Habilidades ejecutivas: actualización, cambio entre conjuntos mentales e inhibición en niños no mapuche urbanos, mapuche urbanos y mapuche rurales de La Araucanía, Chile

Las habilidades cognitivas de los niños varían conforme a los contextos de desarrollo cultural en los que se desenvuelven. Asumiendo la variabilidad cultural, este estudio tuvo por objetivo comparar las habilidades ejecutivas en 110 niños, entre 9 y 11 años, pertenecientes a tres grupos: no mapuche urbanos, mapuche urbanos y mapuche rurales, de comunas de la región de La Araucanía, Chile. Se usó un diseño descriptivo y correlacional para contrastar el desempeño de los niños en las variables de interés. La batería de instrumentos estuvo formada por tres pruebas que evaluaron: actualización, cambio entre conjuntos mentales e inhibición, respectivamente. Los resultados indican que no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en actualización y cambio entre conjuntos mentales, pero sí hubo significancia estadística para las diferencias en inhibición; siendo los niños no mapuche quienes tuvieron mayor inhibición respecto de los otros dos grupos. Se discuten los hallazgos según la hipótesis de que el desarrollo de habilidades se relaciona con las prácticas cotidianas, demandas y características sociodemográficas de los contextos en los que los niños se desarrollan.

As habilidades cognitivas das crianças variam conforme os contextos de desenvolvimento cultural em que elas se desenvolvem. Partindo do pressuposto da variabilidade cultural, este estudo teve como objetivo comparar as habilidades executivas de 110 crianças, com idades entre 9 e 11 anos, pertencentes a três grupos: não mapuche urbanas, mapuche urbanas e mapuche rurais, de municípios da região de La Araucanía, Chile. Foi utilizado um desenho descritivo e correlacional para comparar o desempenho das crianças nas variáveis de interesse. A bateria de instrumentos foi composta por três testes que avaliaram: atualização, mudança entre conjuntos mentais e inibição, respectivamente. Os resultados indicam que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa em atualização e mudança entre conjuntos mentais, mas houve significância estatística para as diferenças em inibição, com as crianças não mapuches apresentando maior inibição do que os outros dois grupos. Os resultados são discutidos de acordo com a hipótese de que o desenvolvimento de habilidades está relacionado às práticas cotidianas, demandas e características sociodemográficas dos contextos em que as crianças se desenvolvem.

Children's cognitive abilities differ according to the cultural development settings in which they are raised. Assuming cultural variability, this study compared the executive functions in 110 children, aged 9 to 11 years, belonging to three groups: urban non-Mapuche, urban Mapuche, and rural Mapuche, from communes in the Araucanía region, Chile. A descriptive and correlational design was used to contrast children's performance on the variables of interest. The battery of instruments comprised three tests that assessed updating, set-shifting, and inhibition, respectively. The results indicate no statistically significant differences in updating and set-shifting, but there was a statistical significance for differences in inhibition, with non-Mapuche children having greater inhibition than the other two groups. The findings are discussed according to the hypothesis that skill development is related to the daily practices, demands, and sociodemographic characteristics of the settings in which children are raised.

Dual educational rationality and acculturation in Mapuche people in Chile.

Even though Mapuche people represent the largest indigenous population in Chile, the "logic of double rationality" in their educational knowledge and its link with acculturation dynamics, has been scarcely studied. The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between the attitudes toward school education and the acculturation orientations of 468 Mapuche people, with ages from 17 to 53 years (M = 16.19; SD = 7.0). Participants were students of secondary schools and universities from urban and rural areas of different regions of Chile. Results showed that most of the participants presented a bicultural orientation (39.4%), followed by a group of segregated or ethnic identity profile (23.5%), while those who preferred assimilation (17.5%), and marginalization (20.7%) represented a minority. Results indicated that people identified as bicultural scored higher in the components of dual Mapuche/ Chilean Mestizo educational rationality than the other acculturation profiles. Also, the fluency in speaking Mapuche language was positively associated with the perception of cultural differences in knowledge and education between Mapuche and Chilean culture, the evaluation of the teaching of Mapuche culture, the perception of school as a factor of assimilation, the valuation of bicultural practices, and the justification of double rationality. Findings' contributions to the development of pertinent educational practices in contexts of social and cultural diversity are discussed.

Frequencies and significance of HLA genes in Amerindians from Chile Cañete Mapuche.

