Characterization of spinal hemangioblastomas in patients with and without von Hippel-Lindau, and YAP expression.

INTRODUCTION: Hemangioblastoma (HB) is a benign tumor of the central nervous system, associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL), or sporadic. The aim of this study was to compare and examine the clinical-pathological profile of patients with spinal hemangioblastoma and YAP expression. METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive, comparative study. All patients who underwent surgery for spinal HB between 2016 and 2023 were included. Clinical and radiological data were collected and analyzed. An immunohistochemistry panel including NeuN, neurofilaments (NF), and YAP-1, was performed. RESULTS: Nine patients were studied, six women and three men. Four patients had previously diagnosed VHL. The tumor location included: four cervical (44.44%), two thoracic (22.22%), two pontine with cervical extension (22.22%) and one patient with two lesions, one cervical and one thoracic (11.11%). Non-significant clinical differences were identified between VHL and sporadic patients. Imaging evidenced seven extramedullary and three intramedullary tumors. Histologically, intra-tumoral and perivascular axonal tracts were observed in all cases. One third of the tumors (two with VHL and one sporadic) presented extramedullary hematopoiesis. Seven cases (77.8%) expressed nuclear YAP (three with VHL and four sporadic HBs). The surgical outcome was good and only one patient with VHL undergoing subtotal resection had recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Spinal HBs can be associated with VHL or be sporadic. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to describe YAP expression in HB. It is important to investigate the involvement of the Hippo pathway in HBs as a possible therapeutic target.

COVID-19 associated transverse myelitis: case report.

BACKGROUND: Transverse myelitis (TM) is a demyelinating inflammatory disease that presents with motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction, which may be acute or subacute. COVID-19-associated TM has been described in a scarce number of patients. CLINICAL CASE: A 15-year-old previously healthy male patient with respiratory disease before his neurological deterioration presented to the emergency room after developing a complete medullary syndrome located at the cervical-dorsal level, with ascending and symmetric paraparesis that rapidly progressed to paraplegia, with sensory dysfunction from the T3 level, sphincter dysfunction and sudden ventilatory deterioration that required mechanical ventilation. Magnetic resonance imaging was compatible with acute TM. Inflammatory and non-inflammatory etiologies were discarded. In addition, a positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 test was obtained. Treatment included steroid pulses and plasmapheresis, with an insidious evolution. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 is an infrequent cause of TM and should be suspected when other etiologies have been ruled out.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La mielitis transversa (MT) es una enfermedad inflamatoria desmielinizante que se presenta con disfunción motora, sensitiva y autonómica, de forma aguda o subaguda. La MT asociada al COVID-19 se ha escrito en un escaso número de pacientes. CASO CLÍNICO: Se presenta el caso de un masculino de 15 años previamente sano, quien cursaba con un cuadro respiratorio y que desarrollo un deterioro neurológico súbito que involucro un síndrome medular completo localizado en el nivel cérvico dorsal, con paraparesia simétrica que progreso a la paraplejia, con disfunción sensitiva desde el nivel medular de T3, disfunción de esfínteres y deterioro ventilatorio que requirió manejo avanzado de la vía aérea. Su resonancia magnética fue compatible con mielitis transversa aguda. Se descartaron causas inflamatorias y no inflamatorias de la patología. Además, se obtuvo un resultado positivo de SARS-COV-2. Se inició tratamiento con pulsos de metilprednisolona y plasmaféresis, con una evolución insidiosa. CONCLUSIÓN: El COVID-19 es una causa infrecuente de MT y debe sospecharse cuando otras causas han sido descartadas.

AS DIFERENTES TÉCNICAS DE LAMINOPLASTIA CERVICAL / DIFFERENT CERVICAL LAMINOPLASTY TECHNIQUES

Introdução: A laminoplastia cervical é uma das técnicas-padrão para o tratamento da mielopatia cervical espondilótica. Foi desenvolvida por ortopedistas japoneses na década de 1970 como alternativa à laminectomia. Ao longo dos anos, vários tipos de laminoplastia foram descritos. A de porta aberta e porta francesa são as mais utilizadas e estudadas na literatura e a partir delas foram descritas variações técnicas, incluindo o uso da endoscopia. Objetivo: Rever as técnicas de laminoplastia descritas na literatura. Métodos: Foi realizada revisão de literatura nas plataformas Pubmed e Scielo em janeiro de 2024. Inicialmente foram selecionados 66 artigos que abordavam algo relacionado aos tipos de técnica de laminoplastia em seu título. Os resumos desses artigos foram lidos e selecionados aqueles que abordavam revisão sobre o tema ou que descreviam um novo tipo de laminoplastia ou variação técnica de porta aberta ou porta francesa. Resultados: Foram considerados para estudo um total de 20 artigos. Conclusões: Após o advento da laminoplastia open-door e de french-door, surgiram algumas variações, como a laminoplastia two-open-door, a laminoplastia open-door alternada e as associadas à laminectomia C3.

Background: Cervical laminoplasty is one of the standard techniques for the treatment of spondylotic cervical myelopathy. It was developed by Japanese orthopedists in the 1970s as an alternative to laminectomy. Over the years, several types of laminoplasty have been described. Open-door and French-door laminoplasty are the most widely used and studied in the literature and based on them, technical variations have been described, including the use of endoscopy. Objective: To review the laminoplasty techniques described in the literature. Methods: A literature review was conducted on the Pubmed and Scielo platforms in January 2024. Initially, 66 articles were selected that addressed something related to types of laminoplasty technique in their title. The abstracts of these articles were read and those that addressed a review on the subject or that described a new type of laminoplasty or technical variation of open-door or French-door were selected. Results: A total of 20 articles were considered for study. Conclusions: After the advent of open-door and french-door laminoplasty, some variations emerged, such as two-open-door laminoplasty, alternating open-door laminoplasty and those associated with C3 laminectomy.

