Intestinal parasitic infection among mentally handicapped students in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

BACKGROUND: Intestinal parasitic infections are among the most common public health problems in populations with poor hygiene. Consequently, mental retardation increases the risk of infection. AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among mentally disabled young people in Hamadan, western Islamic Republic of Iran. METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 318 students in 9 special schools in 2017. Triplicate faecal specimens for each student were subjected to stool analysis using direct wet mount, sedimentation concentration, and permanent staining technique. Chi-squared or Fisher's exact test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Out of 318 students, 135 (42.5%, 95% CI: 37.1-47.9) were infected with intestinal parasites. Prevalence rates for females and males were 45.2% (61/135) and 40.4% (74/183) respectively. Protozoan infections (42.5%, 135) were more numerous than helminthiasis (0.6%, 2). Blastocystis hominis (28%, 89) was the most common parasite, followed by Giardia lamblia (9.7%, 31), Entamoeba coli (9.1%, 29) and Trichomonas hominis (6%, 19). CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence rate of intestinal protozoan infection reflects poor personal hygiene among the students and inappropriate environmental conditions. Therefore, specific public health measures are required for the mentally handicapped students in special schools.

Three models for the regulation of polygenic scores in reproduction.

The past few years have brought significant breakthroughs in understanding human genetics. This knowledge has been used to develop 'polygenic scores' (or 'polygenic risk scores') which provide probabilistic information about the development of polygenic conditions such as diabetes or schizophrenia. They are already being used in reproduction to select for embryos at lower risk of developing disease. Currently, the use of polygenic scores for embryo selection is subject to existing regulations concerning embryo testing and selection. Existing regulatory approaches include 'disease-based' models which limit embryo selection to avoiding disease characteristics (employed in various formats in Australia, the UK, Italy, Switzerland and France, among others), and 'laissez-faire' or 'libertarian' models, under which embryo testing and selection remain unregulated (as in the USA). We introduce a novel 'Welfarist Model' which limits embryo selection according to the impact of the predicted trait on well-being. We compare the strengths and weaknesses of each model as a way of regulating polygenic scores. Polygenic scores create the potential for existing embryo selection technologies to be used to select for a wider range of predicted genetically influenced characteristics including continuous traits. Indeed, polygenic scores exist to predict future intelligence, and there have been suggestions that they will be used to make predictions within the normal range in the USA in embryo selection. We examine how these three models would apply to the prediction of non-disease traits such as intelligence. The genetics of intelligence remains controversial both scientifically and ethically. This paper does not attempt to resolve these issues. However, as with many biomedical advances, an effective regulatory regime must be in place as soon as the technology is available. If there is no regulation in place, then the market effectively decides ethical issues.

Swallowing in Patients with Mental Disability - Analysis of 189 Swallowing Video Endoscopies

Abstract Introduction Feeding, swallowing and breathing are fundamental activities for the survival and well-being of humans; these functions are performed by themost complex neuromuscular unit of the human body, which, when altered, may raise morbidity and mortality rates. Objective To evaluate deglutition in patients with mental disability in order to determine the incidence and the severity of dysphagia. Methods A total of 189 institutionalized adult patients with mental disability were analyzed using a 3.2 mm flexible fiberscope (Machida, Japan 1995). The following food consistencies were tested: pasty, thickened liquid and liquid. Results Among the total of 189 patients, 101 (53.4%) were female aged between 14 and 55 years old. Most of them 120 (63.5%) had profound mental deficiency, 58 (30.7%) had severe mental deficiency, 9 (4.8%) had moderate mental deficiency, and 2 (1.1%) had mild mental deficiency. Gender and the degree of mental deficiency did not influence significantly the degree of dysphagia. Age, degree of disability and interaction between age groups and degrees of disability influenced significantly the degree of dysphagia. Younger patients are more likely to present more severe dysphagia. Stabilization occurs between 31 and 40 years of age, and above this age, a greater chance of less severe dysphagia, because the increase in the degree of mental deficiency decreases the probability of more severe dysphagia. Conclusion The population that mostly presented severe dysphagia was characterized by being mostly female, with profound mental deficiency, with an average age of 36.7 years. There was no relationship between gender and the degree of mental disability concerning the degree of dysphagia. (AU)

Swallowing in Patients with Mental Disability - Analysis of 189 Swallowing Video Endoscopies.

