Interventions to Minimize Medication Error by Nurses in Intensive Care: A Scoping Review Protocol.

Medication errors represent a concern for healthcare organizations due to their negative consequences. In the nursing context, these errors represent a threat to the quality of care and patient safety. Many factors have been identified as potential causes for these errors in intensive care units. A scoping review will be developed to identify interventions/strategies to minimize the occurrence of medication errors by nurses, considering the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology. A search will be conducted in the EbscoHost (CINAHL Complete and MEDLINE), Embase and PubMed databases. Data analysis, extraction and synthesis will be carried out by two reviewers independently. This review will attempt to map which interventions are more specific to minimizing medication error by nurses in intensive care and to recognize which factors influence this type of error to mitigate practices that may lead to error. This protocol acts as the framework for a scoping review in the strategy to map the interventions and which factors contribute to the medication error by intensive care nurses. This study was prospectively registered with the Open Science Framework on 21 April 2023 with registration number DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/94KH3.

Use of therapeutic outcomes monitoring method for performing of pharmaceutical care in oncology patients.

This study aimed to implement pharmaceutical care using the therapeutic outcome monitoring (TOM) method for pharmacotherapeutic follow-up of oncological patients. This was a prospective longitudinal study involving patients undergoing oral chemotherapy. The study environment was an outpatient pharmacy at a tertiary-level oncology hospital. Ninety patients who received oral chemotherapy were evaluated, and 27 patients were followed up in accordance with the exclusion criteria and acceptability of participation in the study. The patients were predominantly diagnosed with gynecological tumors, with a mean age of 57.56 ± 13.06. The average consumption of drugs per patient was 4.63 ± 4.85, and more than 55% of patients had undergone oral antineoplastic therapy for more than a year. The main therapeutic groups used were drugs that acted on the gastrointestinal tract and metabolism (34%). All patients had at least one drug-related problem (DRP). In total, 133 DRP were identified. Approximately 33% of patients had DRPs related to antineoplastic therapy; non-adherence, incorrect administration, and the probability of adverse events were among the frequently reported DRPs. We identified 43 negative outcomes associated with medication (NOM), with untreated health problems (47%) and non-quantitative insecurity (30%) being the most frequently reported. 81 pharmaceutical interventions were performed, and 96% were accepted. The main errors avoided with the interventions were untreated health problems, misuse, and interruptions associated with medication administration. The TOM method effectively achieved the desired results of therapy, improving the use of medicines, and thus increasing patient safety.

Medication Errors in Secondary Care Hospitals in Kuwait: The Perspectives of Healthcare Professionals.

Objectives: Medication errors (MEs) are the most common cause of adverse drug events (ADEs) and one of the most encountered patient safety issues in clinical settings. This study aimed to determine the types of MEs in secondary care hospitals in Kuwait and identify their causes. Also, it sought to determine the existing system of error reporting in Kuwait and identify reporting barriers from the perspectives of healthcare professionals (HCPs). Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire. Full-time physicians, pharmacists, and nurses (aged 21 years and older) working in secondary care governmental hospitals in Kuwait were considered eligible to participate in the study. Descriptive statistics and the Statistical Package for Social Science Software (SPSS), version 27 were used to analyze the data. Results: A total of 215 HCPs were approached and asked to take part in the study, of which 208 agreed, giving a response rate of 96.7%. Most HCPs (n = 129, 62.0%) reported that the most common type of ME is "prescribing error," followed by "compliance error" (n = 83; 39.9%). Most HCPs thought that a high workload and lack of enough breaks (n = 128; 61.5%) were the most common causes of MEs, followed by miscommunication, either among medical staff or between staff and patients, which scored (n = 89; 42.8%) and (n = 82; 39.4%), respectively. In the past 12 months, 77.4% (n = 161) of HCPs reported that they did not fill out any ME incident reports. The lack of feedback (n = 65; 31.3%), as well as the length and complexity of the existing incident reporting forms (n = 63; 30.3%), were the major barriers against reporting any identified MEs. Conclusions: MEs are common in secondary care hospitals in Kuwait and can be found at many stages of practice. HCPs suggested many strategies to help reduce MEs, including proper communication between HCPs; double-checking every step of the process before administering medications to patients; providing training to keep HCPs up to date on any new treatment guidelines, and computerizing the health system.

Drug interactions for elderly people with mental and behavioral disorders: a systematic scoping review.