SCIWORA. Una rara entidad clínica en la población pediátrica. Estudio ambispectivo / SCIWORA in children. A rare clinical entity: Ambispective study

Introducción: La lesión medular tipo SCIWORA es una entidad clínica con baja incidencia y alta repercusión funcional. El objetivo del estudio es la descripción epidemiológica de esta lesión y su evolución funcional con un seguimiento medio de 10 años. Material y métodos: Estudio analítico, longitudinal, de cohortes ambispectivo. Fueron evaluados 13 pacientes con el diagnóstico de SCIWORA en el periodo de estudio 2001-2022. Variables evaluadas: edad, sexo, días hasta la lesión medular, causa de lesión, imagen medular en la RM postraumatismo, nivel neurológico de lesión, ASIA ingreso/alta/5 años, SCIM III ingreso/alta/3 años, tipo de tratamiento empleado, empleo de terapia NASCIS III ingreso, tiempo de hospitalización, seguimiento medio. En octubre del 2022 fueron nuevamente evaluados en consultas externas mediante: cuestionario de discapacidad cervical (NDI)/Oswestry y cuestionario de calidad de vida validado en castellano para lesionados medulares (SV-QLI/SCI). Resultados: La mediana de edad fue de 4 años, 77% varones. El 54% de las lesiones corresponden a nivel cervical. El ASIA al ingreso fue del 31% A y del 31% C, nivel neurológico: C2 (22%) y T10 (15%), tráfico como causa de lesión (77%), SCIM III ingreso/alta: 28,5/42. La estancia media hospitalaria fue de 115 días. NDI: 11,6 y Oswestry: 15,3. Conclusión: El 77% de los SCIWORA se producen en menores de 8 años. Al año del alta hospitalaria un 31% de los pacientes fueron catalogados como ASIA D y a los 5 años el porcentaje se mantiene constante. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre la causa de la lesión y tipo de alteración en RM (p = 0,872), ni entre la edad y el tipo de lesión medular objetivada en RM (p = 0,149).(AU)

Introduction: SCIWORA has a low incidence but a high functional repercussion. The aim of the present study was to characterize the epidemiology of this clinical-radiological condition and evaluate functional outcome with a mean of 10-years follow-up. Material and methods: Observational, longitudinal ambispective cohort study. Thirteen SCIWORA patients were admitted in the study period. Demographics, mechanism of injury, spinal cord MRI findings, neurological level of injury, time to SCI, neurological status (AIS) at admission/discharge/5 years, spinal cord independence measure (SCIM III) scale at admission and discharge, hospital length of stay and mean follow-up were recorded. On October 2022 patients were re-evaluated using NDI, Oswestry, and SV-QLI/SCI. Results: Median age was 4 years. The study population for this investigation was mostly men (77%). 54% of level of injury correspond to cervical spine. AIS at admission was A (31%) and C (31%). Neurological level of injury was C2 (22%) and T10 (15%). Motor vehicle-related injury was the most prevalent mechanism of injury (77%), SCIM III scale at admission and discharge: 28.5/42, hospital length of stay was 115 days. The NDI was 11.6, Oswestry: 15.3 and SV-QLI/SCI: 17. Conclusions: Seventy-seven percent of SCIWORA patients was detected under 8 years-old. At 1 year follow-up after discharge 31% patients were AIS grade D and with 5 years follow-up the percentage remain constant. No statistically significant differences in the mechanism of injury and MRI findings (P = 0.872), age and MRI spinal cord findings (P = 0.149) were found in SCIWORA patients.(AU)

Conhecimento de graduandos sobre doação de medula óssea / Knowledge of undergraduates about bone marrow donation

Caracterizar o conhecimento dos graduandos de uma instituição de ensino superior acerca do processo de doação de medula óssea. Método: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo com abordagem quantitativa. Foram entrevistados 266 graduandos, de ambos os sexos, entre 17 e 21 anos de idade. Foi utilizado um questionário estruturado, contendo perguntas sobre o conhecimento a respeito do processo de doação de medula óssea. Resultados: A maioria dos participantes não conhece o processo de cadastro e doação de medula óssea, tendo como a falta de informação a principal causa para a desinformação a respeito do tema abordado, consequentemente resultando em pouca demanda para que mais pessoas sejam cadastradas no REDOME. Conclusão: os estudantes do ensino superior desconhecem os processos que envolvem desde ao cadastro até a doação de medula óssea, devido à desinformação e pouca divulgação sobre a temática. (AU)

To characterize the knowledge of undergraduates from a higher education institution about the bone marrow donation process. Method: This is a descriptive study with a quantitative approach. 266 undergraduates were interviewed, of both sexes, between 17 and 21 years old. A structured questionnaire was used, containing questions about their knowledge about the bone marrow donation process. Results: Most participants do not know the bone marrow registration and donation process, with lack of information being the main cause for misinformation about the topic addressed, consequently resulting in little demand for more people to be registered in REDOME. Conclusion: the higher education students are unaware of the processes that involve from registration to bone marrow donation, due to misinformation and little dissemination on the subject. (AU)

Caracterizar el conocimiento de estudiantes de grado de una institución de educación superior sobre el proceso de donación de médula ósea. Método: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo con abordaje cuantitativo. Se entrevistaron 266 estudiantes universitarios, de ambos sexos, entre 17 y 21 años. Se utilizó un cuestionario estructurado que contenía preguntas sobre el conocimiento sobre el proceso de donación de médula ósea. Resultados: La mayoría de los participantes desconocen el proceso de registro y donación de médula ósea, siendo la falta de información la principal causa de la desinformación sobre el tema abordado, por lo que se genera poca demanda para que más personas se registren en REDOME. Conclusión: los estudiantes de educación superior desconocen los procesos que involucran desde el registro hasta la donación de médula ósea, debido a la desinformación y poca difusión sobre el tema. (AU)

Resveratrol Alleviates Osteoporosis by Promoting Osteogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells via SITR1/PI3K/AKT Pathway / El Resveratrol Alivia la Osteoporosis al Promover la Diferenciación Osteogénica de las Células Madre Mesenquimales de la Médula Ósea a Través de la Vía SITR1/PI3K/AKT

SUMMARY: Senile osteoporosis is mainly caused by reduced osteoblast differentiation and has become the leading cause of fractures in the elderly worldwide. Natural organics are emerging as a potential option for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. This study was designed to study the effect of resveratrol on osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in osteoporosis mice. A mouse model of osteoporosis was established by subcutaneous injection of dexamethasone and treated with resveratrol administered by gavage. In vivo and in vitro, we used western blot to detect protein expression, and evaluated osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by detecting the expression of osteogenic differentiation related proteins, calcium deposition, ALP activity and osteocalcin content. Resveratrol treatment significantly increased the body weight of mice, the level of serum Ca2+, 25(OH)D and osteocalcin, ration of bone weight, bone volume/total volume, trabecular thickness, trabecular number, trabecular spacing and cortical thickness in osteoporosis mice. In BMSCs of osteoporosis mice, resveratrol treatment significantly increased the expression of Runx2, osterix (OSX) and osteocalcin (OCN) protein, the level of calcium deposition, ALP activity and osteocalcin content. In addition, resveratrol treatment also significantly increased the expression of SIRT1, p-PI3K / PI3K and p-AKT / AKT in BMSCs of osteoporosis mice. In vitro, resveratrol increased the expression of SIRT1, p-PI3K / PI3K and p-AKT / AKT, Runx2, OSX and OCN protein, the level of calcium deposition, ALP activity and osteocalcin content in BMSCs in a concentration-dependent manner, while SIRT1 knockdown significantly reversed the effect of resveratrol. Resveratrol can attenuate osteoporosis by promoting osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and the mechanism may be related to the regulation of SIRT1/PI3K/AKT pathway.

