Effects of foliar spray of agricultural grade mineral oil in springtime, in combination with potassium and calcium sulfates on the phenological and biophysical indices of clusters, and foliar nutritional levels in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Sultana (Id. Thompson seedless, Sultanina).

BACKGROUND: Improving the nutritional condition of grapevine in spring to regulate bloom, fruit set, and yield is among the management goals of vineyards. METHODS: In the present study, the early season spray of calcium sulfate (C; 0.00 and 2.00%), potassium sulfate (K; 0.00 and 3.00%), and agricultural grade mineral oil (V; 0.00 and 1.00%) on flower and fruit phenology, nutrient concentration, and cluster biophysical indices and yield of Sultana grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) were investigated for two consecutive years. RESULTS: Based on the results, the spray of this nutrient combined with mineral oil significantly affected all the treatments except cluster length, berry length, and phosphorus concentration. The highest concentrations of potassium, calcium, and magnesium were obtained in the vines treated with V0K1C1, and the highest concentrations of zinc and iron were obtained only in the vines treated with mineral oil. In treatments containing mineral oil, especially in combination with the second level of calcium and potassium (V1K1C1), bloom time, berries pea-sized time, and harvest time were delayed by 3, 3, and 6 days compared with control vines. While in vines treated with a combination of the second level of potassium and calcium (V0K1C1), bloom time, berries pea-sized time, and harvest time were advanced by 5, 4, and 1.50 days, respectively, compared with control vines. Regarding the biophysical indices of the cluster, it was found that the vines treated with V1K1C1 had higher cluster weight, berry weight, fruit, and raisins yield than other treatments. Also, the highest berry quality, including total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and total phenol content, were obtained in the vines treated with V0K1C1. However, the lowest berry quality was observed in the vines treated with mineral oil. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, the combination of nutrients with mineral oil can alleviate the adverse effect of mineral oil solely on some phenological indices and berry quality-related traits in vineyards.

Ozone Therapy in the Prevention of Dental Plaque Formation in Dogs.

This study aims to assess ozonized mineral oil ointment application as an antiplaque therapy for dogs. Domestic healthy dogs received dental scaling and polishing under general anesthesia. Under standard feeding and homecare during 7 days, 20 dogs were randomly placed into 2 different groups for dental treatment. The control group (CG) was given a single placebo application and the ozone group (O3G) received daily ozonized ointment application. The average age (CG = 4.4; O3G = 5.7 years old), body weight (CG = 15.7; O3G = 15.3 kg) and the gingivitis index obtained on the first day (D0) allowed initial homogeneity between the groups. The dental plaque index, including clinical and computerized analysis on the seventh day, was obtained from the buccal aspect of specific dental locations. Both analyses revealed significant statistical association between daily application of ozone and antiplaque effect. There was no evidence of toxicity during the study. These results suggest that ozone therapy may be an efficient adjuvant to conventional periodontal treatment in decreasing initial dental plaque formation.

Effects of foliar spray of agricultural grade mineral oil in springtime, in combination with potassium and calcium sulfates on the phenological and biophysical indices of clusters, and foliar nutritional levels in grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Sultana (Id. Thompson seedless, Sultanina)

BACKGROUND: Improving the nutritional condition of grapevine in spring to regulate bloom, fruit set, and yield is among the management goals of vineyards. METHODS: In the present study, the early season spray of calcium sulfate (C; 0.00 and 2.00%), potassium sulfate (K; 0.00 and 3.00%), and agricultural grade mineral oil (V; 0.00 and 1.00%) on flower and fruit phenology, nutrient concentration, and cluster biophysical indices and yield of Sultana grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) were investigated for two consecutive years. RESULTS: Based on the results, the spray of this nutrient combined with mineral oil significantly affected all the treatments except cluster length, berry length, and phosphorus concentration. The highest concentrations of potassium, calcium, and magnesium were obtained in the vines treated with V0K1C1, and the highest concentrations of zinc and iron were obtained only in the vines treated with mineral oil. In treatments containing mineral oil, especially in combination with the second level of calcium and potassium (V1K1C1), bloom time, berries pea-sized time, and harvest time were delayed by 3, 3, and 6 days compared with control vines. While in vines treated with a combination of the second level of potassium and calcium (V0K1C1), bloom time, berries pea-sized time, and harvest time were advanced by 5, 4, and 1.50 days, respectively, compared with control vines. Regarding the biophysical indices of the cluster, it was found that the vines treated with V1K1C1 had higher cluster weight, berry weight, fruit, and raisins yield than other treatments. Also, the highest berry quality, including total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and total phenol content, were obtained in the vines treated with V0K1C1. However, the lowest berry quality was observed in the vines treated with mineral oil. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, the combination of nutrients with mineral oil can alleviate the adverse effect of mineral oil solely on some phenological indices and berry quality-related traits in vineyards.