OBJECTIVES: To identify drug interactions of potentially inappropriate medications and mental and behavioral disorders, according to explicit potentially inappropriate medications criteria-based tools. METHODOLOGY: A systematic scoping review was conducted in February 2020. Study characteristics, potentially inappropriate medications, drug interactions, rationale, and therapeutic management proposed were extracted. The commercialization and potentially inappropriate medications standard as essential in Brazil and in the world were identified. Therapeutic management was proposed for the most cited potentially inappropriate medications. RESULTS: 36 tools including 151 drug interactions, in addition to 132 potentially inappropriate medications with concerns related to six mental and behavioral disorders were identified. Cognitive impairment and dementia were the most frequently disorders reported and antipsychotics, anticholinergics, and benzodiazepines were the pharmacological classes more involved in the drug interactions. Despite the tools recommended risperidone and quetiapine when the use of antipsychotics were inevitable; levodopa + carbidopa for Parkinson's disease; and short and intermediate half-life benzodiazepines; the quality of the evidence needs to be assessed. In this review, sleep hygiene; deprescription; medication review; and clinical monitoring of adverse drug reactions are strongly recommended. In addition, to consider agomelatine, bupropion, moclobemide and melatonin as potential safer options for benzodiazepines. CONCLUSION: Knowing the clinical conditions or risk morbidities associated with the use of potentially inappropriate medications and management of these medications for safer therapeutic equivalents or non-pharmacotherapeutic alternatives are relevant for patient safety.

Perfil e adequação do uso de antibacterianos em crianças internadas em hospital geral no sul do brasil / Profile and appropriate use of antibiotics among children in a general hospital in southern brazil

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar o perfil e a adequabilidade do uso de antibacterianos em crianças hospitalizadas. Métodos: Estudo transversal. Foi feita a análise de todas as crianças que utilizaram antibacterianos durante a internação de janeiro a dezembro de 2015, em um hospital filantrópico de direito privado de grande porte no sul do Brasil. As informações foram obtidas por revisão dos prontuários e incluíram dados demográficos (idade, sexo, raça e peso corporal) e clínicos (motivo da internação, uso deantibacterianos e desfecho clínico). Utilizou-se estatística descritiva. Resultados: Dos 318 pacientes incluídos, 61,3% eram do sexo masculino. A faixa etária variou de 2 a 11 anos (média: 5,8±2,9 anos de idade). A prevalência do uso de antibacterianos foi de 24,4% considerando o total de 1.346 crianças que foram hospitalizadas. O tempo de internação apresentou mediana de quatro dias. O principal motivo de internação foi clínico e o antibacteriano mais prescrito foi a cefazolina, sendo a via intravenosa predominante. Em relação ao uso de antibacterianos, 62,2% apresentaram prescrições de antibacterianos consideradas adequadas. A subdosagem e a superdosagem tiveram, respectivamente, os valores de 11,7 e 14,6% dos pacientes incluídos. Quanto aos intervalos de administração, 8% foram caracterizados com intervalos longos e 3,5%, curtos. Conclusões: Apesar de a prevalência encontrada do uso de antibacterianos nas crianças hospitalizadas não ser tão elevada, parte considerável da amostra apresentou inadequabilidade quanto ao uso desse tipo de medicamento, se considerados a dose e o intervalo de utilização. Esses dados são motivo de preocupação para o desenvolvimento de resistência bacteriana e ocorrência de reações adversas.

ABSTRACT Objective: To examine the profile and appropriate use of antibiotics among hospitalized children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with children who had taken antibiotics during hospitalization in a private philanthropic hospital in Southern Brazil, from January to December 2015. The data were obtained by reviewing medical records, encompassing demographic data (age, gender, ethnicity, and body weight) and clinical data (causes of hospitalization, use of antibiotics, and clinical outcome). Descriptive statistics was used to present the data. Results: Of the 318 participants included in the study, 61.3% were male patients. The age range varied between 2 and 11 years, with mean age of 5.8±2.9 years. The prevalence of antibiotics was 24.4% out of the 1,346 hospitalized children. Median hospital stay was four days. The main cause of hospitalization was clinical instability, and the most commonly prescribed antibiotics was Cefazolin, mostly administered intravenously. Regarding the administration of antibiotics, 62.2% were adequately prescribed, even though underdose was 11.7%, and overdose was 14.6% in the studied patients. Antibiotic administration intervals were characterized as long in 8% of cases, and short in 3.5% of cases. Conclusions: Although the prevalence of antibiotics among hospitalized children was not that high, a considerable part of the sample presented inadequacy regarding the dosage and range of use. These data raise concerns about bacterial resistance and adverse reactions.

The implementation of a successful medication safety program in a primary care.

