Refugees' right to health: A case study of Poland's disparate migration policies.

Poland has faced two waves of migration: the first was of irregular asylum seekers, which led to the humanitarian crisis on the eastern EU-Belarusian border since 2021; the second was of Ukrainians fleeing the Russian invasion. Although there are noticeable differences between these situations, and between the different reactions of the Polish authorities, it is possible to juxtapose them in terms of the right to health. The normative content of refugee and human rights law is the starting point for reconstructing the meaning of the terms 'refugee' and 'right to health'. A refugee is a person who needs international protection because of a well-founded fear of harm, which is not limited to persecution as defined by the Refugee Convention but also includes situations of international and non-international armed conflict. The right to health, which includes, inter alia, entitlements to a 'system of health protection' and 'underlying determinations of health', is reconstructed on the basis of human rights law and refugee and migration law. There are no legal and moral grounds to grant the right to health differentially to different groups of refugees. Nondiscriminatory health policy requires that refugees have the same access to health care as nationals, although their specific health needs resulting from past experiences and refugee situation require special treatment, that is, an appropriate refugee health policy. The broad understanding of the underlying determinants of health demonstrates the importance of overall migration policy for refugees' health, which can jeopardise the fragile good of refugee health.

Rethinking Vulnerability as a Radically Ethical Device: Ethical Vulnerability Analysis and the EU's "Migration Crisis".

We reinvigorate vulnerability theory as a radically ethical device - ethical vulnerability analysis. We bring together fuller vulnerability analysis as theorized by Fineman and Grear in conversation with Levinas and Derrida's radical vulnerability and the ethics of hospitality to construct a theoretical framework that is firmly anchored in the realities of the everyday that are vulnerability and migration. This novel framework offers a thinking space to subvert approaches to migrants and migration as it compels us to come face-to face with the "other", which in turn renders the political accountable by her. We deploy ethical vulnerability analysis to deconstruct the EU's "migration crisis" and investigate whether the activation of temporary protection for displaced persons from Ukraine signifies a humanizing turn in the EU's asylum and migration policies. In this regard, we submit that this hospitable moment constitutes an "exception to the rule" rather than a paradigm shift.

Analyzing the EU Migration Crisis as Reflected on Twitter.

The proliferation of social media has resulted in its extensive use as a valuable source of information for researchers. This paper aims to use Twitter data to analyze and visualize tweets about the migration crisis in the European Union from 2016 to 2021. The paper uses a methodology to structure data for better understanding of complex social media data. The methods and metrics include the facet model of location based social media, the HyperLogLog data structure and novel uses of the metric typicality. The authors have also developed a web based interactive application closely following the methodology used to organize the dataset. Additionally the work also includes maps using spatial typicality which could be utilized for studying spatial phenomenon. The case study selected also provides unique insights and sets a template for working with multi-lingual geo-social media data. The authors believe that these methods and metrics could be reproduced for other case studies and aid in understanding and communication geo-social media data. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42489-022-00114-6.

The European Union Current Asylum Policy: Selected Problems in the Shadow of COVID-19.

Recent years in Europe have generated situations requiring the European Union to take extra-coordinated action in the field of asylum policy. The sudden and growing influx of refugees to Europe in 2015 and 2016 has caused the collapse of the previous common European asylum system. The European Union has taken a number of measures to resolve this crisis situation. When the situation seemed to be under control, a new challenge emerged in early 2020. The first COVID-19 infectious disease case was reported in Europe, and on 13 March 2020 the WHO reported that Europe had become the epicentre of the coronavirus pandemic. The measures taken by individual countries and the European Union to limit the spread of the virus have had a significant impact on many spheres of state and individual functioning, including the situation of persons seeking international protection. This publication consists of three parts. The first part discusses actions taken by the European Union in the face of the migration and refugee crisis that emerged in 2015 and 2016. The second part presents one of the limitations introduced in connection with preventing the spread of COVID-19, which has a huge impact on persons wishing to seek international protection, i.e., changes in the regime of crossing borders and entering the territory of particular countries. The third one points out selected problems experienced by persons seeking protection who already stay in the territory of EU Member States.

The Plasticity of Our Fears: Affective Politics in the European Migration Crisis.

In the field of migration politics, a dominant rhetoric argues that liberal immigration and asylum policies must be avoided because they will inevitably lead to anti-immigration backlashes that exacerbate the very conditions they were supposed to remedy. Drawing on the work of German sociologist Heinrich Popitz and empirical data on the aftereffects of the European migration crisis, the article criticizes this "rhetoric of reaction" (Albert Hirschman) for ignoring the many variables shaping the consequences of more open borders. Backlashes to immigration are real and pose a constraint for liberal immigration policies, but these backlashes are not necessarily politically successful. Societies react neither uniformly nor automatically to rising immigration. A critical variable is the fear engendered by the (real, expected, or imagined) arrival of large numbers of migrants, and this fear can be either ramped up to paranoid levels or calmed by a politics of hope aimed at restoring what Popitz called the "human openness to the world."

[Providing nursing care for migrants: feedback from experience in Greece]. / Dispenser des soins infirmiers auprès des personnes migrantes : retour d'expérience en Grèce.

During the 2015 migration crisis in Europe, medical NGOs played a key role in caring for migrant people. Nursing practice during humanitarian crises is characterized by many challenges. Shared experience of a primary care nurse with migrants in Greece.