Application of Fenton process to remove organic matter and PCBs from waste (fuller's earth) contaminated with insulating oil.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are carcinogenic to humans and can be found in fuller's earth used for the treatment of used transformer oil. This work describes an optimization of the Fenton process for the removal of contaminants from fuller's earth. The effects of pH (2.5 and 4.0), [H2O2] (1.47 and 2.07 mol L-1), and [Fe2+] (1.7 and 40 mmol L-1) were studied. The Fenton process efficiency was monitored using the decreases in the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the concentrations of oil and grease, total carbon (TC), PCBs, and H2O2. The fuller's earth contaminated with insulating oil presented 35% (w/w) of TC, 34% (w/w) of oil and grease, 297.0 g L-1 COD, and 64 mg of PCBs per kg. The material could therefore be considered a dangerous waste. After Fenton treatment, using a slurry mode, there was a removal of 55% of COD, 20% of oil and grease, and 20% of TC, achieved at pH 2.5 using 2.07 mol L-1 of H2O2 and 40.0 mmol L-1 of Fe2+. No PCBs were detected in the samples after the Fenton treatment, even using smaller amounts of Fenton reagents (1.47 mol L-1 of H2O2, 1.7 mmol L-1 of Fe2+, pH 2.5). The results indicated that the treated fuller's earth was free from PCB residues and could be disposed of in a simple landfill, in accordance with Brazilian PCB regulations.

Rice protein coating in extending the shelf-life of conventional eggs.

The effectiveness of rice protein coatings or mineral oil on maintaining interior quality and eggshell breaking strength of fresh eggs was evaluated during storage at 20°C for 8 wk. Egg quality was assessed by weight loss, Haugh unit (HU), albumen pH, yolk index (YI), shell strength, and scanning electron microscopy in uncoated eggs (control treatment) and eggs coated with mineral oil or rice protein concentrate at 5, 10, or 15%. The HU and YI were higher in coated eggs (P < 0.001). Weight loss increased (P < 0.001) during long-term storage. Uncoated eggs showed the highest weight loss (8.28%), whereas mineral oil (0.87%) and rice protein at 5% (5.60%), 10% (5.45%), 15% (5.54%) solutions were effective in preventing weight lost (P < 0.001). The use of the coatings preserved the internal quality of the eggs for up to 4 wk longer than uncoated eggs (HU, YI, and pH). Uncoated eggs had the worst (P < 0.001) HU (54.45), albumen pH (9.18), and YI (0.28) after 8 wk of storage. Among the coated eggs, the mineral oil had the best values of HU (70.54), pH (8.48), and YI (0.35) after storage. The eggs coated with 5, 10, and 15% of rice protein presented results with similar intern quality between them and intermediary quality in relation to the others treatments during all the storage period. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated a lower surface porosity in coated eggshell, indicating that the use of the coating may provide a protective barrier against the transfer of gases and moisture. In conclusion, the use of coatings based on rice protein concentrate or mineral oil influences the internal quality of eggs during storage and may be an effective alternative for increasing the shelf-life of commercial eggs.

Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by mineral oil: a health problem.

Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvant (ASIA) includes the following conditions: siliconosis, Gulf War syndrome, macrophagic myofasciitis syndrome, and post-vaccination phenomena. Afterward, other syndromes have been recognized, such as in ASIA by mineral oil (ASIA-MO). These conditions are triggered by adjuvants and they are the result of the interplay of genetic and environmental factors. ASIA-MO is defined as the infiltration of oily type modeling substances for cosmetic purposes. It has been reported in many countries and used surreptitiously. Pathogenesis of ASIA-MO is not clear, but is characterized by chronic granulomatous inflammation, like the pristane model in mice, with increase of proinflammatory cytokines: type I interferons (IFNα and IFNß), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and erosive arthritis. In humans, an increase of interleukin 1 (IL-1) has been found. Clinical spectrum of ASIA-MO is heterogeneous, varying from mild to severe and being local and systemic. The systemic manifestations can be non-specific and specific, meeting criteria for any autoimmune disease (AID), i.e., SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic sclerosis, among others. The areas of the body where the mineral oil is mostly applied include the following: buttocks (38-72%), breasts (12-16%), lower extremities (18-22%), and face (6-10%). The penis augmentation is also common. Treatment is focused on local and systemic manifestations and requires medical and surgical management representing a challenge for the physician.

Necrose de parafinoma peniano após injeção de óleo mineral por profissional não médico / Penile paraffinoma necrosis after mineral oil injection applied by a non-medical professional

Parafinoma decorre da implantação de óleo mineral na pele, sendo caracterizado por reação inflamatória do tipo corpo estranho com período de latência variável. As lesões iniciais são nódulos endurecidos, que podem ulcerar, fistulizar ou necrosar. Esta técnica foi muito utilizada para fins estéticos no século XX, não sendo mais realizada por médicos. Contudo, ainda é empregada por profissionais não médicos ou pelos próprios pacientes, principalmente na região genital, para melhoria da prática sexual. Relata-se caso de implante de óleo mineral no pênis, realizado por profissional não médico para fins estéticos, que evoluiu com necrose após três anos.