Introduction Feeding, swallowing and breathing are fundamental activities for the survival and well-being of humans; these functions are performed by the most complex neuromuscular unit of the human body, which, when altered, may raise morbidity and mortality rates. Objective To evaluate deglutition in patients with mental disability in order to determine the incidence and the severity of dysphagia. Methods A total of 189 institutionalized adult patients with mental disability were analyzed using a 3.2 mm flexible fiberscope (Machida, Japan 1995). The following food consistencies were tested: pasty, thickened liquid and liquid. Results Among the total of 189 patients, 101 (53.4%) were female aged between 14 and 55 years old. Most of them 120 (63.5%) had profound mental deficiency, 58 (30.7%) had severe mental deficiency, 9 (4.8%) had moderate mental deficiency, and 2 (1.1%) had mild mental deficiency. Gender and the degree of mental deficiency did not influence significantly the degree of dysphagia. Age, degree of disability and interaction between age groups and degrees of disability influenced significantly the degree of dysphagia. Younger patients are more likely to present more severe dysphagia. Stabilization occurs between 31 and 40 years of age, and above this age, a greater chance of less severe dysphagia, because the increase in the degree of mental deficiency decreases the probability of more severe dysphagia. Conclusion The population that mostly presented severe dysphagia was characterized by being mostly female, with profound mental deficiency, with an average age of 36.7 years. There was no relationship between gender and the degree of mental disability concerning the degree of dysphagia.

Impact of personal rehabilitation treatment on life quality and curative effect of schizophrenia patients / 中国基层医药

Objective@#To explore the impact of the personal rehabilitation treatment on life quality and curative offect of the schizophrenia patients.@*Methods@#A total of 84 patients with chronic schizophrenia in Shanxi Rongjun Corelle Hospital from December 2016 January 2018 were randomly divided into intervention group and control group on the basis of random number table, the two groups received psychiatric routine therapy nursing and general entertainment therapy, and the intervention group received 8 weeks of individualized rehabilitation therapy on this basis.The Schizophrenics Quality of Life Scale(SQLS) and Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale(PANSS) were respectively used to evaluate the effect of the two groups before and after intervention.@*Results@#After 8 weeks of systematic social skills training, the scores of negative symptoms, general psychopathology and total PANSS score in the intervention group were (14.65±3.68)points, (24.21±3.23)points, (52.83±7.12)points, respectively, which in the control group were (21.82±4.25)points, (28.08±4.56)points, (60.67±9.52)points, respectively, the differences between the two groups were statistically significant(t=5.18, 3.35, 3.92, all P<0.01), while the positive symptom score had no statistically significant difference between the two gorups (P>0.05). The PANSS scores and total score in the intervention group after intervention had statistically significant differences compared with those before intervention (t=2.17, 5.98, 3.86, 4.13, all P<0.05). After the intervention training, the psychosocial score, motivation and energy score, symptoms and adverse reactions score, and total score of SQLS in the intervention group were (32.64±7.32)points, (39.45±10.87)points, (18.16±10.48)points, (90.34±24.17)points, which in the control group were (35.32±10.64)points, (43.82±12.43)points, (21.05±11.52)points, (98.25±32.29)points, respectively, and the differences between the two groups were statistically significant (t=2.46, 3.51, 3.12, 3.96, all P<0.05). The SQLS scores and total score in the intervention group after intervention had statistically significant differences compared with those before intervention(t=3.94, 4.72, 3.87, 5.01, all P<0.01).@*Conclusion@#The personal rehabilitation treatment can greatly promote the curative offect of patients with chronic schizophrenia, improve their life qualities.

Impact of personal rehabilitation treatment on life quality and curative effect of schizophrenia patients / 中国基层医药

