. A case series of pneumococcal meningitis in children less than 16 years of age from two prospective, multicenter, passive surveillance studies of invasive pneumococcal diseases held in Lima-Peru from 2006 to 2008 and 2009 to 2011. Results. We report 44 pneumococcal meningitis episodes; 68.2% of them were in children less than 2 years old. The overall case fatality rate was 32.6%; 92.9% of fatal cases were in children less than 2 years of age (p<0.05). Malnutrition was associated with fatal cases (p<0.05). 64.3% of fatal cases died within the first two days. 41.9% of pneumococcal isolates were resistant to penicillin, 23.3% were intermediate resistant to ceftriaxone (none were highly resistant) and 9.3% were resistant to chloramphenicol. The most common serotypes were 6B, 14, 19F and 23F, which accounted for 68.3% of all strains; 84.1% of strains were PCV13 serotypes. Conclusions. Pneumococcal meningitis continues to be a lethal disease, especially in children less than 2 years of age. Since almost two third of lethal cases lead to death within the first 48 hours, prompt diagnosis and management is critical, as well as assurance of immunization with pneumococcal vaccine.

Development of Spinal Epidural Abscess during Treatment of Pneumococcal Meningitis / 대한내과학회지

There have been a few reports of pneumococcal meningitis complicated by spinal epidural abscess. A 58-year-old female with Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis underwent a recurrent pleocytosis without apparent clinical deterioration after appropriate antibiotic treatment. Subsequently, she developed a spinal epidural abscess. Spinal epidural abscess is a rare complication of pneumococcal meningitis, and subclinical deterioration of neutrophil-dominant pleocytosis may precede development of a spinal epidural abscess in individuals with bacterial meningitis.

B7H3 upregulates neuron-specific enolase and S100b mRNA expression in mice with S .Pneumoniae meningitis / 重庆医学

Objective To investigate the effect of B7 Homology 3(B7H3)on brain damage of S .Pneumococcal(SP)meningitis . Methods SP meningitis was established by intracerebral ventricular injection of SP suspension on wild-type BALB/C mice .48 mice were divided into 4 groups and received following injections :NS(CON group) ,recombinant murine B7H3alone(B7H3 group) ,SP group ,SP+B7H3 group .At 18 ,48 ,72 h post infection ,mice were conducted neurobehavior score ,then they were anesthetized and killed by cervical vertebra dislocation ,brains were collected .The mRNA expressions of NSE and S100b were detected by real-time PCR .Results Compared with CON group ,the scores of recombinant murine B7H3 group had no significant change at 18 ,48 ,72 h after infection of SP(P>0 .05);at different time points the scores of SP group were decreased significantly than the CON group (P0 .05) .At 18h ,48h ,72h ,post infection mRNA expressions of NSE ,S100b in SP group increased compared with CON group(P<0 .05);the mRNA expressions of NSE ,S100b increased furtherly in SP+B7H3 group compared with SP group(P<0 .05) .Conclusion B7H3 upregulates the mRNA expressions of NSE and S100b ,and promotes the progress of SP meningitis in mice .

Childhood pneumococcal disease burden in Argentina / Carga por enfermedad neumocócica en niños de Argentina

OBJECTIVES: To understand the disease burden of pneumococcal disease (PD), a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in Argentina, and to draw a baseline against which the need for and effectiveness of vaccination with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines might be measured. METHODS: A Markov model was constructed to estimate incidence and mortality rates of PD-meningitis (MEN), bacteremia/septicemia (BACT), pneumonia (PNEU), acute otitis media (AOM)-among a hypothetical, birth cohort of 750 000 Argentine infants born in 2006-2015. A systematic review of the literature was performed to select and incorporate input parameters. Life years and costs in 2006 US$ were expressed as both undiscounted and discounted. RESULTS: The number of PD episodes estimated to occur over a 10-year period in the hypothetical birth cohort were: MEN, 225; BACT, 2 841; PNEU, 2 628; and AOM, 2 066 719. Chronic sequelae of MEN could be expected to cause neurological damage in 43 children and severe hearing issues in 28. Results indicate that there would be 78 PD-related deaths in the cohort (29 percent due to MEN; 54 percent, BACT; and 17 percent, PNEU). The undiscounted life-expectancy for individuals in the birth cohort was estimated to be 72.4 years (29.0 years discounted). Mean, undiscounted, lifetime costs attributed to PD for each child of the cohort totaled US$ 167 (US$ 151 discounted), imposing a total, cohort cost-burden of more than US$ 126 million (US$ 113 million discounted). CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that PD imposes a significant health and economic burden on the Argentine population. This information is essential for assessing the potential health and economic impact of introducing pneumococcal conjugate vaccine into the national immunization schedule.

OBJETIVOS: Analizar la carga que provoca la enfermedad neumocócica (EN), una importante causa de morbimortalidad infantil en Argentina y establecer una línea de base a partir de la cual se pueda medir la necesidad y la eficacia del uso de vacunas antineumocócicas conjugadas. MÉTODOS: Se elaboró un modelo de Markov para estimar las tasas de incidencia y mortalidad por meningitis (MEN), bacteremia/septicemia (BACT), neumonía (PNEU) y otitis media aguda (AOM) asociadas con la EN, en una cohorte hipotética de 750 000 niños nacidos en Argentina entre 2006 y 2015. Se realizó una revisión sistemática para seleccionar los parámetros de entrada y utilizarlos en el modelo. Los resultados se expresaron en años de vida y costos en dólares estadounidenses (US$), con descuento y sin descuento. RESULTADOS: Los episodios de EN que se estima ocurrirían en un período de 10 años en la cohorte hipotética serían 225 MEN, 2 841 BACT, 2 628 PNEU y 2 066 719 AOM. Las secuelas crónicas de las MEN podrían causar daños neurológicos en 43 niños y trastornos auditivos graves en 28. Estos resultados indican que en esta cohorte habría 78 muertes asociadas con la EN (29 por ciento por MEN, 54 por ciento por BACT y 17 por ciento por PNEU). La esperanza de vida sin descuento estimada para los niños de la cohorte fue de 72,4 años (con descuento de 29,9 años). Los costos promedio sin descuento atribuidos a la EN por cada niño de la cohorte durante toda la vida fueron de US$ 167 (con descuento de US$ 151), lo que provocaría un costo total para la cohorte de más de US$ 126 millones (con descuento de US$ 113 millones). CONCLUSIONES: Estos resultados demuestran que la EN impone una carga sanitaria y económica significativa a la población argentina. Esta información es esencial para evaluar el posible impacto sanitario y económico de la introducción de la vacuna conjugada antineumocócica en el programa nacional de vacunación.