Paraffinoma results from the implantation of mineral oil in the skin, being characterized by inflammatory reaction of foreign body type, with variable latency period. Initial lesions consist of hardened nodules, which can ulcerate, fistulate or necrose. This technique was widely used for aesthetic purposes in the 20th century, and is no longer performed by physicians. However, it is still used by non-medical professionals or by the patients themselves, mainly in the genital region, aimed at improving sexual activity. This paper reports a case of implantation of mineral oil in the penis, performed by a non-medical professional, for aesthetic purposes that evolved with necrosis after three years.

Severe manifestations of autoimmune syndrome induced by adjuvants (Shoenfeld's syndrome).

Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA) encompassing conditions linked to previous exposure to an adjuvant substance. The clinical picture is very heterogeneous, from mild to severe manifestations, including death. However, the systematic analysis of severe ASIA cases has not been performed. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature on severe ASIA cases. A systematic review of the literature was performed investigating severe ASIA cases. All publications were identified through PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE and Cochrane. Articles published from 2011 to 2016 were included. Severe ASIA was arbitrarily defined as follows: major organ involvement, life-threatening conditions, intensive treatment, disability, hospitalization and outcome (survival and death). Cases described before 2011 were excluded. From 2011 to 2016, we identified 4479 ASIA cases, of them 305 fulfilled arbitrary criteria of severe ASIA including our case presentation and 11 deaths. The majority of severe ASIA cases were related to HPV vaccine, silicone, influenza vaccine and mineral oil injections. The interval from exposition to severe manifestation was from 2 days to 23 years. (1) This is the first study that analyzes all cases published on ASIA with severe manifestations. (2) The current HPV vaccine is both effective and generally safe. However, it should be noted that severe autoimmune side effects have been reported in several studies. Severe ASIA may be observed after influenza vaccines, and other vaccines. (3) Efforts should be made to discover the connection between adjuvants, autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases, because there is an increase in cases severe and life-threatening of ASIA.

Breaking of the dormancy of 'Daiane' apples by using thidiazuron / Quebra da dormência de macieiras 'Daiane' pelo uso do tidiazurom

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of thidiazuron (TDZ) combined with mineral oil (MO) or calcium nitrate on phenology, bud breaking and fruit production in Daiane apple trees. The experiment was carried in Caçador, SC, during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons. The treatments evaluated were control (without application); TDZ 250 mg L-1 + MO 3,5%; TDZ 125 mg L-1 + MO 3,5%; TDZ 250 mg L-1 + calcium nitrate 5%; hydrogen cyanamide (HC) 0,7% + MO 3,5%. A randomized block design was used, with six repetitions. The application of bud break promoters reduced the flowering period in 2013/2014 season, leading to a higher bud break of axillary buds than control in the two seasons. TDZ + MO was more effective for bud break in axillary buds than the other treatments. TDZ + MO and HC + MO had similar effect on bud break in terminal buds, with higher values than TDZ + calcium nitrate applications. In 2013/2014 season, the control and TDZ 250 mg L-1 + MO and HC + MO treatments showed similar fruit production, being higher when compared to the other treatments. For 2014/2015, the fruit weight was higher in plants submitted to applications of TDZ 250 mg L-1 + MO and HC + MO. The TDZ combined with MO is efficient in bud break induction of Daiane apples, being a viable alternative to HC application.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de tidiazurom (TDZ) combinados com óleo mineral (OM) ou nitrato de cálcio na fenologia, indução da brotação e produção de frutos em macieira Daiane. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Caçador, SC, durante os ciclos 2013/2014 e 2014/2015. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: testemunha; TDZ 250 mg L-1 + OM 3,5%; TDZ 125 mg L-1 + OM 3,5%; TDZ 250 mg L-1 + nitrato de cálcio 5%; cianamida hidrogenada (CH) 0,7% + OM 3,5%. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com seis repetições. A aplicação de indutores de brotação reduziu o período de florescimento na safra 2013/2014, ocasionando ainda maior brotação de gemas axilares em relação à testemunha, para as duas safras avaliadas. O TDZ + OM foi mais eficiente na brotação de gemas axilares comparativamente aos demais tratamentos. O TDZ + OM e a CH + OM apresentaram efeito similar na brotação de gemas terminais, sendo superiores à aplicação de TDZ + nitrato de Ca. No ciclo 2013/2014, a testemunha e os tratamentos TDZ 250 mg L-1 + OM e CH + OM apresentaram produção de frutos semelhantes, com maiores valores em comparação aos demais tratamentos. Para a safra 2014/2015, a massa média de frutos foi superior nas plantas submetidas às aplicações de TDZ 250 mg L-1 + OM e CH + OM. O TDZ, em combinação com o OM, é eficiente na indução da brotação de macieiras‘Daiane, constituindo uma alternativa viável à aplicação de CH.(AU)

Breaking of the dormancy of 'Daiane' apples by using thidiazuron / Quebra da dormência de macieiras 'Daiane' pelo uso do tidiazurom