Objective To explore the impact of the personal rehabilitation treatment on life quality and curative offect of the schizophrenia patients.Methods A total of 84 patients with chronic schizophrenia in Shanxi Rongjun Corelle Hospital from December 2016 January 2018 were randomly divided into intervention group and control group on the basis of random number table,the two groups received psychiatric routine therapy nursing and general entertainment therapy,and the intervention group received 8 weeks of individualized rehabilitation therapy on this basis.The Schizophrenics Quality of Life Scale (SQLS) and Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS) were respectively used to evaluate the effect of the two groups before and after intervention.Results After 8 weeks of systematic social skills training,the scores of negative symptoms,general psychopathology and total PANSS score in the intervention group were (14.65 ± 3.68) points,(24.21 ± 3.23) points,(52.83 ± 7.12) points,respectively,which in the control group were (21.82 ± 4.25) points,(28.08 ± 4.56) points,(60.67 ± 9.52) points,respectively,the differences between the two groups were statistically significant(t =5.18,3.35,3.92,all P ＜0.01),while the positive symptom score had no statistically significant difference between the two gorups (P ＞ 0.05).The PANSS scores and total score in the intervention group after intervention had statistically significant differences compared with those before intervention (t =2.17,5.98,3.86,4.13,all P ＜ 0.05).After the intervention training,the psychosocial score,motivation and energy score,symptoms and adverse reactions score,and total score of SQLS in the intervention group were (32.64 ±7.32)points,(39.45 ± 10.87) points,(18.16 ± 10.48) points,(90.34 ± 24.17) points,which in the control group were (35.32 ±10.64) points,(43.82 ± 12.43) points,(21.05 ± 11.52) points,(98.25 ± 32.29) points,respectively,and the differences between the two groups were statistically significant (t =2.46,3.51,3.12,3.96,all P ＜ 0.05).The SQLS scores and total score in the intervention group after intervention had statistically significant differences compared with those before intervention (t =3.94,4.72,3.87,5.01,all P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion The personal rehabilitationtreatment can greatly promote the curative offect of patients with chronic schizophrenia,improve their life qualities.

Deficiência: uma heurística para a condição humana / Disability: a heuristic for the human condition / Discapacidad: una heurística para la condición humana

Resumen Estudio de naturaleza teórica donde se evidencia la discapacidad como dispositivo heurístico para indagar la condición humana. La relación entre discapacidad y condición humana ha sido poco explorada. En la primera sección se analiza cómo vulnerabilidad y dependencia pertenecen a la condición humana e inciden en la discapacidad condicionando la pérdida de cualidades. Posteriormente se analiza la modalidad peculiar de posesión de las mismas. En la tercera parte se argumenta cómo a pesar de que con la discapacidad intelectual puede no manifestarse la racionalidad esto no supone una exclusión de la condición personal. Por último, se explica cómo no obstante con la discapacidad se puedan perder cualidades, no es posible perder la corporeidad y la pertenencia a la familia humana. Se empleó el enfoque heurístico con la formulación de preguntas apoyándose en tres casos hipotéticos. La discapacidad es un modo de manifestarse de la condición humana con valor heurístico porque ayuda a examinar aspectos constitutivos de nuestra existencia.

Abstract A theoretical study in which disability is evidenced as a heuristic device to investigate the human condition. The relationship between disability and human condition has been little explored. The first section analyzes how vulnerability and dependence belong to the human condition and affect disability by conditioning the loss of qualities. Subsequently, the peculiar modality of possession of our qualities is analyzed. The third part argues that even though a human being with intellectual disability may not manifest rationality this does not suppose an exclusion of the status of person. Finally, it is explained how, although qualities can be lost with the disability, it is not possible to lose the embodiment and belonging to the human family. The heuristic approach was used with the formulation of questions based on three hypothetical cases. Disability is a manifestation of the human condition. It has heuristic value because it helps to examine constitutive aspects of our existence.

Resumo Estudo teórico em que a deficiência é evidenciada como dispositivo heurístico para sondar a condição humana. A relação entre deficiência e condição humana tem sido pouco explorada. A primeira seção analisa como vulnerabilidade e dependência pertencem à condição humana e afetam a deficiência, condicionando a perda de qualidades. Posteriormente, a ideia de posse de nossas qualidades é analisada. Na terceira parte se argumenta que, embora um ser humano com deficiência intelectual não possa manifestar racionalidade, isso não supõe a exclusão do status pessoal. Por último, se explica como, apesar de ser possível perderem-se qualidades na deficiência, não é possível perder a corporeidade e o pertencimento à família humana. A abordagem heurística foi utilizada com a formulação de questões com base em três casos hipotéticos. A deficiência é uma manifestação da condição humana e tem valor heurístico porque ajuda a examinar aspectos constitutivos de nossa existência.

Biochemical and hematological evaluation in subjects with intellectual disability associated or not to Down syndrome / Avaliação bioquímica e hematológica em indivíduos com deficiência intelectual associada ou não à síndrome de Down

ABSTRACT Down syndrome (DS) is one of the most leading causes of intellectual disability. The aim of this study was to compare biochemical and hematological parameters, triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios in individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) associated or not with DS. The main result is the lower HDL-C level in individuals with DS than in the ID group, suggesting a modification in the lipid profile whose origin would lie in genetic alterations. However, further researches are important to analyze if there is any link between trisomy 21 and the reduction of plasma HDL-C levels in individuals with DS.

