RESUMO
RESUMEN En los últimos años el agronegocio porcino creció significativamente a nivel nacional y departamental; esta cadena productiva está conformada por proveedores de insumos, productores primarios, comercializadores, agroindustria, comercio mayorista, comercio minorista y consumidores. El presente estudio caracterizó los agentes del mercado que interactúan a lo largo de la cadena productiva y, además, cuantificó los márgenes de comercialización de la carne de cerdo en la subregión del Valle de Aburrá, departamento de Antioquia (Colombia). Para ello, se aplicó muestreo no probabilístico a conveniencia, adicionalmente, se aplicó una encuesta a 30 productores y entrevista semiestructurada a cinco agentes de mercadeo. Se encontraron dos circuitos de comercialización principales: productor-expendedor de carne y productor-intermediario-expendedor de carne. Los precios pagados a los agentes que interactúan en el circuito de la carne de cerdo en el Valle de Aburrá presentan tendencia al alza. El precio pagado por el consumidor final al expendedor de carne crece en mayor proporción que los precios pagados a la intermediación y al productor primario.
ABSTRACT Pork agribusiness has greatly increased at the province and national level in recent years. The productive chain includes input suppliers, farmers, animal re-sellers, abattoirs, meat packers, wholesale traders, retailers, and consumers. This study described the market agents that interact along this productive chain, and quantified the pork-marketing shares in Aburrá Valley, Antioquia province (Colombia). A convenience sampling was used in this study. A survey was applied to 30 producers and a semi-structured interview to five marketing agents. Two main marketing circuits were found: producer-meat vendor, and producer-broker-meat vendor. The prices paid to the agents that interact in the pork meat circuit in the Aburrá Valley show an upward trend. The price paid by the final consumer to the meat vendor grows in greater proportion than the prices paid to the brokers and to the primary producer.
RESUMO
During the structural adjustment era of the 1980s and 1990s, governments across sub-Saharan Africa generally withdrew from crop markets to encourage entry by private traders and foster competition. Since that time, the degree of competition in crop markets has been a central concern of policymakers, donors, and researchers. We review the evidence on that topic by first developing a conceptual framework to guide our analysis, then discussing the findings from four categories of literature. We have two main findings. First, there is a paucity of empirical evidence on this question, which hinders our ability to draw strong conclusions. Second, that point notwithstanding, the evidence that does exist is broadly supportive of the notion that crop markets are competitive. The dominant themes in the literature are that trading profits are highly variable, trader entry and exit rates are high, and price co-movements between markets suggest relatively efficient levels of competitive arbitrage. It is possible that the high costs of entry foster non-competitive conditions at the level of large-scale, long-distance subnational trade, but we find no positive evidence to that effect, only the satisfaction of certain necessary conditions.
RESUMO
A field study was carried out to identify marketing channels and margins of "raw milk" (milk that is marketed without any physical or chemical treatment) produced in a community of Maravatio municipality, in Michoacan State, in the west-central portion of Mexico. The research method had a first recognition phase with acceptance of the work group by the community. Direct observation was carried out and visits were made with milk gatherers who filled out a questionnaire to record traded milk in liters, and to estimate their marketing costs and their gross marketing margin (GMM), net marketing margin (NMM) and producer direct participation (PDP). Information that was captured and processed permitted the identification of five gatherers, of which only two sell "raw milk" directly, the other three transform and market it as dairy products. Results show existence of two types of marketing channels, one is zero level or direct marketing channel and the other is of only one level. Estimated margins for the gatherers that market "raw milk" on average are: GMM, 31.7%; PDP, 68.3%; and NMM, considering the cost of opportunity of labor, would be 20.1 %, while without taking it into consideration it would be 25.7%. Margins indicate that the activity of gatherer is revenue-yielding and it gives an economic incentive to continue with that activity, especially if the gatherer does not have a better cost of opportunity for labor. The above is not applicable to the producer, since he must consider his production costs.
Se realizó un estudio para conocer los canales y márgenes de comercialización de la "leche cruda" (leche comercializada sin haber pasado por ningún tratamiento físico o químico) producida en una comunidad del municipio de Maravatío, Michoacán, en la parte centro-occidental de México. El método de investigación consistió en una primera fase de reconocimiento y aceptación del grupo de trabajo en la comunidad. Se realizó observación directa y recorridos con los acopiadores, a quienes se les aplicó un cuestionario orientado a registrar los litros de leche comercializados y estimar sus costos de comercialización y su margen bruto de comercialización (MBC), el margen neto de comercialización (MNC) y la participación directa del productor (PDP). La información que se capturó y procesó permitió identificar cinco acopiadores, de los cuales sólo dos venden directamente la "leche cruda", los otros tres la transforman y comercializan como derivados lácteos. Los resultados muestran la existencia de dos tipos de canales de comercialización: el del nivel cero o canal directo de mercado y el de un solo nivel. Los márgenes calculados para los acopiadores que comercializan la "leche cruda", en promedio, son: MBC, 31.7%; PDP, 68.3%; y MNC, considerando el costo de oportunidad de la mano de obra, 20.1%, y sin considerarlo, 25.7%. Los márgenes indican que la actividad del acopiador es redituable y le suministra un estímulo económico para continuar con dicha actividad, sobre todo si este acopiador no obtiene un mejor costo de oportunidad por la mano de obra. Lo anterior no es aplicable para el productor, pues hay que considerar sus costos de producción.