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of thidiazuron (TDZ) combined with mineral oil (MO) or calcium nitrate on phenology, bud breaking and fruit production in Daiane apple trees. The experiment was carried in Caçador, SC, during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons. The treatments evaluated were control (without application); TDZ 250 mg L-1 + MO 3,5%; TDZ 125 mg L-1 + MO 3,5%; TDZ 250 mg L-1 + calcium nitrate 5%; hydrogen cyanamide (HC) 0,7% + MO 3,5%. A randomized block design was used, with six repetitions. The application of bud break promoters reduced the flowering period in 2013/2014 season, leading to a higher bud break of axillary buds than control in the two seasons. TDZ + MO was more effective for bud break in axillary buds than the other treatments. TDZ + MO and HC + MO had similar effect on bud break in terminal buds, with higher values than TDZ + calcium nitrate applications. In 2013/2014 season, the control and TDZ 250 mg L-1 + MO and HC + MO treatments showed similar fruit production, being higher when compared to the other treatments. For 2014/2015, the fruit weight was higher in plants submitted to applications of TDZ 250 mg L-1 + MO and HC + MO. The TDZ combined with MO is efficient in bud break induction of Daiane apples, being a viable alternative to HC application.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de tidiazurom (TDZ) combinados com óleo mineral (OM) ou nitrato de cálcio na fenologia, indução da brotação e produção de frutos em macieira Daiane. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Caçador, SC, durante os ciclos 2013/2014 e 2014/2015. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: testemunha; TDZ 250 mg L-1 + OM 3,5%; TDZ 125 mg L-1 + OM 3,5%; TDZ 250 mg L-1 + nitrato de cálcio 5%; cianamida hidrogenada (CH) 0,7% + OM 3,5%. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com seis repetições. A aplicação de indutores de brotação reduziu o período de florescimento na safra 2013/2014, ocasionando ainda maior brotação de gemas axilares em relação à testemunha, para as duas safras avaliadas. O TDZ + OM foi mais eficiente na brotação de gemas axilares comparativamente aos demais tratamentos. O TDZ + OM e a CH + OM apresentaram efeito similar na brotação de gemas terminais, sendo superiores à aplicação de TDZ + nitrato de Ca. No ciclo 2013/2014, a testemunha e os tratamentos TDZ 250 mg L-1 + OM e CH + OM apresentaram produção de frutos semelhantes, com maiores valores em comparação aos demais tratamentos. Para a safra 2014/2015, a massa média de frutos foi superior nas plantas submetidas às aplicações de TDZ 250 mg L-1 + OM e CH + OM. O TDZ, em combinação com o OM, é eficiente na indução da brotação de macieiras‘Daiane’, constituindo uma alternativa viável à aplicação de CH.

Complicações de autoinjeção de agentes químicos para aumento muscular / Complications in self-injection of chemicals to increase muscle

O número de frequentadores de academia que utilizam injeções de substâncias oleosas para aumentar o volume muscular artificialmente, buscando, com essa prática, uma melhora cosmética dos músculos que não responderiam aos treinamentos, vem aumentando. Apesar dos efeitos imediatos e dos bons resultados estéticos como aumento de volume ou modificação do contorno de várias áreas do corpo, a infiltração de óleo pode levar a diversas complicações a curto e longo prazo, que muitas vezes são irreversíveis. A conscientização e atuação das entidades de classes médicas e sanitárias tornam-se fundamentais na profilaxia e controle deste problema. Neste artigo revisamos as complicações e ainda relatamos o caso de um paciente com complicações locais importantes secundárias a injeção de óleo.

The number of gym goers who self-inject oily substances to increase muscle volume artificially and thereby improve the aesthetic appearance of their muscles that are unresponsive to training is increasing. Although immediate effects and satisfactory aesthetic results such as increased volume or changes in the contour of several areas of the body might be observed, oil infiltration might cause several short- and long-term complications, which are often irreversible. The awareness and actions of medical and health professional societies are fundamental for the prevention and control of this problem. In this article, possible complications are reviewed, and the case of a patient with severe local complications caused by oil injection is reported.

Prevalência e fatores associados ao doping cosmético entre frequentadores de academias / Prevalence and associated factors to the cosmetic doping among fitness-centers customers

INTRODUÇÃO: O crescente culto ao corpo na sociedade atual tem levado diversos frequentadores de academia à prática sistemática de injetar óleos por via intramuscular, procedimento denominado doping cosmético. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a prevalência de doping cosmético na região do Vale do São Francisco, buscando estabelecer os perfis sociodemográfico e clínico desse grupo de indivíduos. RELATO DE CASO: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo e documental, com análise dos registros de 346 frequentadores de academias de ginástica, dos quais sete relataram utilização de doping cosmético. Destes registros, foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, cineantropométricos, hemodinâmicos, história patológica pessoal e familiar pregressa e de consumo de drogas lícitas e ilícitas. A prevalência de doping cosmético foi 2,0% (IC95% 0,8–4,1), e a maioria dos usuários são adultos jovens com segundo grau completo, trabalhadores de classe média, sendo considerados ativos com baixo percentual de gordura. Eles utilizam suplementos alimentares, esteroides anabolizantes e outras drogas ilícitas. CONCLUSÃO: Os achados contribuem na determinação do perfil dessa população, demonstrando que os usuários de doping cosmético são adultos jovens preocupados com a estética corporal. As características sociodemográficas encontradas diferem de estudos prévios quanto ao nível de escolaridade, renda e ocupação. Nesse sentido, ações voltadas para a conscientização dessa população quanto aos riscos e perigos da utilização do doping cosmético devem ser apoiadas o mais breve possível.