RATIONALE, AIMS, AND OBJECTIVES: Improving patient safety is now a government priority in many economically developed and underdeveloped countries. Various medication safety interventions and programs that have been described in the literature focus on hospital settings, and only very few studies report on the implementation of such interventions in primary care. The main objectives of this study were firstly to describe the steps involved for the successful implementation of a medication safety program in primary care in rural Australia and secondly to report on its evaluation and provide recommendations for future initiatives. METHOD: The implementation of the medication safety program within the study organization included several steps, and these were as follows: collection of baseline medications incidents within the organization over the last 2 years, delivery of a medication safety training to clinicians working within the organization, formation of a medication safety group, and implementation of the newly developed medication safety guidelines within the organization. Clinicians' knowledge, behaviour, confidence, and satisfaction were also collected before and after the implementation. RESULTS: The results show that medication safety training has improved clinicians' knowledge, confidence, behaviour, and utilization positively. There was a significant increase in the clinicians' confidence and satisfaction in applying the training to their daily practice (P value of 0.02). The implementation of the medication safety program across the study organization sites relied on 3 main stages. These were connect and communicate, collaboration, and consolidation. In the first stage of the project, we focused on identifying the key issues contributing to medication errors across the organization using an evidence-based approach to identify the types of medications errors. CONCLUSION: The success of the implementation of a collaborative medication safety program within a large organization is dependent on emphasizing a wide culture of patient safety and understanding the medication incident reports within an organization.

Knowledge of healthcare professionals about medication errors in hospitals.

CONTEXT: Medication errors are the most common types of medical errors in hospitals and leading cause of morbidity and mortality among patients. AIMS: The aim of the present study was to assess the knowledge of healthcare professionals about medication errors in hospitals. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to randomly selected healthcare professionals in eight hospitals in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: An 18-item survey was designed and comprised questions on demographic data, knowledge of medication errors, availability of reporting systems in hospitals, attitudes toward error reporting, causes of medication errors. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Data were analyzed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software Version 17. RESULTS: A total of 323 of healthcare professionals completed the questionnaire with 64.6% response rate of 138 (42.72%) physicians, 34 (10.53%) pharmacists, and 151 (46.75%) nurses. A majority of the participants had a good knowledge about medication errors concept and their dangers on patients. Only 68.7% of them were aware of reporting systems in hospitals. Healthcare professionals revealed that there was no clear mechanism available for reporting of errors in most hospitals. Prescribing (46.5%) and administration (29%) errors were the main causes of errors. The most frequently encountered medication errors were anti-hypertensives, antidiabetics, antibiotics, digoxin, and insulin. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed differences in the awareness among healthcare professionals toward medication errors in hospitals. The poor knowledge about medication errors emphasized the urgent necessity to adopt appropriate measures to raise awareness about medication errors in Saudi hospitals.

Medication reconciliation as a strategy for preventing medication errors

ABSTRACT One of the current barriers proposed to avoid possible medication errors, and consequently harm to patients, is the medication reconciliation, a process in which drugs used by patients prior to hospitalization can be compared with those prescribed in the hospital. This study describes the results of a pharmacist based reconciliation conducted during six months in clinical units of a university hospital. Fourteen patients (23.33%) had some kind of problem related to medicine. The majority (80%) of medication errors were due to medication omission. Pharmaceutical interventions acceptance level was 90%. The results suggest that pharmacists based reconciliation can have a relevant role in preventing medication errors and adverse events. Moreover, the detailed interview, conducted by the pharmacist, is able to rescue important information regarding the use of drugs, allowing to avoid medications errors and patient injury.

RESUMO Uma das barreiras propostas para se evitar possíveis erros relacionados a medicamentos e, consequentemente, que danos acometam o paciente, é a reconciliação medicamentosa no ato da internação, processo no qual se comparam os medicamentos usados pelos pacientes previamente à internação com os prescritos no âmbito hospitalar. Este trabalho descreve os resultados de seis meses de um processo de reconciliação conduzido por farmacêutico em unidades clínicas de um hospital universitário. Quatorze pacientes (23.33%) tiveram algum tipo de problema relacionado ao uso de medicamentos. A maioria dos erros envolvendo medicamentos (80%) estava relacionada à omissão de medicamentos. As intervenções farmacêuticas tiveram 90% de aceitação pelos médicos. Os resultados sugerem que a atuação de farmacêuticos na reconciliação medicamentosa pode desempenhar papel relevante na prevenção de erros de medicamentos e eventos adversos. Além disso, a entrevista detalhada conduzida por um farmacêutico se mostrou capaz de resgatar informações importantes sobre o uso dos medicamentos, permitindo evitar erros e danos ao paciente.

[Pharmacist's interventions on outpatient prescriptions in a university hospital drugs sales service]. / Interventions des pharmaciens sur les prescriptions ambulatoires dans le cadre de l'activité de rétrocession d'un centre hospitalier universitaire.