RESUMO A síndrome de Down (SD) é uma das principais causas de deficiência intelectual. Os objetivos deste estudo foram comparar parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos, bem como encontrar a relação triglicerídeo/colesterol da lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL-C) e a razão neutrófilo/linfócito em indivíduos com deficiência intelectual (DI) associada ou não à SD. O principal resultado foi a diminuição do HDL-C em indivíduos com SD quando comparados àqueles com DI, sugerindo que essa modificação no perfil lipídico pode se relacionar com alterações genéticas. Portanto, pesquisas adicionais são importantes para analisar se existe ligação entre a trissomia 21 e a redução dos níveis de HDL-C em indivíduos com SD.

Lived Experience of Primary Caregivers of People with Mental Disability / 정신간호학회지

PURPOSE: This phenomenological study was done to explore in-depth understanding of the lived experience of primary caregivers of people with mental illness. METHODS: Participants were 7 primary caregivers and data were collected from November 2017 to February 2018. Giorgi's phenomenological method was used in this study. The caregiving experiences were categorized into separate types of situational structures in terms of specific and general descriptions. RESULTS: Six clusters and fourteen sub-clusters were identified. The 6 clusters were found to be ‘Embarrassing encounter with a disease’, ‘Sustained regret and self-defeating’, ‘Family life of constant oppression’, ‘Confinement of a mental illness’, ‘Nagging label of mental illness’, and ‘Recognizing the disease as a fate and taking courage’. CONCLUSION: The study findings emphasize the importance of both local and national support and the provision of information designed for primary caregivers of people with mental disability. Psychiatric nurses should understand and consider the growing number of increasing social prejudices, stigma, and caregiver burden so as to improve interpersonal relationships brought about by mental illness.

Could Ethical Tensions in Oral Healthcare Management Revealed by Adults with Intellectual Disabilities and Caregivers Explain Unmet Oral Health Needs? Participatory Research with Focus Groups.

BACKGROUND: Cognitively impaired patients often present poor oral health status that may be explained by ethical tensions in oral healthcare management. This participatory study explored such tensions among adults with intellectual disabilities and with caregivers. The second objective was to specify, with caregivers, the points that should be developed in a future study among dentists. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three focus groups involving adults with intellectual disabilities, family caregivers and professional caregivers were organized in France in 2013. RESULTS: The thematic content analysis identified discrepancies between experiences and expectations, which were particularly marked for the dentist's competence and attitudes, the dentist's role in decisions, the dental care management and the French socio-political context. CONCLUSIONS: These discrepancies could partly explain multiple attempts to find the 'right' dentist or the fact that care was abandoned, and could at least contribute to oral health needs being unmet.

Overcoming Internalized Stigma in Persons with Psychiatric Disabilities / 정신간호학회지

PURPOSE: This phenomenological study was done to identify comprehensively and in depth the experience of overcoming internalized stigma in persons with psychiatric disabilities. METHODS: Data were collected from December 2015 to June 2016 with 10 persons who had psychiatric disabilities. The participants took part in interviews on their experiences of overcoming stigma. The collected data were analyzed using Colaizzi method. RESULTS: From the raw data obtained from the study participants, 12 themes and 5 theme clusters were identified. The 5 theme clusters were found to be ‘being locked up in one's own stigma’, ‘trying to escape from the self in constraints’, ‘overcoming oneself by oneself’, ‘getting to see the true self’, and ‘living the life desired’. CONCLUSION: Study findings indicate the necessity of developing a mediation program to reduce and overcome the internalized stigma in the persons with psychiatric disabilities. A national and social effort is necessary for persons with psychiatric disabilities to help them overcome the internalized stigma.

Successful Treatment of Resistant Hypertension by Means of Chronic Renal Artery Occlusion Revascularization in a Fragile Patient.

BACKGROUND: Renal artery stenosis is a common cause of secondary hypertension refractory to medical therapy. Percutaneous angioplasty along with metallic stent placement has been described as an effective treatment for revascularization of the renal artery. CASE REPORT: A 54-year-old woman affected by paranoid schizophrenia with a history of hypertension and chronic renal failure due to renal artery occlusion was treated by endovascular recanalization and stent placement that resulted in improvement of renal function and control of hypertension. Laboratory studies 4 months after the revascularization revealed blood creatinine decrease gradually from 8.57 mg/dL to 3 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS: Revascularization with stenting has proven to be a safe and effective procedure in the treatment of total renal artery occlusion which also led to a significant relief at a psychological level.