Mapuche Amerindians live now widespread in Central South Chile and Argentina and speak "Mapudungun", an unclassified language. A group of Chilean Mapuche was studied for HLA genes using standard techniques. Typical Amerindian HLA genes and haplotypes are found in the population, like HLA-DRB1*14:02, -08:02 and class II haplotype DRB1*08:02-DQB1*04:02. However, these and other genes are also common in Pacific Islanders. Thus, relatedness of First America Inhabitants with some Pacific Islanders is stressed. Evidences of Pacific and Atlantic cultural and genetic exchange, probably in both directions, and California Man settlements found since 130,000 years ago makes it necessary a revision of Americas peopling. This study may be also useful for medical Mapuche use in Transplantation and HLA and disease Epidemiology.

Aplicabilidad de la Predicción de Moyers 75% en pacientes Mapuche-Hulliche, Chile / Applicability of the Moyers prediction tables at 75% on Mapuche-Huilliche patients, Chile

Objetivo: determinar aplicabilidad del método Moyers 75% en población mapuche huilliche, Chile. Material y metodos: estudio descriptivo observacional se evaluó la predicción de Moyers nivel 75% en una población Mapuche Huilliche entre los 11 y 17 años de edad (25 hombres y 25 mujeres). Se determinó la suma de incisivos inferiores y la sumatoria de caninos y premolares de cada hemiarcada comparando con los valores predictivos. Resultados: Mayor número de casos en el rango 23.5 mm a 25.2 mm en la suma de incisivos inferiores, 60% de la muestra. La suma entre caninos y premolares presentó un promedio en el maxilar de 23.7 mm en hombres y 23.1 mm en mujeres y en la mandíbula un promedio de 22.9 mm en hombres y 22.1 mm en mujeres. Se encontró una discrepancia negativa de 60% en hombres y de un 40% en mujeres. En mujeres la discrepancia positiva superó a las negativas con porcentajes de 88% y 8%, significativamente. Conclusión:El método Moyers 75% es aplicable en hombres para ambos maxilares y parcialmente en mujeres huilliches.

Objective. To determine the applicability of the Moyers prediction tables at 75% on patients from the Mapuche-Huilliche population, Chile. Materials and Methods. A descriptive, observational study which evaluated the Moyers prediction tables at 75% in a Mapuche-Huilliche population aged between 11 and 17(25 men and 25 women). The sum of the lower incisors, and the sum of the canines and premolars of each quadrant was compared with each of the predictive values. Results. Increased number of cases in the range from 23.5 mm to 25.2 mm in the sum of lower incisors, which represent 60% of the sample. The sum of canines and premolars showed in maxilla a mean of 23.7 mm in men and 23.1 mm in women, and in mandiblea mean of 22.9 mm in men and 22.1 mm in women. A negative discrepancy of 60% was found in men and of 40% in women. For women, the positive discrepancysignificantly exceeded the negative discrepancies with percentages of 88% and 8%. Conclusions. The Moyers method at 75% was applicable in maxilla and mandible on Huilliche men, and partially applicable on women of the same ethnic group.

Somatotipo y estado nutricional de 10 a 14 años de edad en una muestra de Mapuches de la IX Región, Temuco-Chile / Somatotype and nutritional status from 10 to 14 years of age in a sample of Mapuche subjects in the IX Region, Temuco-Chile

El grupo étnico mapuche tiene una amplia distribución en la Novena Región, el proceso migratorio propio del desarrollo urbano, han hecho que parte de la etnia mapuche se traslade a la ciudad de Temuco, modificando sus estilos de vida. El estudio del Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC), es el parámetro recomendado por la OMS (Organización Mundial de la Salud), para conocer el estado nutricional de acuerdo a la norma técnica nutricional vigente en Chile. El somatotipo es utilizado para estimar la forma corporal y su composición. Este estudio describe la realidad nutricional y el somatotipo de una muestra de mapuches de los colegios municipalizados de la ciudad de Temuco. Se evaluaron 292 adolescentes mapuches de ambos sexos, 154 hombres (52,7 por ciento) y 138 mujeres (47,3 por ciento), entre 10 y 14 años de edad. Para obtener el somatotipo se utilizó el método antropométrico descrito por Heath & Carter mientras que la evaluación y clasificación del estado nutricional de acuerdo a las normas técnica nutricional. Los hombres presentaron un somatotipo mesoendomórficos (4.9/4.4). Las mujeres son endomesomórfico (5.4/4.3). El estado nutricional de la muestra tiene los siguientes resultados en el caso de los varones el 11,7 por ciento fueron obesos y el 20,1 por ciento presentaron sobrepeso. En las damas el 9,5 por ciento fueron obesas y un 27,5 por ciento presentaron sobrepeso. Al comparar por sexo se encontraron diferencias significativas en la Endomorfía a favor de las mujeres (p =0.00) y en los varones la Mesomorfía, con un (p= 0.00). No así en la Ectomorfía que no presentó diferencias. No obstante, no se encontraron diferencias al comparar los componentes del somatotipo entre las edades de la muestra. El ambiente Obesigénico donde destaca la modificación del estilo de vida, la alimentación, el efecto del sedentarismo, está afectando de igual forma a la población mapuche que al resto de la población escolar al ser comparados con muestras de estudiantes de...