INTRODUCTION: The rise in the cult of the body in modern society has led many fitness-centers customers to the systematic practice of intramuscular oil injections, procedure called cosmetic doping. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of cosmetic doping in the São Francisco Valley region, in order to establish the sociodemographic and clinical profiles of this group of individuals. CASE REPORT: This is a retrospective documentary study with analysis of 346 records from fitness-centers customers, of which 7 reported use of cosmetic doping. Sociodemographic, kinanthropometric, hemodynamic, personal and family past medical history and the consumption of licit and illicit drug data were collected from these records. The prevalence of cosmetic doping was 2.0% (95%CI 0.8–4.1), and most of the users are young adults with high school graduates, middle-class workers, and are considered physically active with low body fat mass. They use concomitantly dietary supplements, anabolic steroids and other illicit drug. CONCLUSION: The findings of the study contribute in determining the profile of this population, demonstrating that users of cosmetic doping are young adults concerned with aesthetic body. The sociodemographic characteristics found in this study differ from previous studies in the level of education, income and occupation. In this sense, actions to raise awareness of this population about the risks and dangers of the cosmetic doping should be supported as soon as possible.

Effects of packaging, mineral oil coating, and storage time on biogenic amine levels and internal quality of eggs.

This study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the effects of mineral oil application on eggshells and the use of plastic packages with lids on the physical-chemical and microbiological quality and biogenic amine contents of eggs stored under refrigeration for up to 125 d. A total of 1,920 eggs from 46-wk-old Hyline W36 laying hens were randomly distributed into 4 groups soon after classification: (i) 480 eggs were stored in pulp carton tray packages; (ii) 480 eggs were stored in plastic packages with lids; (iii) 480 eggs were stored in carton packages after the application of mineral oil; and (iv) 480 eggs were stored in plastic packages with lids after the application of mineral oil. The internal quality was measured by Haugh units, by the counts of mesophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms, by the most probable number of total and thermal-tolerant coliforms, by the counts of molds and yeasts, by the analysis of Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus spp., and by the levels of biogenic amines in the egg yolk and albumen. The application of mineral oil to the eggshell resulted in higher Haugh unit values throughout storage, and the use of plastic packages altered the internal quality. The application of mineral oil and the use of packaging had no effects on the microbiological and biogenic amine results. Microbiological analyses showed the absence of Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, thermal-tolerant coliforms, and fungi. However, the highest counts of mesophilic (1.1 × 10(7) cfu/g) and psychrotrophic (6.7 × 10(7) cfu/g) microorganisms were recorded. The highest values of biogenic amines detected and quantified were putrescine (2.38 mg/kg) and cadaverine (7.27 mg/kg) in the egg yolk and putrescine (1.95 mg/kg), cadaverine (2.83 mg/kg), and phenylethylamine (2.57 mg/kg) in the albumen. Despite these results, the biogenic amine levels recorded were considered low and would not be harmful to consumer health.

Internal quality of eggs subjected to different types of coating and stored for 35 days at 25 C / Qualidade interna de ovos submetidos a diferentes tipos de revestimento e armazenados por 35 dias a 25ºC

This study aimed to evaluate the internal quality of eggs subjected to three different types of coatings: no coating (control); 3% gelatin and mineral oil. We used 180 white eggs, with an average weight of 62 g, from laying hens strain Shaver White. Those eggs were stored at a temperature of 25 C in a BOD during 35 days and were analyzed every seven days. We evaluated yolk, albumen, shell and weight loss percentage, Haugh units, specific gravity, yolk index, albumen and yolk pH and egg shell color. The results showed that storage time affects the quality of the eggs and the treatment coating the egg with mineral oil were provided the better internal quality of eggs, while the gelatin coating showed intermediate quality and without coating treatment, a poorer quality internal eggs, thus showing necessary to use some kind of coating to increase the shelf life of eggs.(AU)