Concept Analysis of Motivation for Vocational Rehabilitation in Persons with Mental Disabilities / 정신간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to analyze and clarify the concept of 'motivation for vocational rehabilitation in persons with mental disabilities'. METHODS: A hybrid model was used to analyze the concept of motivation for vocational rehabilitation in persons with mental disabilities. The model included a comprehensive literature review and field study. Field study was conducted through in-depth interviews with 5 persons with mental disabilities who had employment experience and participant observation in rehabilitation facilities. RESULTS: The concept of motivation for vocational rehabilitation in persons with mental disabilities was found to be a complex phenomenon having meaning in two dimensions: Goal-oriented and cognitive dimensions. Five attributes and fourteen indicators were defined. Motivation for vocational rehabilitation in these persons was defined as a recognition of the need to get a job, and the willingness and confidence to get and keep a job in order to achieve normal life, happiness, economic stability, and their value. CONCLUSION: The findings from this study will contribute to the development of assessment tools and nursing interventions to reinforce the motivation for vocational rehabilitation in persons with mental disabilities.

Modeling of recovery profiles in mentally disabled and intact patients after sevoflurane anesthesia; a pharmacodynamic analysis.

PURPOSE: Mentally disabled patients show different recovery profiles compared to normal patients after general anesthesia. However, the relationship of dose-recovery profiles of mentally disabled patients has never been compared to that of normal patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients (10 mentally disabled patients and 10 mentally intact patients) scheduled to dental surgery under general anesthesia was recruited. Sevoflurane was administered to maintain anesthesia during dental treatment. At the end of the surgery, sevoflurane was discontinued. End-tidal sevoflurane and recovery of consciousness (ROC) were recorded after sevoflurane discontinuation. The pharmacodynamic relation between the probability of ROC and end-tidal sevoflurane concentration was analyzed using NONMEM software (version VII). RESULTS: End-tidal sevoflurane concentration associated with 50% probability of ROC (C50) and γ value were lower in the mentally disabled patients (C50=0.37 vol %, γ=16.5 in mentally intact patients, C50=0.19 vol %, γ=4.58 in mentally disabled patients). Mentality was a significant covariate of C50 for ROC and γ value to pharmacodynamic model. CONCLUSION: A sigmoid Emanx model explains the pharmacodynamic relationship between end-tidal sevoflurane concentration and ROC. Mentally disabled patients may recover slower from anesthesia at lower sevoflurane concentration at ROC an compared to normal patients.

How could such a wide piece of tree root pass through the narrow pyloric orifice? An extremely rare case.

PATIENT: Female, 30 FINAL DIAGNOSIS: Phytobezoar Symptoms: Nausea • vomiting MEDICATION: - Clinical Procedure: - Specialty: - OBJECTIVE: Rare disease. BACKGROUND: Phytobezoars are a common type of bezoar known to accumulate in the gastrointestinal system. CASE REPORT: A 30-year-old mentally retarded woman was operated on due to small bowel obstruction. A piece of tree root was extracted from the ileum. The patient was discharged from the hospital on postoperative day 7. CONCLUSIONS: Due to difficulties in determining the nature of the bezoar preoperatively, small bowel obstruction due to a phytobezoar is not a common diagnosis. For bezoars, prevention is considered preferable to treatment.

Sujeitos deficientes intelectuais: o papel da linguagem na dinâmica familiar / Intellectual disability subjects: the role of language in family dynamics / Sujetos con discapacidad intelectual: el papel del lenguaje en la dinámica familiar

Objetivo: desenvolver a compreensão sobre o papel da linguagem de deficientes intelectuais na dinâmica de suas famílias. Método: trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa de caráter retrospectivo observacional em que foram analisados relatos obtidos no contexto do grupo terapêutico fonoaudiológico. Foram realizadas transcrições de gravações, em vídeo, de encontros dos grupos terapêuticos de pais de deficientes intelectuais. Foram selecionados para análise relatos colhidos em três reuniões, nas quais os pais falaram sobre a linguagem de seus filhos. As categorias de análise selecionadas para o presente estudo foram: interesse das mães sobre a linguagem; dificuldade de compreender os filhos; dificuldade de ser compreendida pelos filhos; e, estigmatização. Resultados: verificou-se, por meio da análise dos resultados, que a linguagem é um tema de grande interesse das famílias, inclusive porque as características da linguagem desses sujeitos contribuem fortemente para sua estigmatização. Observou-se, também, que a forma como os pais se posicionam quanto à linguagem de seus filhos relaciona-se ao modo como se estabelecem as relações familiares, com consequências diretas para o desenvolvimento do sujeito deficiente. Conclusões: a troca de experiências entre participantes do grupo favoreceu a (re)significação de seus anseios, e da visão a respeito das potencialidades de seus filhos. Os pais reconheceram o papel essencial da linguagem como função social, bem como sua importância para a compreensão entre pais e filhos. A estigmatização do sujeito com deficiência esteve presente em todas as categorias de análise, o que sugere que as reuniões devam ser constantes, favorecendo as trocas e (re)significações.