La osteoporosis senil es causada principalmente por una diferenciación reducida de osteoblastos y se ha convertido en la principal causa de fracturas en las personas mayores en todo el mundo. Los productos orgánicos naturales están surgiendo como una opción potencial para la prevención y el tratamiento de la osteoporosis. Este estudio fue diseñado para estudiar el efecto del resveratrol en la diferenciación osteogénica de las células madre mesenquimales de la médula ósea (BMSC) en ratones con osteoporosis. Se estableció un modelo de osteoporosis en ratones mediante inyección subcutánea de dexametasona y se trató con resveratrol administrado por sonda. In vivo e in vitro, utilizamos Western blot para detectar la expresión de proteínas y evaluamos la diferenciación osteogénica de BMSC detectando la expresión de proteínas relacionadas con la diferenciación osteogénica, la deposición de calcio, la actividad de ALP y el contenido de osteocalcina. El tratamiento con resveratrol aumentó significativamente el peso corporal de los ratones, el nivel sérico de Ca2+, 25(OH)D y osteocalcina, la proporción de peso óseo, el volumen óseo/ volumen total, el espesor trabecular, el número trabecular, el espaciado trabecular y el espesor cortical en ratones con osteoporosis. En BMSC de ratones con osteoporosis, el tratamiento con resveratrol aumentó significativamente la expresión de las proteínas Runx2, osterix (OSX) y osteocalcina (OCN), el nivel de deposición de calcio, la actividad de ALP y el contenido de osteocalcina. Además, el tratamiento con resveratrol también aumentó significativamente la expresión de SIRT1, p-PI3K/PI3K y p-AKT/AKT en BMSC de ratones con osteoporosis. In vitro, el resveratrol aumentó la expresión de las proteínas SIRT1, p-PI3K/PI3K y p- AKT/AKT, Runx2, OSX y OCN, el nivel de deposición de calcio, la actividad de ALP y el contenido de osteocalcina en BMSC de manera dependiente de la concentración, mientras que La caída de SIRT1 revirtió significativamente el efecto del resveratrol. El resveratrol puede atenuar la osteoporosis al promover la diferenciación osteogénica de las células madre mesenquimales de la médula ósea, y el mecanismo puede estar relacionado con la regulación de la vía SIRT1/PI3K/AKT.

SCIWORA in children. A rare clinical entity: Ambispective study. / SCIWORA. Una rara entidad clínica en la población pediátrica. Estudio ambispectivo.

INTRODUCTION: SCIWORA has a low incidence but a high functional repercussion. The aim of the present study was to characterize the epidemiology of this clinical-radiological condition and evaluate functional outcome with a mean of 10-years follow-up. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational, longitudinal ambispective cohort study. Thirteen SCIWORA patients were admitted in the study period. Demographics, mechanism of injury, spinal cord MRI findings, neurological level of injury, time to SCI, neurological status (AIS) at admission/discharge/5 years, spinal cord independence measure (SCIM III) scale at admission and discharge, hospital length of stay and mean follow-up were recorded. On October 2022 patients were re-evaluated using NDI, Oswestry, and SV-QLI/SCI. RESULTS: Median age was 4 years. The study population for this investigation was mostly men (77%). 54% of level of injury correspond to cervical spine. AIS at admission was A (31%) and C (31%). Neurological level of injury was C2 (22%) and T10 (15%). Motor vehicle-related injury was the most prevalent mechanism of injury (77%), SCIM III scale at admission and discharge: 28.5/42, hospital length of stay was 115 days. The NDI was 11.6, Oswestry: 15.3 and SV-QLI/SCI: 17. CONCLUSIONS: Seventy-seven percent of SCIWORA patients was detected under 8 years-old. At 1 year follow-up after discharge 31% patients were AIS grade D and with 5 years follow-up the percentage remain constant. No statistically significant differences in the mechanism of injury and MRI findings (P = 0.872), age and MRI spinal cord findings (P = 0.149) were found in SCIWORA patients.

[Translated article] SCIWORA in children. A rare clinical entity: Ambispective study.

INTRODUCTION: SCIWORA has a low incidence but a high functional repercussion. The aim of the present study was to characterize the epidemiology of this clinical-radiological condition and evaluate functional outcome with a mean of 10-years follow-up. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational, longitudinal ambispective cohort study. Thirteen SCIWORA patients were admitted in the study period. Demographics, mechanism of injury, spinal cord MRI findings, neurological level of injury, time to SCI, neurological status (AIS) at admission/discharge/5 years, spinal cord independence measure (SCIM III) scale at admission and discharge, hospital length of stay and mean follow-up were recorded. On October 2022 patients were re-evaluated using NDI, Oswestry, and SV-QLI/SCI. RESULTS: Median age was 4 years. The study population for this investigation was mostly men (77%). 54% of level of injury correspond to cervical spine. AIS at admission was A (31%) and C (31%). Neurological level of injury was C2 (22%) and T10 (15%). Motor vehicle-related injury was the most prevalent mechanism of injury (77%), SCIM III scale at admission and discharge: 28.5/42, hospital length of stay was 115 days. The NDI was 11.6, Oswestry: 15.3 and SV-QLI/SCI: 17. CONCLUSIONS: Seventy-seven percent of SCIWORA patients was detected under 8 years-old. At 1 year follow-up after discharge 31% patients were AIS grade D and with 5 years follow-up the percentage remain constant. No statistically significant differences in the mechanism of injury and MRI findings (P=0.872), age and MRI spinal cord findings (P=0.149) were found in SCIWORA patients.