Characterization of ancestry informative markers in the Tigray population of Ethiopia: A contribution to the identification process of dead migrants in the Mediterranean Sea.

Determination of bio-geographical ancestry by means of DNA ancestry informative markers (AIMs) can contribute to the identification of human remains in missing person cases and mass disasters. While the presence of Eastern Africans among the migrant victims of trafficking accidents in the Mediterranean Sea is often suspected, few studies have addressed the ability of autosomal AIM panels in current use in forensic laboratories to provide differentiation of populations within the African continent. In this study, two assays consisting of 46 AIM-Indels and 31 AIM-SNPs were typed in a Tigray population sample from Northern Ethiopia. STRUCTURE analysis showed that the Tigray population is characterized by a strong (∼50 %) non-African genetic component shared with European and Middle Eastern populations. The intermediate position of the Tigray sample between sub-Saharan African and European / Middle Eastern reference population samples was confirmed by principal component analysis. Both AIM panels provided effective differentiation between Tigray and sub-Saharan African populations. Classification accuracy of other populations involved in the current Mediterranean migrant crisis, like South Asians, was superior with the AIM-SNP panel compared to the AIM-Indel panel. Misclassification of Middle Eastern samples as Tigray was frequent with both AIM-indel (∼30 % misclassified) and AIM-SNPs (∼20 %). However, with AIM-SNPs, error rates were reduced to acceptable levels by applying cautionary minimum thresholds to assignment likelihoods. Establishment of an Eastern African reference database of AIMs that can be genotyped by means of low cost, small-scale assays compatible with capillary electrophoresis, sets a balance between the need for ancestry inference tools and the budget limitations faced by Italian laboratories engaged in the humanitarian identification of dead migrants recovered from the Mediterranean Sea.

Challenges Associated with the Implementation of an Exercise and Sport Intervention Program in a Greek Refugee Camp: A Report of Professional Practice.

Objective Refugees have a particularly high prevalence of psychopathological disorders. Despite this, little attention has been paid to the treatment of traumatized refugees, and research on the effects of exercise and sport among refugees is still in its infancy. Thus far, no randomized controlled trials have been carried out in a refugee camp setting, most likely because such trials are complicated by multiple organizational and methodological issues. We highlight some major challenges when carrying out experimental research in a refugee camp. Method This report of professional practice is based on systematic observations, individual and focus group interviews, and experiences made in a pre-experimental study, implemented in a refugee camp on the Greek mainland. Results The report provides background information about how refugees generally come to Greece, how transit camps are typically managed, which institutions are involved in the camp management, which rules need to be followed by people working in a camp, which countries refugees generally come from, and the conditions in which they live in the camp. We also identify general factors that complicate experimental research in such a setting, and highlight specific issues pertaining to sport and exercise-based intervention trials. Conclusions Currently, more people are fleeing their home regions than after the end of the Second World War. This situation calls for a change in the understanding of humanitarian aid. Pure material and technical support must be complemented by public health measures, including exercise and sport programs. Researchers who want to enter this field of research can learn important lessons from our observations.

Migration crisis in the EU: developing a framework for analysis of national security and defence strategies.

This article addresses migration-security nexus in the EU by assessing Member States' national security and defence strategies as well as the 2016 EUGS in a time of migration crisis, a crisis that stands as one of the most important geopolitical challenges today in the EU. After developing and applying a framework for analysis derived from a literature review, the existing differences among Member States are clear in terms of strategic cultures and approaches to migration issues. The idea of 'EU'rope without internal borders is at stake as Schengen is under serious attack due to increasing Eurocentrism and growing extreme right-wing populism, which are a consequence of increasing economic protectionism and international terrorism. The solution seems to depend on two critical uncertainties: the evolution of political and social instability in the North Africa and the Middle East, and the future of the EU itself. The results enlighten a securitization of migration mostly centred on the nation-state and national security rather than on people and human security.

La realidad de la crisis migratoria europea / The reality of the European migration crisis / A realidade da crise migratória europeia

Resumen Producto de los conflictos internacionales que se desarrollan en la actualidad, la crisis migratoria atacó a los países miembros de la Unión Europea de manera elevada desde el 2015, dejando a la vista las falencias en políticas migratorias y la necesidad de elaborar soluciones de manera coordinada que hagan frente a este fenómeno, teniendo en cuenta que la seguridad fronteriza es un tema que le compete a todos los Estados y precisa la disposición de toda la Unión para encontrar una solución a esta problemática común.

Abstract Product of the international conflicts the migration crisis attacked the member countries of the European Union since 2015, this difficulty exposed the shortcomings in migration policies and the need to develop solutions in a coordinated way to deal with this phenomenon. Border security is an issue that must be taken into account and it is incumbent on all States, It is therefore necessary for the whole Union to find a solution to this common problem.

Resumo Como resultado dos conflitos internacionais que estão ocorrendo atualmente, a crise migratória atacou os países membros da União Européia de forma elevada desde 2015, expondo as deficiências nas políticas de migração e a necessidade de desenvolver soluções de forma coordenada. abordar este fenômeno, levando em conta que a segurança nas fronteiras é uma questão que diz respeito a todos os Estados e exige a vontade de toda a União de encontrar uma solução para esse problema comum.