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a qualidade interna de ovos submetidos a dois tipos de revestimento: gelatina a 3% e; óleo mineral comercial e sem revestimento (controle). Foram utilizados 180 ovos brancos, com peso médio de 62 g, provenientes de galinhas poedeiras da linhagem Shaver White. Estes ovos foram armazenados a uma temperatura de 25 C em uma BOD, durante 35 dias e foram analisados a cada sete dias. Foram avaliados a porcentagem de gema, porcentagem de albúmen, porcentagem de casca, porcentagem de perda de peso, unidade Haugh (UH), gravidade específica, índice gema, pH do albúmen, pH da gema e coloração da casca. Os resultados mostraram que o tempo de armazenamento prejudica a qualidade dos ovos e que o tratamento com revestimento com óleo mineral foi o que proporcionou melhor qualidade interna destes, enquanto que o revestimento com gelatina a 3% apresentou qualidade intermediária e o tratamento sem revestimento, a pior qualidade interna dos ovos, mostrando assim, a necessidade da utilização de algum tipo de revestimento para aumentar a vida de prateleira dos mesmos. (AU)

Internal quality of eggs subjected to different types of coating and stored for 35 days at 25 C / Qualidade interna de ovos submetidos a diferentes tipos de revestimento e armazenados por 35 dias a 25ºC

This study aimed to evaluate the internal quality of eggs subjected to three different types of coatings: no coating (control); 3% gelatin and mineral oil. We used 180 white eggs, with an average weight of 62 g, from laying hens strain Shaver White. Those eggs were stored at a temperature of 25 C in a BOD during 35 days and were analyzed every seven days. We evaluated yolk, albumen, shell and weight loss percentage, Haugh units, specific gravity, yolk index, albumen and yolk pH and egg shell color. The results showed that storage time affects the quality of the eggs and the treatment coating the egg with mineral oil were provided the better internal quality of eggs, while the gelatin coating showed intermediate quality and without coating treatment, a poorer quality internal eggs, thus showing necessary to use some kind of coating to increase the shelf life of eggs.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a qualidade interna de ovos submetidos a dois tipos de revestimento: gelatina a 3% e; óleo mineral comercial e sem revestimento (controle). Foram utilizados 180 ovos brancos, com peso médio de 62 g, provenientes de galinhas poedeiras da linhagem Shaver White. Estes ovos foram armazenados a uma temperatura de 25 C em uma BOD, durante 35 dias e foram analisados a cada sete dias. Foram avaliados a porcentagem de gema, porcentagem de albúmen, porcentagem de casca, porcentagem de perda de peso, unidade Haugh (UH), gravidade específica, índice gema, pH do albúmen, pH da gema e coloração da casca. Os resultados mostraram que o tempo de armazenamento prejudica a qualidade dos ovos e que o tratamento com revestimento com óleo mineral foi o que proporcionou melhor qualidade interna destes, enquanto que o revestimento com gelatina a 3% apresentou qualidade intermediária e o tratamento sem revestimento, a pior qualidade interna dos ovos, mostrando assim, a necessidade da utilização de algum tipo de revestimento para aumentar a vida de prateleira dos mesmos.

Qualidade de ovos de codorna submetidos ou não a tratamento superficial da casca armazenados em diferentes ambientes / Quality of quail eggs submitted or no to surface treatment of the shell stored in different environments

With the aim of evaluating the quality of eggs of Japanese quail treated superficially, by immersion in mineral oil or propolis solution, simultaneous experiments were conducted in two environments, without refrigeration (Experiment 1) and with refrigeration (Experiment 2). For each experiment, were selected 360 intact eggs distributed in a completely randomized design in factorial 3 x 5 (untreated eggs; eggs immersed in propolis or eggs immersed in mineral oil, evaluated for five storage times: 7; 14; 21; 28 and 35 days), each treatment consisted of four replicates of six eggs each. The eggs had increased weight loss, decrease in specific gravity and growth the weight and the pH of the yolk, besides the reduced the pH of the albumen and their respective weight with advancing storage time in the absence of cooling (Experiment 1), whether treated or not in the shell. However, the surface treatment with mineral oil promoted protection against progressive loss of weight and decreased specific gravity, making them less intense with advancing the storage period without refrigeration. In the Experiment 2, the immersion of eggs in mineral oil promoted less weight loss, higher specific weight, greater weight of the yolk and the albumen during storage under refrigeration. The quality of quail eggs submitted of treatment superficial on shell by immersion in mineral oil is preserved for up to five weeks under different environments, with and without refrigeration.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade de ovos de codornas japonesas tratados superficialmente, através de imersão em óleo mineral ou solução de própolis, foram conduzidos experimentos simultâneos em dois ambientes, sem refrigeração (Experimento 1) e com refrigeração (Experimento 2). Para cada experimento, foram selecionados 360 ovos íntegros distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 5 (ovos não tratados; ovos imersos em solução de própolis e ovos imersos em óleo mineral, avaliados durante cinco tempos de armazenamento: 7; 14; 21; 28 e 35 dias), cada tratamento foi composto por seis repetições de quatro ovos cada. Os ovos apresentaram aumento da perda de peso, diminuição do peso específico e aumento do peso e do pH da gema, além de redução do pH do albúmen e de seu respectivo peso com o avançar do tempo de estocagem na ausência de refrigeração (Experimento 1), independente se receberam ou não tratamento na casca. Entretanto, o tratamento superficial com óleo mineral promoveu proteção contra essa perda progressiva de peso e diminuição do peso específico, tornando-as menos intensas com o avançar do período de estocagem sem refrigeração. No Experimento 2, a imersão dos ovos em óleo mineral conferiu menor perda de peso, maior peso específico, maior peso de gema e de albúmen durante o armazenamento sob refrigeração.A qualidade de ovos de codornas submetidos a tratamento superficial da casca por imersão em óleo mineral é preservada por até cinco semanas em diferentes ambientes, sem e com refrigeração.