Efficacy of Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: Systematic Review Protocol / Eficácia da ressonância magnética dinâmica no diagnóstico da mielopatia cervical degenerativa: Protocolo de revisão sistemática

Abstract Cervical degenerative myelopathy (CDM) is a cervical spine condition resulting in clinical manifestations of spinal cord compression related to the chronic, non-traumatic, and progressive narrowing of the cervical spinal canal. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard test to diagnose and assess the severity of CDM. However, the patient is in a neutral and static position during the MRI scan, which may devalue the dynamic factors of CDM, underestimating the risk of spinal cord injury related to cervical spine flexion and extension movements. Dynamic MRI is a promising technique to change this scenario. Therefore, the present review aims to answer the following question: "Is dynamic MRI of the cervical spine more accurate in diagnosing CDM than conventional MRI?". We will search for studies in the MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, and SciELO databases. The search strategy will contain a combination of terms related to cervical myelopathy and magnetic resonance imaging. Two independent reviewers will select studies, extract data, and assess the risk of bias. The synthesis of results will be descriptive, considering the main findings of the studies about the outcomes of interest.

Resumo A mielopatia cervical degenerativa (MCD) é uma doença da coluna cervical com manifestações clínicas de compressão da medula espinal relacionadas ao estreitamento crônico, não traumático e progressivo do canal vertebral cervical. A ressonância magnética (RM) convencional é o exame padrão-ouro para o diagnóstico e a avaliação da gravidade da MCD. Contudo, o paciente encontra-se em posição neutra e estática durante a realização deste exame, o que pode desvalorizar os fatores dinâmicos da MCD, subestimando o risco de lesão medular relacionados aos movimentos de flexão e extensão da coluna cervical. A RM dinâmica é uma técnica promissora para modificar esse panorama. Portanto, a presente revisão tem o objetivo de responder a seguinte pergunta: "A RM dinâmica da coluna cervical é mais precisa no diagnóstico de MCD em comparação à RM convencional?" As buscas por estudos serão realizadas nas bases de dados MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS e SciELO. A estratégia de busca conterá combinação de termos relacionados à mielopatia cervical e à ressonância magnética. Dois avaliadores independentes irão realizar a seleção dos estudos, a extração dos dados e a avaliação dos riscos de viés. A síntese dos resultados será realizada de maneira descritiva, considerando os principais achados dos estudos relacionados aos desfechos de interesse.

Common mental disorders in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients: a scoping review / Trastornos mentales comunes en pacientes con trasplante de células madre hematopoyéticas: revisión del alcance / Transtornos mentais comuns em pacientes transplantados com células-tronco hematopoéticas: revisão de escopo

ABSTRACT Objective: to map common recurrent mental disorders in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Methods: this is a scoping review carried out in January 2022 in electronic databases and repositories of dissertations and thesis. Studies that answered the research question, met the objective of the study and were available in full electronically, in any language, were included. Results: the sample consisted of 28 studies, 14 of which were published in the United States of America. The common mental disorders found were depressive, anxiety, post-traumatic stress and mood disorders. Twenty symptoms were mentioned, among the most prevalent are fatigue and sleep disorders/insomnia. Conclusions: the difficulty and importance of carrying out the differential diagnosis of these disorders were highlighted, since their symptoms can be confused with other health problems and have a strong potential to interfere with patients' evolution.

RESUMEN Objetivo: mapear los trastornos mentales recurrentes comunes en pacientes sometidos a trasplante de células madre hematopoyéticas. Métodos: se trata de una revisión de alcance realizada en enero de 2022 en bases de datos electrónicas y repositorios de disertaciones y tesis. Se incluyeron publicaciones que respondieron a la pregunta de investigación, cumplieron con el objetivo del estudio y estaban disponibles en su totalidad en formato electrónico, en cualquier idioma. Resultados: la muestra estuvo compuesta por 28 estudios, 14 de los cuales fueron publicados en los Estados Unidos de América. Los trastornos mentales comunes encontrados fueron depresión, ansiedad, estrés postraumático y trastornos del estado de ánimo. Se mencionaron 20 síntomas, entre los más prevalentes se encuentran fatiga y trastornos del sueño/insomnio. Conclusiones: se destacó la dificultad e importancia de realizar el diagnóstico diferencial de estos trastornos, ya que sus síntomas pueden confundirse con otros problemas de salud y tienen un fuerte potencial de interferir en la evolución del paciente.

RESUMO Objetivo: mapear os transtornos mentais comuns recorrentes em pacientes submetidos ao transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas. Métodos: trata-se de revisão de escopo realizada em janeiro de 2022 em bases de dados eletrônicas e repositórios de dissertações e tese. Foram incluídas publicações que respondessem à questão de pesquisa, atendessem ao objetivo do estudo e que estivessem disponíveis na íntegra em meio eletrônico, em qualquer idioma. Resultados: a amostra foi composta por 28 estudos, dos quais 14 foram publicados nos Estados Unidos da América. Os transtornos mentais comuns encontrados foram os transtornos depressivos, de ansiedade, estresse pós-traumático e de humor. Foram citados 20 sintomas, entre os mais prevalentes estão a fadiga e distúrbios do sono/insônia. Conclusões: evidenciaram-se a dificuldade e a importância de realizar o diagnóstico diferencial desses transtornos, uma vez que seus sintomas podem ser confundidos com outros problemas de saúde e têm forte potencial para interferir na evolução do paciente.

Tratamiento con metformina previene la adiposidad de la médula ósea femoral inducida por un síndrome metabólico experimental en ratas / Metformin treatment prevents experimental metabolic syndrome-induced femoral bone marrow adiposity in rats

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar el efecto de un tratamiento con metformina (MET) sobre la predisposición adipogénica de células progenitoras de médula ósea (CPMO), adiposidad de la médula ósea y propiedades biomecánicas óseas. Materiales y métodos. 20 ratas Wistar machos adultos jóvenes fueron separados en cuatro grupos, recibiendo en agua de bebida: 100% agua (C); 20% de fructosa (F); metformina 100 mg/kg peso/día (M); o fructosa más metformina (FM). Tras cinco semanas se sacrificaron los animales, se diseccionaron ambos húmeros para obtener CPMO, y ambos fémures para evaluar adiposidad medular (histomorfometría) y propiedades biomecánicas (flexión a 3 puntos). Las CPMO se cultivaron in vitro en medio adipogénico para evaluar expresión de RUNX2, PPAR-γ y RAGE por RT-PCR, actividad de lipasa y acumulación de triglicéridos. Resultados. La dieta rica en fructosa (grupo F) produjo un aumento tanto de triglicéridos in vitro, como de la adiposidad medular in vivo; siendo parcial o totalmente prevenido por un co-tratamiento con metformina (grupo FM). No se observaron diferencias en las pruebas biomecánicas femorales in vivo, ni en actividad de lipasa y relación RUNX2/PPAR-γ in vitro. La DRF aumentó la expresión de RAGE en CPMO, siendo prevenido por co-tratamiento con MET. Conclusiones. El síndrome metabólico inducido por una dieta rica en fructosa aumenta la adiposidad medular femoral y, en parte, la predisposición adipogénica de las CPMO. A su vez, esto puede ser prevenido total o parcialmente por un co-tratamiento oral con MET.

