Negative versus withdrawn maternal behavior: Differential associations with infant gray and white matter during the first 2 years of life.

Distinct neural effects of threat versus deprivation emerge by childhood, but little data are available in infancy. Withdrawn versus negative parenting may represent dimensionalized indices of early deprivation versus early threat, but no studies have assessed neural correlates of withdrawn versus negative parenting in infancy. The objective of this study was to separately assess the links of maternal withdrawal and maternal negative/inappropriate interaction with infant gray matter volume (GMV), white matter volume (WMV), amygdala, and hippocampal volume. Participants included 57 mother-infant dyads. Withdrawn and negative/inappropriate aspects of maternal behavior were coded from the Still-Face Paradigm at four months infant age. Between 4 and 24 months (M age = 12.28 months, SD = 5.99), during natural sleep, infants completed an MRI using a 3.0 T Siemens scanner. GMV, WMV, amygdala, and hippocampal volumes were extracted via automated segmentation. Diffusion weighted imaging volumetric data were also generated for major white matter tracts. Maternal withdrawal was associated with lower infant GMV. Negative/inappropriate interaction was associated with lower overall WMV. Age did not moderate these effects. Maternal withdrawal was further associated with reduced right hippocampal volume at older ages. Exploratory analyses of white matter tracts found that negative/inappropriate maternal behavior was specifically associated with reduced volume in the ventral language network. Results suggest that quality of day-to-day parenting is related to infant brain volumes during the first two years of life, with distinct aspects of interaction associated with distinct neural effects.

Developmental costs associated with early maternal withdrawal.

Neglect is the most prevalent form of maltreatment, but it has been understudied relative to abuse. Additionally, developmental outcomes associated with early maternal withdrawal have been understudied relative to outcomes associated with harsh treatment. However, a large body of studies on rodents has documented the causal effect of low maternal care on altered stress responses in offspring. Other evidence from human studies links early maternal withdrawal to clinical levels of neglect. Studies of both rodents and humans suggest that, rather than the aversive responses (e.g., fight, flight, freeze) modeled in relation to threat of attack or harsh treatment, early maternal withdrawal is associated with increased calling and contact seeking to mothers. Moreover, two longitudinal studies indicate that early maternal withdrawal, but not negative-intrusive interaction, contributes to adolescent borderline psychopathology. The field needs prospective studies with well-operationalized constructs of maternal withdrawal to delineate the distinct developmental pathways that may be associated with neglect.

Deserción del Programa Control de Crecimiento y Desarrollo en niños menores de 3 años del Hospital Santa Isabel - El Porvenir. Trujillo, La Libertad 2017 / Withdrawal from the Growth and Development Control Program among children under 3 years of age at the Hospital Santa Isabel - El Porvenir. Trujillo, La Libertad 2017

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar la deserción del Programa Control de Crecimiento y Desarrollo en niños menores de 3 años del Hospital Santa Isabel - El Porvenir. Trujillo, La Libertad 2017. Materiales y métodos Investigación descriptiva correlacional de corte transversal. Se empleó como técnica la entrevista estructurada y como instrumentos la Guía de Recolección de Datos del Carné de Atención Integral del Niño y la Guía de Entrevista, la cual fue validada por análisis de Alfa de Cronbach y Kuder-Richardson. Se determinaron los porcentajes de deserción absoluta o relativa; asimismo, se investigaron los factores relacionados a los tipos de deserción, que fueron socioeconómicos, culturales y accesibilidad. Resultados La deserción absoluta fue de 65,2 % y la relativa, de 34,8 %. Respecto al factor socioeconómico, se encontró relación significativa entre la edad de la madre con los tipos de deserción. En el factor cultural, la adhesión al programa de salud y el nivel de estudios de la madre están asociados a los tipos de deserción; y en el factor accesibilidad, no se manifestó una relación significativa en el estudio. Conclusiones Se determinó que la deserción absoluta presentó el mayor porcentaje, con 65,2 %, mientras que la relativa fue de 34,8 %. Un factor socioeconómico (edad de la madre) y dos factores culturales (adhesión al programa de salud y nivel de estudios de la madre) presentan relación significativa a los tipos de deserción encontrados.

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the withdrawal from the Growth and Development Control Program among children under 3 years of age at the Hospital Santa Isabel - El Porvenir. Trujillo, La Libertad 2017. Materials and methods The research had a descriptive, correlational and cross-sectional design. It used the structured interview technique and instruments such as the Data Collection Guide of the Comprehensive Child Care Card and the Interview Guide, which was validated by Cronbach's alpha and Kuder-Richardson formula. Absolute or relative percentages of withdrawal were determined. Additionally, socioeconomic, cultural and accessibility factors were examined in relation to the withdrawal types. Results Absolute and relative withdrawal were 65.2 % and 34.8 %, respectively. Regarding the socioeconomic factor, the age of the mother was found to be significantly related to the withdrawal types. In the cultural factor, adherence to the health program and the education level of the mother were associated with the withdrawal types. The accessibility factor did not show a significant relationship in the present study. Conclusions It was determined that the absolute withdrawal rate had the highest percentage (65.2 %) compared to the relative withdrawal rate (34.8 %). One socioeconomic factor (age of the mother) and two cultural factors (adherence to the health program and education level of the mother) have a significant relationship with the withdrawal types.