Qualidade de ovos de codorna submetidos ou não a tratamento superficial da casca armazenados em diferentes ambientes / Quality of quail eggs submitted or no to surface treatment of the shell stored in different environments

With the aim of evaluating the quality of eggs of Japanese quail treated superficially, by immersion in mineral oil or propolis solution, simultaneous experiments were conducted in two environments, without refrigeration (Experiment 1) and with refrigeration (Experiment 2). For each experiment, were selected 360 intact eggs distributed in a completely randomized design in factorial 3 x 5 (untreated eggs; eggs immersed in propolis or eggs immersed in mineral oil, evaluated for five storage times: 7; 14; 21; 28 and 35 days), each treatment consisted of four replicates of six eggs each. The eggs had increased weight loss, decrease in specific gravity and growth the weight and the pH of the yolk, besides the reduced the pH of the albumen and their respective weight with advancing storage time in the absence of cooling (Experiment 1), whether treated or not in the shell. However, the surface treatment with mineral oil promoted protection against progressive loss of weight and decreased specific gravity, making them less intense with advancing the storage period without refrigeration. In the Experiment 2, the immersion of eggs in mineral oil promoted less weight loss, higher specific weight, greater weight of the yolk and the albumen during storage under refrigeration. The quality of quail eggs submitted of treatment superficial on shell by immersion in mineral oil is preserved for up to five weeks under different environments, with and without refrigeration.(AU)

Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade de ovos de codornas japonesas tratados superficialmente, através de imersão em óleo mineral ou solução de própolis, foram conduzidos experimentos simultâneos em dois ambientes, sem refrigeração (Experimento 1) e com refrigeração (Experimento 2). Para cada experimento, foram selecionados 360 ovos íntegros distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 5 (ovos não tratados; ovos imersos em solução de própolis e ovos imersos em óleo mineral, avaliados durante cinco tempos de armazenamento: 7; 14; 21; 28 e 35 dias), cada tratamento foi composto por seis repetições de quatro ovos cada. Os ovos apresentaram aumento da perda de peso, diminuição do peso específico e aumento do peso e do pH da gema, além de redução do pH do albúmen e de seu respectivo peso com o avançar do tempo de estocagem na ausência de refrigeração (Experimento 1), independente se receberam ou não tratamento na casca. Entretanto, o tratamento superficial com óleo mineral promoveu proteção contra essa perda progressiva de peso e diminuição do peso específico, tornando-as menos intensas com o avançar do período de estocagem sem refrigeração. No Experimento 2, a imersão dos ovos em óleo mineral conferiu menor perda de peso, maior peso específico, maior peso de gema e de albúmen durante o armazenamento sob refrigeração.A qualidade de ovos de codornas submetidos a tratamento superficial da casca por imersão em óleo mineral é preservada por até cinco semanas em diferentes ambientes, sem e com refrigeração.(AU)

Influence of spray nozzles and adjuvants in drift reduction potential in wind tunnel / Influência de pontas de pulverização e adjuvantes no potencial de redução de deriva em túnel de vento

The drift is intimately linked to inappropriate use of pesticides and an important factor for reducing it, is the correct selection of spray nozzles and adjuvants. The objective of this work was to evaluate the drift potential in wind tunnel with different spray nozzles and different concentrations of adjuvants. The experiment was composed by six spray solutions (vegetable oil (in three concentrations), mineral oil, surfactant and reducing drift), which were applied with two nozzles, one pre-orifice flat fan (DG 8003 VS) and other with air induction (AI 8003 VS), totaling 12 treatments, with three repetitions. The equipment used was a wind tunnel, where the drift collections were made at different points. The treatments averages were compared using Confidence Interval at 5% probability. The analysis of the percentage of drift showed that the treatments had different behaviors. The nonylphenol ethoxylate adjuvant presented the highest drift when applied with the nozzle of pre-orifice and the lowest drift when applied with the air induction. The behavior of these nozzles when the oil-based adjuvant was used showed apposite results to those obtained for the surfactant. For the DG nozzles the lowest percentage of drift, at all analyzed distances, was observed to the treatment with vegetable oil (1.0%) and with the AI nozzles the lower drift was found for the treatment with nonylphe