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the effect of metformin (MET) treatment on adipogenic predisposition of bone marrow progenitor cells (BMPC), bone marrow adiposity and bone biomechanical properties. Materials and methods. 20 young adult male Wistar rats were sorted into four groups. Each of the groups received the following in drinking water: 100% water (C); 20% fructose (F); metformin 100 mg/kg wt/day (M); or fructose plus metformin (FM). After five weeks the animals were sacrificed. Both humeri were dissected to obtain BMPC, and both femurs were dissected to evaluate medullary adiposity (histomorphometry) and biomechanical properties (3-point bending). BMPC were cultured in vitro in adipogenic medium to evaluate RUNX2, PPAR-γ and RAGE expression by RT-PCR, lipase activity and triglyceride accumulation. Results. The fructose-rich diet (group F) caused an increase in both triglycerides in vitro, and medullary adiposity in vivo; being partially or totally prevented by co-treatment with metformin (group FM). No differences were found in femoral biomechanical tests in vivo, nor in lipase activity and RUNX2/PPAR-γ ratio in vitro. DRF increased RAGE expression in BMPC, being prevented by co-treatment with MET. Conclusions. Metabolic syndrome induced by a fructose-rich diet increases femoral medullary adiposity and, in part, the adipogenic predisposition of BMPC. In turn, this can be totally or partially prevented by oral co-treatment with MET.

Falla en la extubación en el paciente con trauma raquimedular: parálisis diafragmática. Una entidad por considerar

La parálisis diafragmática es una entidad con epidemiologia no constatada, sin embargo, debe considerarse en el paciente con antecedente de trauma raquimedular asociado que presente signos tempranos de dificultad respiratoria, para de esta forma investigar y ofrecer manejos oportunos en esta condición clínica. Se presenta caso de varón de 65 años con debilidad diafragmática crónica por antecedente de herida por arma de fuego a nivel de la columna cervical.

Diaphragmatic paralysis is an entity with an unproven epidemiology. However, it should be considered in patients with a history of associated spinal cord trauma who present early signs of respiratory difficulty, to investigate and offer timely management to this clinical condition. We present the case of a 65-year-old man with chronic diaphragmatic weakness due to a history of gunshot wounds at the level of the cervical spine.

Hidden neuraxial pathology in idiopathic scoliosis: original research / Patologia neuroaxial oculta na escoliose idiopática: pesquisa original / Patología neuroaxial oculta en la escoliosis idiopática: investigación original

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of hidden neuraxial pathology (NAP) revealed in idiopathic scoliosis (IS) in neurologically normal patients. Methods: We selected 401 patients with IS who visited our clinic. We identified patterns of NAP and its frequency. In addition to the main part of the study, we assessed the reliability of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) measuring of the pedicles to plan screw width and trajectory. Results: Among the 401 patients, 53 (13%) presented NAP. The proportion of males in this group was higher (42% vs. 21%, p=0.004), the age of onset of the deformity was lower (8.9±3.77 vs. 9.9±3.93 years old, p=0.045), the left-sided thoracic curve was more frequent (21% vs. 8%, p=0.016), thoracic kyphosis was more pronounced (p=0.070), and the percentage of revision surgeries for deformity progression or non-fusion was higher (13% vs. 5%, p=0.147). Conclusions: The spine MRI should be performed in the early stages of IS, as in some cases of NAP (Chiari, tethered spinal cord), there is the possibility of an early neurosurgical operation that will prevent the development of scoliosis. The main signs of hidden NAP in IS are early-onset IS, IS with left-sided thoracic curve, male gender, and thoracic kyphosis > 40°Cobb. Level of Evidence II; Retrospective Study.

Resumo: Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência das patologias neuroaxiais ocultas (PNO) reveladas na escoliose idiopática (EI) em pacientes neurologicamente normais. Métodos: Foram selecionados 401 pacientes com EI que visitaram nossa clínica. Identificamos padrões de PNO e sua frequência. Além disso, avaliamos a confiabilidade da medição por ressonância magnética (RM) dos pedículos para planejar a largura e a trajetória do parafuso. Resultados: Entre os 401 pacientes, 53 (13%) apresentaram PNO. A proporção de homens neste grupo foi maior (42% contra 21%, p=0,004), a idade de início da deformidade foi menor (8,9±3,77 contra 9,9±3,93 anos, p=0,045), a curva torácica do lado esquerdo foi mais frequente (21% contra 8%, p=0,016), a cifose torácica foi mais pronunciada (p=0,070) e a porcentagem de cirurgias de revisão para progressão da deformidade ou não fusão foi maior (13% contra 5%, p=0,147). Conclusões: A ressonância magnética da coluna deve ser realizada nos estágios iniciais da EI, pois em alguns casos de PNO (Chiari, medula espinhal amarrada) existe a possibilidade de uma operação neurocirúrgica precoce que impedirá o desenvolvimento de escoliose. Os principais sinais de PNO oculta na EI são: EI de início precoce, EI com curvatura torácica à esquerda, sexo masculino e cifose torácica > 40°Cobb. Nível de Evidência II; Estudo Retrospectivo.

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la prevalencia de las patologías neuroaxiales ocultas (PNO) reveladas en la escoliosis idiopática (EI) en pacientes neurológicamente normales. Métodos: Se seleccionaron 401 pacientes con EI que visitaron nuestra clínica. Se identificaron patrones de PNO y su frecuencia. Además, evaluamos la fiabilidad de la medición por resonancia magnética (RM) de los pedículos para planificar la anchura y la trayectoria del tornillo. Resultados: Entre los 401 pacientes, 53 (13%) presentaron PNO. La proporción de hombres en este grupo fue mayor (42% vs 21%, p=0,004), la edad de aparición de la deformidad fue menor (8,9±3,77 vs 9,9±3,93 años edad, p=0,045), la curva torácica del lado izquierdo se encontró con más frecuencia (21 % frente a 8 %, p=0,016), la cifosis torácica fue más pronunciada (p=0,070) y el porcentaje de cirugías de revisión por progresión de la deformidad o falta de fusión fue mayor (13% vs 5%, p=0,147). Conclusiones: La resonancia magnética de la columna debe realizarse en las primeras etapas de la EI, ya que en algunos casos de PNO (Chiari, médula anclada) existe la posibilidad de una operación neuroquirúrgica temprana que prevendrá el desarrollo de la escoliosis. Los principales signos de PNO oculta en EI son: EI de inicio temprano, EI con curvatura torácica izquierda, sexo masculino y cifosis torácica > 40°Cobb. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudio Retrospectivo.