UNLABELLED: For public health reasons, some drugs are only available in hospital drugs sales service. This activity takes place in a specific risk context of organization, patients and/or drugs. A systematic prescription analysis by pharmacist contributes to securise treatment dispensed. The aim of this paper is to present the main drugs problems in the analysis of outpatient prescriptions and pharmaceutical interventions in three units of hospital drugs sales service belong to university hospital. METHODS: Throughout the year 2013, drug problems detected were recorded prospectively and systematically. RESULTS: Of the 22,279 prescriptions analyzed, 247 pharmaceutical interventions (1.1%) were detected including 27.6% of problems concerning the dosages, 15.4% the unconformity, 6.9% contraindications. Regarding ATC drugs classes, we found 43.7% for anti-infectives and 17.4% for antineoplatics. The overall acceptance rate is 81.8%. CONCLUSION: These results show the importance of the analysis of outpatient prescriptions before dispensing and the need to have all prescriptions, clinical and biological elements and to develop interprofessionality. The implementation of a platform for dematerialized data exchanges between professionals, including data from the pharmaceutical patient record should contribute to improving drug management of the patient.

Medication safety and the administration of intravenous vincristine: international survey of oncology pharmacists.

PURPOSE: The risk of medication errors with vincristine administration is well documented. Our objective was to ascertain how vincristine is administered worldwide and determine what strategies for preventing the accidental intrathecal administration of vincristine are in place. METHODS: A survey, comprising 28 questions, was distributed to 363 International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners members from 42 countries via email. Questions were asked on methods of vincristine administration, intrathecal drug administration and strategies used to prevent medication errors. A reminder was sent and the survey was available on the International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners website. Only one survey per institution was requested. RESULTS: In all, 62 responses from 15 countries were received, with the majority from Australia. Vincristine was dispensed in mini-bags in 77.4% of centres, though some also used syringes. Syringes were used in 31.1% of centres, with half these doses prepared undiluted. Administration took 5 to 15 minutes in most centres (78.8%). The most common reasons for still using syringes were perceived risk of extravasation and faster infusion time. Despite numerous vincristine administrations, extravasation was very rare. Other recommended strategies for error prevention were in use in the majority of centres. CONCLUSION: Comparisons with three previous surveys are difficult as the majority of respondents in those studies were from the USA. A number of areas appear to have improved, particularly the preparation of vincristine in mini-bags, but they are far from perfect. Deaths continue to occur following accidental intrathecal administration of vincristine. International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioner members are urged to lead the way in incorporating strategies for prevention into institutions worldwide.

Prevención de errores en la administración de medicamentos en anestesia / Preventing errors in medication administration in anesthesia

Los errores con medicamentos son una de las causas más frecuentes de fallas en la atención del paciente durante una estancia hospitalaria. Su frecuencia puede ser mayor en los ambientes quirúrgicos por ser escenarios con gran dinamismo y complejidad. Este tipo de errores puede llevar a un aumento de la morbilidad e incluso secuelas o consecuencias fatales, y, a su vez, a un aumento en la estancia hospitalaria y costos de la atención. En anestesiología este tipo de errores tienen mayor impacto, ya que los medicamentos empleados tales como opioides y bloqueadores neuromusculares y las rutas intravenosas o neuroaxiales llevan a efectos rápidos o deletéreos en caso de error. Las estrategias de prevención y el desarrollo de la cultura de la notificación de los eventos son los pilares para evitar este tipo de errores. Reconocer las causas de los errores en la administración de los medicamentos y la implementación de estrategias de seguridad antes, durante y después de este proceso se reflejará en una aumento significativo en la calidad de la atención de los pacientes.

Medication errors are one of the most common causes of care failure in hospital stays, the frequency may be higher in surgical environments by being dynamic and complex scenarios. These errors can lead to an increased morbidity, or even fatal consequences, and in turn to increased hospital stay and costs of care. In anesthesiology, such errors have a greater impact because the drugs used, such as opioids and neuromuscular blockers, and intravenous or neuraxial routes lead to rapid and/or deleterious effects in case of error. Prevention strategies and the development of the culture of the notification of events are the mainstay to avoid such errors. Recognizing the causes of errors in drug administration and the implementation of security strategies before, during and after this process will be reflected in a significant increase in the quality of patient care.

Erros de medicação: a enfermagem atuando para segurança do paciente: [revisão] / Medication errors: nursing working for patient safety: [review]

Identificar na literatura os tipos e fatores de risco na ocorrência do erro de medicamentos e propor medidas que minimizem e/ou previnam a ocorrência. Revisão de literatura realizada na LILACS/MEDLINE, selecionando artigos adequados ao tema, disponível, gratuito e período de publicação (2000-2010). Existem diversos erros de medicação, como: via, paciente, dose, horário, omissão; os quais são causados por fatores individuais e do sistema. Diante dos diversos erros de medicação devem ser implementadas estratégias que conduzam a segurança do paciente.