A deriva está diretamente ligada ao uso inadequado da tecnologia de aplicação de agrotóxicos, sendo a correta seleção das pontas de pulverização e adjuvantes importantes variáveis para auxiliar em sua redução. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar o potencial de deriva em túnel de vento com diferentes pontas de pulverização e diferentes concentrações de adjuvantes. O ensaio foi composto por seis caldas (óleo vegetal (em três concentrações), óleo mineral, surfatante e redutor de deriva), aplicadas com pontas de pulverização anti-deriva, jato plano com pré-orifício (DG 8003 VS) e indução de ar (AI 8003 VS). O equipamento utilizado foi um túnel de vento, onde as coletas de deriva foram realizadas em diferentes pontos. As médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas pelo Intervalo de Confiança, a 95% de probabilidade. A análise da porcentagem de deriva demonstrou que os tratamentos tiveram comportamentos distintos. O adjuvante nonil fenol etoxilado apresentou a maior deriva quando aplicado com a ponta de pré-orifício e a menor deriva quando aplicado com a indução de ar. Porém, comportamento contrário foi observado quando o adjuvante a base de óleo foi utilizado para as mesmas pontas. Para a ponta DG o menor percentual de deriva em todas as distâncias analisadas foi para o tratamento óleo vegetal (1,0%) e para a ponta AI a menor deriva foi encontrada no tratamento com o adjuvante nonil f

Influence of spray nozzles and adjuvants in drift reduction potential in wind tunnel / Influência de pontas de pulverização e adjuvantes no potencial de redução de deriva em túnel de vento

The drift is intimately linked to inappropriate use of pesticides and an important factor for reducing it, is the correct selection of spray nozzles and adjuvants. The objective of this work was to evaluate the drift potential in wind tunnel with different spray nozzles and different concentrations of adjuvants. The experiment was composed by six spray solutions (vegetable oil (in three concentrations), mineral oil, surfactant and reducing drift), which were applied with two nozzles, one pre-orifice flat fan (DG 8003 VS) and other with air induction (AI 8003 VS), totaling 12 treatments, with three repetitions. The equipment used was a wind tunnel, where the drift collections were made at different points. The treatments averages were compared using Confidence Interval at 5% probability. The analysis of the percentage of drift showed that the treatments had different behaviors. The nonylphenol ethoxylate adjuvant presented the highest drift when applied with the nozzle of pre-orifice and the lowest drift when applied with the air induction. The behavior of these nozzles when the oil-based adjuvant was used showed apposite results to those obtained for the surfactant. For the DG nozzles the lowest percentage of drift, at all analyzed distances, was observed to the treatment with vegetable oil (1.0%) and with the AI nozzles the lower drift was found for the treatment with nonylphe

A deriva está diretamente ligada ao uso inadequado da tecnologia de aplicação de agrotóxicos, sendo a correta seleção das pontas de pulverização e adjuvantes importantes variáveis para auxiliar em sua redução. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar o potencial de deriva em túnel de vento com diferentes pontas de pulverização e diferentes concentrações de adjuvantes. O ensaio foi composto por seis caldas (óleo vegetal (em três concentrações), óleo mineral, surfatante e redutor de deriva), aplicadas com pontas de pulverização anti-deriva, jato plano com pré-orifício (DG 8003 VS) e indução de ar (AI 8003 VS). O equipamento utilizado foi um túnel de vento, onde as coletas de deriva foram realizadas em diferentes pontos. As médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas pelo Intervalo de Confiança, a 95% de probabilidade. A análise da porcentagem de deriva demonstrou que os tratamentos tiveram comportamentos distintos. O adjuvante nonil fenol etoxilado apresentou a maior deriva quando aplicado com a ponta de pré-orifício e a menor deriva quando aplicado com a indução de ar. Porém, comportamento contrário foi observado quando o adjuvante a base de óleo foi utilizado para as mesmas pontas. Para a ponta DG o menor percentual de deriva em todas as distâncias analisadas foi para o tratamento óleo vegetal (1,0%) e para a ponta AI a menor deriva foi encontrada no tratamento com o adjuvante nonil f

Effect of vegetable oil (Brazil nut oil) and mineral oil (liquid petrolatum) on dental biofilm control

Dental biofilm control represents a basic procedure to prevent caries and the occurrence of periodontal diseases. Currently, toothbrushes and dentifrices are used almost universally, and the employment of good oral hygiene allows for appropriate biofilm removal by both mechanical and chemical control. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of adding vegetable or mineral oil to a commercially available dentifrice in dental biofilm control. A comparison using the Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S) was performed in 30 individuals who were randomly divided into three groups. Group 1 (G1) received a commercially available dentifrice; the composition of this dentifrice was modified by addition of mineral oil (Nujol®) for group 2 (G2) or a vegetable oil (Alpha Care®) for group 3 (G3) at 10 percent of the total volume, respectively. The two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (two-way ANOVA) was used to test the effect of group (G1, G2 and G3) or time (baseline, 45 days and 90 days) on the OHI-S index scores. Statistical analysis revealed a significant reduction in the OHI-S at day 90 in G2 (p < 0.05) and G3 (p < 0.0001) in comparison to G1. Therefore, the addition of a vegetable or a mineral oil to a commercially available dentifrice improved dental biofilm control, suggesting that these oils may aid in the prevention and/or control of caries and periodontal disease.