Orthostatic support in paraplegic and amputee patients: a controlled trial / Suporte ortostático em paraplégicos e amputados: um ensaio controlado

ABSTRACT Introduction: Functional incapacity caused by physical alterations leads to significant limitations in daily activities and has a major impact on the return of people with disabilities to the social space and the workplace. This calls for an evaluation of the long-term influence of the use of a device specially developed for orthostatic posture on the physiological, biomechanical and functional parameters of amputees and spinal cord patients. Objective: The objective was evaluate the effect of postural support device use on function, pain, and biomechanical and cardiologic parameters in spinal cord injury and amputees patients compared to a control group. Methods: The orthostatic device was used by the participants for a period of ten consecutive days, for three cycles of 50 minutes each day, and a 15-day follow-up. Participants were positioned and stabilized using adjustable straps on the shoulders, trunk, and hips. The primary outcome was brief pain inventory. Fifteen participants were included the control group, 15 in the amputee group, and 15 in the spinal cord group. Results: Our results demonstrate that the use of the device allows the orthostatic position of amputees and spinal cord patients evaluated for ten days, leading to improved functionality and pain in the spinal cord and amputee groups compared to the control group. In addition, no changes were observed for secondary outcomes, indicating that the use of the device did not cause harm interference to patients. Conclusion: The long-term use of the orthostatic device is beneficial for improving functionality, reduce pain in amputees and spinal cord injury patients. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the results of treatment.

RESUMO Introdução: A incapacidade funcional causada por alterações físicas leva a limitações significativas nas atividades diárias e gera um grande impacto no retorno das pessoas com deficiência ao espaço social e ao local de trabalho, demandando a avaliação da influência em longo prazo do uso de um dispositivo especialmente desenvolvido para a postura ortostática nos parâmetros fisiológicos, biomecânicos e funcionais de pacientes amputados e com medula espinhal. Objetivo: O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito do uso do dispositivo de suporte postural na função, dor e parâmetros biomecânicos e cardiológicos em pacientes com lesão medular e amputados em comparação com um grupo controle. Métodos: O aparelho ortostático foi utilizado pelos participantes por um período de dez dias consecutivos, em três ciclos de 50 minutos diários, com acompanhamento de 15 dias. Os participantes foram posicionados e estabilizados por meio de alças ajustáveis nos ombros, tronco e quadris. O desfecho primário foi o questionário Breve Inventário de Dor. Quinze participantes foram incluídos no grupo controle, 15 no grupo amputado e 15 no grupo medular. Resultados: Nossos resultados demonstram que o uso do dispositivo permite a posição ortostática de amputados e pacientes com lesão medular avaliados por dez dias, levando a melhora da funcionalidade e dor nos grupos de amputados e medula espinhal em relação ao grupo controle. Além disso, não foram observadas alterações nos resultados secundários, indicando que o uso do dispositivo não causou interferência prejudicial aos pacientes. Conclusão: O uso prolongado do dispositivo ortostático é benéfico para melhorar a funcionalidade, reduzir a dor em amputados e pacientes com lesão medular. Nível de Evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação dos resultados de tratamento.

High-intensity interval training in people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review / Entrenamiento por intervalos de alta intensidad en personas con lesiones medulares: una revisión sistemática / Treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade em pessoas com lesão da medula espinhal: revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Objective: Analyze the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on cardiometabolic parameters, and cardiorespiratory fitness to compile the most used HIIT training types in adults with spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: This is a systematic review of searches performed in the electronic databases PubMed / Medline, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Studies included I) needed to apply HIIT training II) adults with SCI to analyze III) cardiometabolic aspects and cardiorespiratory fitness. Two independent reviewers selected the articles for inclusion, extracted their data, and assessed their methodological quality. Results: 654 studies were found. Thus, 12 studies, 11 pre- and post-intervention, and one control group (CG) with 106 participants were analyzed. Pre- and post-HIITT intervention results revealed significant improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiometabolic aspects (VO2peak, LDH, HDL, insulin resistance). In addition, GC results revealed significant improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness observed in the intervention group (HIIT) compared to the moderate-low intensity (GC) group. Seven studies used the arm ergometer as the primary exercise modality. Two studies described functional electrical stimulation (FES) performed with the arm ergometer plus electrical stimulation in the lower limbs. None reported heart rate dynamics during the study period. Conclusion: High-intensity interval training improves physical fitness and cardiometabolic health in adults with SCI. Evidence level II; Systematic Review of level II studies.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar los efectos del entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad (HIIT) sobre los parámetros cardiometabólicos, fitness cardiorrespiratorio y recopilar los tipos de HIIT más utilizados en el entrenamiento en adultos con lesión medular (LME). Métodos: Se trata de una revisión sistemática, para lo cual se realizaron búsquedas en bases de datos electrónicas PubMed/Medline, Science Direct y Google Scholar. Se incluyeron estudios que I) necesitaban aplicar entrenamiento HIIT en II) adultos con SCI y analizar III) aspectos cardiometabólicos y aptitud cardiorrespiratoria. Dos revisores independientes seleccionaron los artículos para su inclusión, extrajeron sus datos y evaluaron su calidad metodológica. Resultados: De los 654 estudios encontrados, se analizaron 12 estudios, 11 pre y post intervención y 1 grupo control (GC) con un total de 106 participantes. Los resultados previos y posteriores a la intervención HIIT revelaron una mejora significativa en la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria y los aspectos cardiometabólicos (VO2pico, LDH, HDL, resistencia a la insulina). Los resultados de GC revelaron una mejora significativa en la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria observada del grupo de intervención (HIIT) en comparación con el grupo de intensidad moderada-baja (GC). Siete estudios utilizaron el ergómetro de brazo como la modalidad principal de ejercicio. Dos estudios describieron la estimulación eléctrica funcional (EEF) realizada con el ergómetro de brazo más la estimulación eléctrica en los miembros inferiores. Ninguno informó la dinámica de la frecuencia cardíaca durante el período de estudio. Conclusiones: El entrenamiento intervalos de alta intensidad mejora la condición física y la salud cardiometabólica en adultos con LME. Evidencia de nivel II; Revisión sistemática de estudios de nivel II.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos do treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) nos parâmetros cardiometabólicos, aptidão cardiorrespiratória e compilar os tipos de HIIT mais utilizados no treinamento em adultos com lesão da medula espinhal (LME). Métodos: Trata-se de revisão sistemática, para a qual foram realizadas pesquisas nas bases de dados eletrônicas PubMed / Medline, Science Direct e Google Scholar. Foram incluídos estudos em que I) o treinamento HIIT era aplicado em II) adultos com LME e analisaram III) os aspectos cardiometabólicos e aptidão cardiorrespiratória. Dois revisores independentes selecionaram os artigos para a inclusão, extraindo seus dados e avaliarando a sua qualidade metodológica. Resultados: 654 estudos foram encontrados. Desses, 12 estudos, 11 pré e pós intervenção e 1 grupo controle (GC) com um total de 106 participantes foram analisados. Resultados pré e pós intervenção de HIIT revelaram significante melhora na aptidão cardiorrespiratória e aspectos cardiometabólicos (VO2pico, LDH, HDL, resistência à insulina). Resultados do GC revelaram uma significativa melhoria na aptidão cardiorrespiratória observada no grupo de intervenção (HIIT) em relação ao grupo de intensidade moderada-baixa (GC). Sete estudos usaram o ergômetro de braço como modalidade de exercício primária. Dois estudos descreveram a estimulação elétrica funcional (EEF) realizada com o ergômetro de braço adicionando estimulação elétrica nos membros inferiores. Nenhum relatou a dinâmica da frequência cardíaca durante o período do estudo. Conclusão: O treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade melhora a aptidão física e a saúde cardiometabólica em adultos com LME. Nível de evidência II; Revisão sistemática de Estudos de Nível II.