The Mapuche ethnic group has a wide distribution in the IX Region, the migration process of urban development itself, has made part of the Mapuche people move to the city of Temuco, modifying their lifestyles. The study of Body Mass Index (BMI) is the standard recommended by the WHO to know the nutritional status according to the technical standard nutritional norm in Chile. The somatotype is used to estimate body shape and composition. This study describes the nutritional situation and somatotype of a sample of Mapuche municipal schools of the city of Temuco. We evaluated 292 Mapuche adolescents of both sexes, 154 men (52.7 percent) and 138 women (47.3 percent), between 10 and 14 years of age. For somatotype anthropometric method was used described by Heath & Carter while the assessment and classification of nutritional status according to technical standards nutrition. The men presented a mesomorphic somatotype (4.9/4.4). Women are endomesomórfico (5.4/4.3). The nutritional status of the sample has the following results in the case of males and 11.7 percent were obese and 20.1 percent were overweight. In checkers, 9.5 percent were obese and 27.5 percent were overweight. A comparison by gender differences were found in the endomorphy for women (p = 0.00) and mesomorphy in boys, one (p = 0.00). Not so in ectomorphy that did not differ. However, no differences were found when comparing the somatotype components between the ages of the sample. Obese-genic environment which emphasizes the modification of lifestyle, diet, sedentary effect is equally affecting the Mapuche population as the rest of the school population when compared with samples of students in municipal schools.

Uso de recursos herbolarios entre mapuches y criollos de la comunidad campesina de Arroyo Las Minas (Río Negro, Patagonia Argentina) / Use of medicinal plant resources in Mapuche and Criollo inhabitants of the rural community of Arroyo Las Minas (Río Negro, Argentina)

This work investigates wild medicinal plant use in a rural population of Northwest Patagonia. Arroyo Las Minas population is composed by families with different cultural identitites. Biogeographical origin and differential use between Mapuches and Criollos were focused in this work.. Open and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 inhabitants. Among the medicinal plants used in this population, native flora was best represented than the exotic one. The Mapuche inhabitants utilized more total richness (particularly native species) of medicinal plants than the Criollos. Cultural identity (i.e. self-recognition as Mapuche) and time of interaction with the local flora seems to influence the present use of the medicinal plants in this population.

Este trabajo indaga acerca del uso de plantas silvestres medicinales usadas en una pequeña población campesina del noroeste patagónico. La población Arroyo Las Minas está compuesta por familias con diferente auto-reconocimiento cultural. En este estudio se enfoca en aspectos relacionados con el origen biogeográfico de los recursos utilizados y se analiza si el uso de plantas varía entre mapuches y criollos. Se realizaron entrevistas abiertas y semi-estructuradas a 17 personas del paraje. La flora nativa se encuentra mejor representada que los elementos exóticos en la herbolaria de esta población. Los pobladores mapuches utilizan una mayor riqueza de plantas medicinales, y de nativas en particular en comparación con los pobladores criollos. El auto-reconocimiento cultural y el tiempo de interacción con la flora son aspectos que parecen influir en el uso actual de plantas medicinales en esta población.

Meta-estereotipos sobre los indígenas mapuches de Chile / Meta-stereotypes of Mapuche indigenous people from Chile