Objective: develop the comprehension of the role of language of intellectually disabled subjects in their family dynamics. Methods: this is a qualitative retrospective observational study, where there were analyzed the reports obtained in the context of a speech therapy group. There were carried transcriptions of video recordings of meetings of therapeutic groups for parents of intellectually disabled subjects. There were selected for analysis the accounts collected in three meetings, in which parents talked about their children?s language. The categories of analysis selected for this study were: the interest of mothers on language, the difficulty of understanding the children, the difficulty of being understood by children, and stigmatization. Results: it was found, by analyzing the results, that language is a topic of great interest for families, also because the language characteristics of these subjects strongly contribute to the stigmatization of them. It was also observed that the way parents are positioned in respect to their children language is related to how family relationships are established, with direct consequences for the development of persons with disability. Conclusion: the exchange of experiences among the group participants favored the (re)signification of their wishes, and of the vision of the potential of their children. Parents recognized the essential role of language as a social function, as well as its importance for the understanding between parents and children. The stigmatization of the subject with disability was present in all categories of analysis, suggesting that the meetings should be constant, encouraging exchanges and (re)significations.

Objetivo: desarrollar la comprensión sobre el papel del lenguaje de discapacitados intelectuales en la dinámica de sus familias. Método: se trata de investigación cualitativa de caracter retrospectivo observacional en que se analizaron informes obtenidos en el contexto de un grupo terapéutico fonoaudiológico. Se realizaron transcripciones de grabaciones, en videos, de reuniones de grupos terapéuticos para los padres de discapacitados intelectuales. Se seleccionaron para el análisis informes cojidos en tres sesiones, en las que los padres hablaron sobre el lenguaje de sus hijos. Las categorías de análisis seleccionadas para este estudio fueron: interés de las madres sobre lenguaje; dificultad de comprensión de los niños, dificultad de ser entendida por los niños; y estigmatización. Resultados: se encontró, mediante el análisis de los resultados, que el lenguaje es un tema de gran interés de las familias, entre otras razones porque las características del lenguaje de estos sujetos contribuyen fuertemente para su estigmatización. Se observó también que la manera como los padres se posicionan a respeto del lenguaje de sus hijos está relacionado al modo como las relaciones familiares se establecen, con consecuencias directas para el desarrollo de la persona con discapacidad. Conclusión: el intercambio de experiencias entre los participantes de los grupos favoreció la (re)significación de sus deseos, y de la visión a respeto del potencial de sus hijos. Los padres reconocieron el papel esencial del lenguaje como función social, así como su importancia para el entendimiento entre padres e hijos. La estigmatización del sujeto con una discapacidad estuvo presente en todas las categorías de análisis, lo que sugiere que las sesiones deben ser constantes, para favorecer los intercambios y (re)significaciones.

Sujeitos Deficientes Intelectuais: o papel da linguagem na dinâmica familiar / Intellectual Disability Subjects: the role of language in family dynamics / Sujetos con Discapacidad Intelectual: el papel del lenguaje en la dinámica familiar

Objetivo: desenvolver a compreensão sobre o papel da linguagem de deficientes intelectuais na dinâmica de suas famílias. Método: trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa de caráter retrospectivo observacional em que foram analisados relatos obtidos no contexto do grupo terapêutico fonoaudiológico. Foram realizadas transcrições de gravações, em vídeo, de encontros dos grupos terapêuticos de pais de deficientes intelectuais. Foram selecionados para análise relatos colhidos em três reuniões, nas quais os pais falaram sobre a linguagem de seus filhos. As categorias de análise selecionadas para o presente estudo foram: interesse das mães sobre a linguagem; dificuldade de compreender os filhos; dificuldade de ser compreendida pelos filhos; e, estigmatização. Resultados: verificou-se, por meio da análise dos resultados, que a linguagem é um tema de grande interesse das famílias, inclusive porque as características da linguagem desses sujeitos contribuem fortemente para sua estigmatização. Observou-se, também, que a forma como os pais se posicionam quanto à linguagem de seus filhos relaciona-se ao modo como se estabelecem as relações familiares, com consequências diretas para o desenvolvimento do sujeito deficiente. Conclusões: a troca de experiências entre participantes do grupo favoreceu a (re)significação de seus anseios, e da visão a respeito das potencialidades de seus filhos. Os pais reconheceram o papel essencial da linguagem como função social, bem como sua importância para a compreensão entre pais e filhos. A estigmatização do sujeito com deficiência esteve presente em todas as categorias de análise, o que sugere que as reuniões devam ser constantes, favorecendo as trocas e (re)significações.(AU)