The NOMS approach to metastatic tumors: Integrating new technologies to improve outcomes / El enfoque de NOMS para los tumores metastásicos: integración de nuevas tecnologías para mejorar los resultados

Los paradigmas de tratamiento para pacientes con metástasis de columna vertebral han evolucionado significativamente en las últimas dos décadas. El cambio más transformador de estos paradigmas ha sido la integración de la radiocirugía estereotáctica espinal (sSRS). La sSRS permite la administración de dosis de radiación lítica con preservación de los órganos cercanos en riesgo, particularmente la médula espinal. La evidencia apoya la seguridad y la eficacia de la radiocirugía, ya que actualmente ofrece un control tumoral local duradero con bajas tasas de complicaciones, incluso para tumores que anteriormente se consideraban radiorresistentes a la radioterapia convencional de haz externo. El papel de la intervención quirúrgica sigue siendo consistente, pero se ha observado una tendencia hacia técnicas menos agresivas, a menudo mínimamente invasivas. Utilizando tecnologías modernas e instrumentación mejorada, los resultados quirúrgicos continúan mejorando con una morbilidad reducida. Además, los agentes dirigidos, como los productos biológicos y los inhibidores de puntos de control, han revolucionado la atención del cáncer al mejorar tanto el control local como la supervivencia del paciente. Estos avances han dado lugar a la necesidad de nuevas herramientas de pronóstico y a una revisión más crítica de los resultados a largo plazo. La naturaleza compleja de los esquemas de tratamiento actuales requiere un enfoque multidisciplinario que incluya cirujanos, oncólogos médicos, oncólogos radioterápicos, intervencionistas y especialistas en dolor. Esta revisión recapitula los datos actuales basados en la evidencia sobre el tratamiento de las metástasis espinales e integra estos datos en un marco de decisión, NOMS, que se basa en cuatro pilares centinela de la toma de decisiones en tumores metastásicos de la columna vertebral: estado neurológico, comportamiento oncológico del tumor, estabilidad mecánica, y carga sistémica de la enfermedad y comorbilidades médicas.(AU)

Spinal metastases are a common oncologic challenge as 20–40% of cancer patients are affected during the course of their illness and up to 20% of those will become symptomatic from spinal cord compression.1–5 The magnitude of this problem is expected to grow commensurate with the exponential rise in the use of targeted therapies which have demonstrated markedly improved survivals for virtually all malignant tumors. Additionally, the increased availability of advanced diagnostic imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging and 18-FDG PET scans will also serve to increase detection of spine metastatic disease. Despite extended survivals conveyed by biologics and checkpoint inhibitors, the treatment goals for patients with spine metastases remain palliative and focused on the preservation or restoration of neurological function and spinal stability, improved pain control and health related quality of life (HRQOL), and durable tumor control. Scoring systems such as the Tomita score6 and Tokuhashi revised score7 historically have been used to estimate survival and dictate treatment but increasingly have become obsolete due to their inability to incorporate and account for advances in all domains of cancer treatment.(AU)

El enfoque de NOMS para los tumores metastásicos: integración de nuevas tecnologías para mejorar los resultados / The NOMS approach to metastatic tumors: Integrating new technologies to improve outcomes

Los paradigmas de tratamiento para pacientes con metástasis de columna vertebral han evolucionado significativamente en las últimas dos décadas. El cambio más transformador de estos paradigmas ha sido la integración de la radiocirugía estereotáctica espinal (sSRS). La sSRS permite la administración de dosis de radiación lítica con preservación de los órganos cercanos en riesgo, particularmente la médula espinal. La evidencia apoya la seguridad y la eficacia de la radiocirugía, ya que actualmente ofrece un control tumoral local duradero con bajas tasas de complicaciones, incluso para tumores que anteriormente se consideraban radiorresistentes a la radioterapia convencional de haz externo. El papel de la intervención quirúrgica sigue siendo consistente, pero se ha observado una tendencia hacia técnicas menos agresivas, a menudo mínimamente invasivas. Utilizando tecnologías modernas e instrumentación mejorada, los resultados quirúrgicos continúan mejorando con una morbilidad reducida. Además, los agentes dirigidos, como los productos biológicos y los inhibidores de puntos de control, han revolucionado la atención del cáncer al mejorar tanto el control local como la supervivencia del paciente. Estos avances han dado lugar a la necesidad de nuevas herramientas de pronóstico y a una revisión más crítica de los resultados a largo plazo. La naturaleza compleja de los esquemas de tratamiento actuales requiere un enfoque multidisciplinario que incluya cirujanos, oncólogos médicos, oncólogos radioterápicos, intervencionistas y especialistas en dolor. Esta revisión recapitula los datos actuales basados en la evidencia sobre el tratamiento de las metástasis espinales e integra estos datos en un marco de decisión, NOMS, que se basa en cuatro pilares centinela de la toma de decisiones en tumores metastásicos de la columna vertebral: estado neurológico, comportamiento oncológico del tumor, estabilidad mecánica, y carga sistémica de la enfermedad y comorbilidades médicas.(AU)