Se examinaron los meta-estereotipos sobre los mapuches chilenos, esto es, la percepción que miembros de este pueblo originario tienen sobre los estereotipos que los chilenos no indígenas les asignan. Se analizaron cinco aspectos de los meta-estereotipos: contenido (atributos), rótulos (etiquetas grupales), precisión (congruencia con estereotipos), uniformidad (consenso) y estructura (configuración de atributos y rótulos). Una muestra de 39 adultos mapuches de la Ciudad de Temuco (Chile) respondió una entrevista semi-estructurada destinada a indagar experiencias de interacción con chilenos no indígenas. Un análisis de contenido de las entrevistas reveló que los mapuches perciben 10 atributos meta-estereotípicos, todos negativos, relativamente precisos y uniformes: inferior, ignorante, flojo, incapaz, primitivo, conflictivo, sucio, pobre, tonto y borracho. Además, los entrevistados señalaron ser denominados con dos rótulos agraviantes: indio y mapuchito. Un análisis de espacio menor (Guttman, 1968) reveló una estructura compuesta por dos regiones de atributos: una, en torno a mapuchito, con atributos de naturaleza modificable, congruentes con una visión paternalista y otra en torno a indio, con atributos difícilmente modificables, compatibles con una posición extremadamente ofensiva y deshumanizadora. Como se esperaba desde el modelo de contenido de los estereotipos (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick & Xu, 2002), es ta estructura parece reflejar imágenes de personas que difieren a lo largo de las dimensiones de calidez y habilidad. Mientras que los atributos en torno a mapuchito describirían a personas potencialmente cálidas pero incompetentes, los atributos cercanos a indio describirían a personas definitivamente frías e inhábiles. Se discuten las limitaciones del presente estudio y las implicaciones de sus hallazgos.

Extensive evidence shows that members of the mainstream (non indigenous) Chilean society ascribe stereotypes to the Mapuche indigenous mainly through negative trait attributions (e.g., Merino, Millamán, Quilaqueo & Pilleux, 2004, among others). Additional research (e.g., Quilaqueo, 2005) indicates that Mapuches are conscious about being stereotyped, suggesting that this indigenous group may hold meta-stereotypes. According to Vorauer, Main, and O'Connell (1998), meta-stereotypes refer to those beliefs that members of an in-group hold about the stereotypes that members of an out-group assign to them. Some authors have suggested or demonstrated that meta-stereotypes influence in-group affective reactions (Finchilescu, 2005) and prejudice toward out-groups (Vorauer et al., 1998), in-group self-definition (Klein & Assi, 2001), and stereotypes that in-group ascribes to out-groups (Finchilescu, 2005). Providing that research in this topic and within this intergroup context is almost nonexistent, the aim of the present study was to examine Mapuches' meta-stereotypes considering this native group as in-group and Chilean non indigenous as outgroup. Five aspects of meta-stereotypes were studied: content (attributes), labels (in-group names), accuracy (congruence with stereotypes), uniformity (agreement among in-group members), and structure (attribute configuration). A purposive sample of 39 Mapuche adults from the city of Temuco ( Chile), answered a semi-structured survey designed to inquire into interaction experiences with members of the mainstream society. Sample selection criteria were: self-identification as Mapuche, having at least one Mapuche family name, being 18-year-olds or more, and having resided in Temuco for more than five years. The city of Temuco is located in the region that holds the largest Mapuche community in Chile (almost 24% of the regional population). A content analysis of the surveys revealed that mapuches perceive 10 meta-stereotypic attributes, all negatives: inferior, ignorant, lazy, incompetent, primitive, conflictive, dirty, poor, stupid, and drunk. In addition, participants reported having being labeled with two derogatory names as indio and mapuchito. Whereas the label indio was mainly related to intergroup contexts perceived by participants as highly humiliating, the label mapuchito was usually associated with paternalistic attitudes and behaviors that non indigenous Chileans exhibit toward members of this ethnic minority. The 10 meta-stereotypic traits tended to be accurate, that is, they were the same attributes reported in the literature as constituting the unfavorable stereotypes that the out-group assign to Mapuches (e.g., Pilleux, 2005). Also, the report of these attributes and labels tended to be independent from several sociodemographic variables, suggesting a high degree of agreement (uniformity) among Mapuches that out-group members perceive them as possessing these metastereotypes. The sociodemographic variables included in these analyses were: gender, age, marital status, Mapuche origin of the participant's spouse, religion, education level, occupational category, time living in the city of Temuco, and membership in Mapuche organizations. A small space analysis (Guttman, 1968) revealed a structure composed by two attribute clusters. One cluster, located around the label mapuchito, includes six traits of a changeable nature (lazy, conflictive, dirty, poor, stupid, drunk), in line with a paternalistic view of this native group. The second cluster, located close to the label indio, includes four attributes (inferior, ignorant, incompetent, primitive), having a more fixed nature, compatible with an extremely offensive and dehumanizing perspective. These findings show that the labels assigned to the ingroup tend to be coherent with the contents of meta-stereotypic attributes. As expected from the stereotype content model proposed by Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, and Xu (2002), the two clusters seem to reflect images of persons differing along the dimensions of warmth and competence. Attributes around mapuchito would describe potentially warm but incompetent people while attributes near to indio would describe definitely cold and unskilled persons. Finally, limitations and implications from the present study are discussed.