Objective: develop the comprehension of the role of language of intellectually disabled subjects in their family dynamics. Methods: this is a qualitative retrospective observational study, where there were analyzed the reports obtained in the context of a speech therapy group. There were carried transcriptions of video recordings of meetings of therapeutic groups for parents of intellectually disabled subjects. There were selected for analysis the accounts collected in three meetings, in which parents talked about their children?s language. The categories of analysis selected for this study were: the interest of mothers on language, the difficulty of understanding the children, the difficulty of being understood by children, and stigmatization. Results: it was found, by analyzing the results, that language is a topic of great interest for families, also because the language characteristics of these subjects strongly contribute to the stigmatization of them. It was also observed that the way parents are positioned in respect to their children language is related to how family relationships are established, with direct consequences for the development of persons with disability. Conclusion: the exchange of experiences among the group participants favored the (re)signification of their wishes, and of the vision of the potential of their children. Parents recognized the essential role of language as a social function, as well as its importance for the understanding between parents and children. The stigmatization of the subject with disability was present in all categories of analysis, suggesting that the meetings should be constant, encouraging exchanges and (re)significations.(AU)

Objetivo: desarrollar la comprensión sobre el papel del lenguaje de discapacitados intelectuales en la dinámica de sus familias. Método: se trata de investigación cualitativa de caracter retrospectivo observacional en que se analizaron informes obtenidos en el contexto de un grupo terapéutico fonoaudiológico. Se realizaron transcripciones de grabaciones, en videos, de reuniones de grupos terapéuticos para los padres de discapacitados intelectuales. Se seleccionaron para el análisis informes cojidos en tres sesiones, en las que los padres hablaron sobre el lenguaje de sus hijos. Las categorías de análisis seleccionadas para este estudio fueron: interés de las madres sobre lenguaje; dificultad de comprensión de los niños, dificultad de ser entendida por los niños; y estigmatización. Resultados: se encontró, mediante el análisis de los resultados, que el lenguaje es un tema de gran interés de las familias, entre otras razones porque las características del lenguaje de estos sujetos contribuyen fuertemente para su estigmatización. Se observó también que la manera como los padres se posicionan a respeto del lenguaje de sus hijos está relacionado al modo como las relaciones familiares se establecen, con consecuencias directas para el desarrollo de la persona con discapacidad. Conclusión: el intercambio de experiencias entre los participantes de los grupos favoreció la (re)significación de sus deseos, y de la visión a respeto del potencial de sus hijos. Los padres reconocieron el papel esencial del lenguaje como función social, así como su importancia para el entendimiento entre padres e hijos. La estigmatización del sujeto con una discapacidad estuvo presente en todas las categorías de análisis, lo que sugiere que las sesiones deben ser constantes, para favorecer los intercambios y (re)significaciones. (AU)

Modeling of Recovery Profiles in Mentally Disabled and Intact Patients after Sevoflurane Anesthesia; A Pharmacodynamic Analysis

PURPOSE: Mentally disabled patients show different recovery profiles compared to normal patients after general anesthesia. However, the relationship of dose-recovery profiles of mentally disabled patients has never been compared to that of normal patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients (10 mentally disabled patients and 10 mentally intact patients) scheduled to dental surgery under general anesthesia was recruited. Sevoflurane was administered to maintain anesthesia during dental treatment. At the end of the surgery, sevoflurane was discontinued. End-tidal sevoflurane and recovery of consciousness (ROC) were recorded after sevoflurane discontinuation. The pharmacodynamic relation between the probability of ROC and end-tidal sevoflurane concentration was analyzed using NONMEM software (version VII). RESULTS: End-tidal sevoflurane concentration associated with 50% probability of ROC (C50) and gamma value were lower in the mentally disabled patients (C50=0.37 vol %, gamma=16.5 in mentally intact patients, C50=0.19 vol %, gamma=4.58 in mentally disabled patients). Mentality was a significant covariate of C50 for ROC and gamma value to pharmacodynamic model. CONCLUSION: A sigmoid Emanx model explains the pharmacodynamic relationship between end-tidal sevoflurane concentration and ROC. Mentally disabled patients may recover slower from anesthesia at lower sevoflurane concentration at ROC an compared to normal patients.