Spinal metastases are a common oncologic challenge as 20–40% of cancer patients are affected during the course of their illness and up to 20% of those will become symptomatic from spinal cord compression.1–5 The magnitude of this problem is expected to grow commensurate with the exponential rise in the use of targeted therapies which have demonstrated markedly improved survivals for virtually all malignant tumors. Additionally, the increased availability of advanced diagnostic imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging and 18-FDG PET scans will also serve to increase detection of spine metastatic disease. Despite extended survivals conveyed by biologics and checkpoint inhibitors, the treatment goals for patients with spine metastases remain palliative and focused on the preservation or restoration of neurological function and spinal stability, improved pain control and health related quality of life (HRQOL), and durable tumor control. Scoring systems such as the Tomita score6 and Tokuhashi revised score7 historically have been used to estimate survival and dictate treatment but increasingly have become obsolete due to their inability to incorporate and account for advances in all domains of cancer treatment.(AU)

Trasplante autólogo de progenitores hematopoyéticos en paciente con enfermedad de Crohn refractaria / Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a patient with refractory Crohn’s disease

La enfermedad de Crohn es una condición crónica para la que en ocasiones no existe tratamiento efectivo, ni médi-co ni quirúrgico. En estos casos, el trasplante autólogo de progenitores hematopoyéticos puede ser una opción tera-péutica con la que restaurar la tolerancia inmunológica del paciente. En algunos casos se conseguirá la remisión de la enfermedad o un descenso en su actividad, haciendo que fármacos que habían fracasado vuelvan a ser efectivos. El perfil de seguridad del procedimiento, unido al hecho de que no es un tratamiento curativo, hace que la selección de los pacientes tenga que ser muy rigurosa.Presentamos nuestra experiencia con el primer pacien-te seleccionado en nuestro centro para trasplante autólogo de progenitores hematopoyéticos: un varón de 27 años con enfermedad de Crohn (A1L3B1p) refractaria a múltiples líneas de tratamiento médico y no candidato a tratamien-to quirúrgico, que dos años tras el trasplante se encuentra asintomático (AU)

Crohn’s disease is a chronic condition for which some-times there is no effective medical or surgical treatment. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be a therapeutic option for these patients to restore immune tolerance. Consequently, this may lead to remission of the disease or decrease its activity, making drugs that have pre-viously failed be effective. Due to the safety profile of the procedure and the fact that it is a non-curative treatment, patient selection must be rigorous.We report our experience with the first patient se-lected in our centre for autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: 27 years old male with Crohn’s dis-ease (A1L3B1p) refractory to multiple lines of medical treatment and not a candidate for surgical treatment. Two years after the transplantation, the patient remains asymptomatic (AU)

Three-level thoracic disc herniation: transthoracic decompression without fixation / Hernia discal dorsal de tres niveles: descompresión transtorácica sin fijación

Abstract Thoracic disc herniation is a rare pathology com pared to the rest of the herniated discs. Due to their difficult access to the area of compromise and proximity to the spinal cord they represent a real challenge for the spine surgeon. The objective is to report an atypical case with three symptomatic dorsal disc herniations which required surgical treatment. Surgery was performed in two times with a lapse of 12 months between interven tions. It was done a minimally invasive transthoracic decompression and intersomatic arthrodesis without instrumentation. The patient presented good neurologi cal recovery without any serious sequelae.

Resumen La hernia de disco dorsal es una afección poco fre cuente en comparación con el resto de las hernias discales. Por su difícil acceso a la zona de compromiso y cercanía de la médula espinal representan un verda dero desafío para el cirujano de columna. El objetivo del trabajo es presentar un caso atípico con tres hernias de disco dorsales sintomáticas en forma sincrónica que requirió tratamiento quirúrgico. La cirugía se hizo en dos tiempos con un lapso de 12 meses entre las intervenciones. Se realizó descompresión transtorácica mínimamente invasiva y artrodesis intersomática sin instrumentación en cada nivel. El paciente presentó buena recuperación neurológica sin ninguna secuela grave.

Mielopatía cervical por déficit de cobre secundario a sobrecarga de zinc dental. A propósito de un caso / Cervical myelopathy due to copper deficiency secondary to dental zinc overload: A case report

Se presenta el caso de un varón de 68años con un cuadro progresivo de hipoestesia braquial y crural con ataxia de la marcha, sugiriendo una mielopatía subaguda de cordones posteriores, demostrada en RM. Tras analítica sanguínea se diagnostica de déficit de cobre tras intoxicación por zinc, secundario al uso de un pegamento para dentaduras postizas que contenía zinc. Se inició tratamiento con cobre, retirándose el pegamento dental. Se inició tratamiento rehabilitador con fisioterapia, hidroterapia y terapia ocupacional. Se consiguió una mejoría funcional, pasando de una lesión medular ASIAD nivel C4 a otra ASIAD nivel C7. Deberían estudiarse los niveles de cobre en todas aquellas mielopatías no compresivas, de aparición subaguda, si existe una clara afectación de los cordones posteriores. El déficit de cobre en análisis establecería el diagnóstico. El tratamiento rehabilitador, el aporte de cobre suplementario y la retirada del zinc es fundamental para la prevención de daño neurológico irreversible.(AU)

We present the case of a 68-year-old man with progressive brachial and crural hypoaesthesia with gait ataxia suggesting subacute myelopathy of the posterior cords, demonstrated by MRI. After blood tests, a diagnosis of copper deficiency was made following zinc intoxication, secondary to the use of denture glue containing zinc. Treatment was started with copper and the dental glue was removed. Rehabilitation treatment was started with physiotherapy, hydrotherapy and occupational therapy. Functional improvement was achieved, going from an ASIAD level C4 to an ASIAD level C7 spinal cord injury. Copper levels should be studied in all non-compressive myelopathies of subacute onset if there is clear involvement of the posterior cords. Copper deficiency in analysis would establish the diagnosis. Rehabilitative treatment, supplementary copper supplementation and zinc withdrawal are essential to prevent irreversible neurological damage.(AU)