Social cognitive performance and different communication settings in groups of children with different disorders / Desempenho sócio-cognitivo e diferentes situações comunicativas em grupos de crianças com diagnósticos distintos

PURPOSE: To investigate the social-cognitive performance of children with diagnostics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), mental disability (MD) and hearing impairment (HI) in two different communicative situations. METHODS: Participated in this study 30 children ages between 3 and 12 years starting speech language therapy processes, divided in three groups: Group 1 - ten children with diagnoses included in the Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD); Group 2: ten children diagnosed with mental disabilities (MD) and Group 3: ten children diagnosed with hearing impairment (HI). The subjects were assessed in two different communicative situations (group and individual therapy situation) for 12 months. RESULTS: Data regarding the performance of the three groups in the two situations show that G3 had better absolute performance when compared with other groups, with the variable symbolic play as an important differential criterion for the three groups. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the social-cognitive performance can be used as an auxiliary tool for intervention, helping the identification of variables that could interfere in the communicative performance.

OBJETIVO: Verificar o desempenho sócio-cognitivo de crianças com diagnósticos inseridos nos distúrbios do espectro do autismo (DEA), deficiência mental (DM) e deficiência auditiva (DA) em duas diferentes situações comunicativas. MÉTODOS: Participaram desta pesquisa 30 crianças, entre 3 e 12 anos de idade, em início de atendimento fonoaudiológico, que foram divididas em três grupos: Grupo 1: dez crianças com diagnóstico inserido nos distúrbios do espectro do autismo (DEA); Grupo 2: dez crianças com diagnóstico de deficiência mental (DM); Grupo 3: dez crianças com diagnóstico dentro do grupo de deficiência auditiva (DA). Os sujeitos foram analisados em duas situações comunicativas distintas (situação em grupo e situação individual de terapia), durante 12 meses. RESULTADOS: O grupo composto por crianças e adolescentes com diagnóstico de deficiência auditiva apresentou melhor desempenho absoluto quando comparado com os outros grupos, sendo a variável jogo simbólico um importante critério diferencial nos três grupos. CONCLUSÃO: O desempenho sócio-cognitivo pode ser utilizado como instrumento auxiliar no planejamento terapêutico, facilitando a identificação de variáveis que possam interferir no desempenho comunicativo.

Sexualidade e deficiência intelectual: um curso de capacitação para pais / Sexuality and mental retardation: training course for parents

A literatura aponta que a educação sexual de jovens com deficiência intelectual suscita diversas dificuldades entre as famílias, pois muitas não estão preparadas para lidar com essa questão. Diante dessa necessidade, o objetivo deste estudo foi planejar, aplicar e avaliar um programa de intervenção (curso)para nove pais de jovens com deficiência intelectual de uma escola especial de uma cidade do interior de São Paulo. O curso durou dois meses, tendo oito encontros semanais, e teve caráter teórico e prático, com discussões, dinâmicas de grupo, atividades de role-playing, atividades de resolução de problemas e filmes. Por meio de uma avaliação sobre o curso, e também por meio de entrevistas, perceberam-se alguns ganhos advindos do curso, como aprendizado de conteúdos, troca de experiências e ajuda no cotidiano doméstico. Foram notadas também algumas mudanças, como quebra de preconceitos e alteração nas interações pais/filhos, além de revisão de sua postura como educadores sexuais.

Literature points sexual education of mentally disabled youngsters as a source of difficulties for families, once many of them aren’t ready to deal with that matter. Considering that, the goal of this study was to design, apply and assessan intervening program (course) on nine parents of mentally disabled youngsters from a special school at a city in São Paulo state. The course lasted two months, in which time eight weekly meetings, of the oretical and practical character, with discussions, group dynamics, role-playing and problem-solving activities, and films exhibitions, were held. By means of an assessment of the course and the interviews, we could notice some gain resulting from the course, like contents learning, exchange of experiences and help in the domestic routine. We could notice also some shift, such as breaking of prejudices and alterations in the parents-children interactions, as well as a revision of their attitude as sexual educators.