Cardiomiopatía por estrés con membrana de oxigenación extracorpórea V-A durante el puerperio. Reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Stress cardiomyopathy with extracorporeal oxygenation membrane V-A during the puerperium. Case report and literature review / Cardiomiopatia de estresse com oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea V-A durante o puerpério. Relato de caso e análise literária

Resumen: Se presenta un caso de una mujer de 28 años, primera gesta, embarazo normoevolutivo, quien acudió a atención de parto, se realizó cesárea por falta de progresión. Durante el perioperatorio desarrolló atonía uterina y sangrado (2,000 mL), por lo que se le realizó histerectomía subtotal abdominal, embolización selectiva de vasos pélvicos, transfusión masiva y empaquetamiento pélvico. Evolucionó con vasoplejía y perfil hemodinámico compatible con choque cardiogénico, ecocardiograma transtorácico con disfunción sistólica severa, fracción de eyección de ventrículo izquierdo (FEVI) 18%, contractilidad normal en los tercios basales de la pared lateral. El resto de los segmentos con hipocinesia severa, NT-pro BNP 9,226 pg/mL, troponina de alta sensibilidad 490 pg/mL, electrocardiograma con taquicardia sinusal sin datos de lesión. Se estableció el diagnóstico de Takotsubo (miocardiopatía por estrés). Se colocó membrana de oxigenación extracorpórea (ECMO) V-A y balón de contrapulsación intraaórtica. Desarrolló lesión renal aguda y sobrecarga hídrica, por lo que se inició terapia de sustitución renal. La terapia ECMO se mantuvo durante nueve días, y se egresó a domicilio a los 18 días. El ECMO es una estrategia terapéutica para el soporte hemodinámico del choque cardiogénico incluyendo la cardiomiopatía por estrés; este caso ilustra su utilidad en el puerperio.

Abstract: We present a case of a 28-year-old woman currently in her first pregnancy, normal evolution, who attended delivery care, a cesarean section was performed due to lack of progression. During the perioperative period, she developed uterine atony and bleeding of 2,000 mL, for which she underwent a subtotal abdominal hysterectomy, selective embolization of the pelvic vessels, massive transfusion, and pelvic packing. She evolved with vasoplegia and hemodynamic profile compatible with cardiogenic shock, transthoracic echocardiogram exposes severe systolic dysfunction, LVEF 18%, normal contractility in the basal thirds of the lateral wall, the rest of the segments with severe hypokinesia, NT-pro BNP 9,226 pg/mL, high-sensitivity troponin 490 pg/mL, electrocardiogram whit sinus tachycardia with no evidence of injury, the diagnosis of Takotsubo (stress cardiomyopathy) was established. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) V-A and intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation were placed. Acute kidney injury developed, and fluid overload, for which renal replacement therapy was started. ECMO therapy was maintained for nine days, and she was discharged home after 18 days. ECMO is an innovative therapeutic strategy for hemodynamic support of cardiogenic shock, including stress cardiomyopathy, and this case illustrates its potential utility in the postpartum period.

Resumo: Apresenta-se o caso de uma mulher de 28 anos, primigesta, gravidez evolução normal, que assistiu ao parto, tendo sido submetida a cesariana por falta de evolução. No período perioperatório, apresentou atonia uterina e sangramento (2,000 mL), sendo submetida a histerectomia abdominal subtotal, embolização seletiva de vasos pélvicos, transfusão maciça e tamponamento pélvico. Evoluiu com vasoplegia e quadro hemodinâmico compatível com choque cardiogênico, ecocardiograma transtorácico com disfunção sistólica grave, FEVE 18%, contratilidade normal nos terços basais da parede lateral, restante dos segmentos com hipocinesia grave, NT-pro BNP 9,226 pg/mL, troponina de alta sensibilidade 490 pg/mL, eletrocardiograma com taquicardia sinusal sem evidência de lesão, foi estabelecido o diagnóstico de Takotsubo (cardiomiopatia de estresse). Colocou-se uma oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea (ECMO) V-A e um balão de contrapulsação intra-aórtico. Evoluiu com lesão renal aguda e sobrecarga hídrica, sendo iniciada terapia renal substitutiva. A terapia com ECMO foi mantida por 9 dias e ele recebeu alta após 18 dias. A ECMO é uma estratégia terapêutica para suporte hemodinâmico do choque cardiogênico, incluindo a cardiomiopatia de estresse, e este caso ilustra sua utilidade no puerpério.

Brain functional connectivity in takotsubo cardiomyopathy patients. A systematic review of magnetic resonance imaging studies / Conectividad funcional cerebral en pacientes con miocardiopatía de takotsubo: Revisión sistemática de estudios de imagen por resonancia magnética

Abstract Background: Functional neuroimaging studies may aid to our understanding of the pathophysiology of the takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Objective: The aim of the study was to review the available evidence of brain functional connectivity in takotsubo cardiomyopathy patients. Methods: This was a systematic review. We searched MEDLINE, LILACS, Ovid (Cochrane), Scopus, and Science Direct for studies conducting functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in takotsubo patients. After reviewing title/abstract and full text, we selected relevant studies, extracted methodological characteristics, and their main findings, and assessed their risk of bias with the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. We present a narrative review. Results: We included five case-control studies from 600 registries. The risk of bias was low; comparability was the main issue. Resting-state fMRI findings suggest significant differences for the hippocampus, the Insula, the amygdala, and the para-hippocampal gyrus. Task fMRI findings suggest significant differences for the Insula, the superior occipital gyrus, and the amygdala. Studies were heterogeneous about the laterality and directionality of these differences. Conclusion: Brain connectivity alterations involving elements relevant for autonomic control like the Insula and the Amygdala provide evidence in favor of the role of functional networks in the neurocardiology of stress-related cardiomyopathies. However, it is not possible to determine if this role is causal or consequential.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los estudios de neuroimagen funcional podrían ayudar a clarificar la fisiopatología de la miocardiopatía de takotsubo. Objetivo: Revisar la evidencia disponible sobre conectividad funcional cerebral en pacientes con cardiomiopatía de takotsubo. Métodos: Revisión sistemática. Se buscaron en MEDLINE, LILACS, Ovid (Cochrane), Scopus, y ScienceDirect estudios de imagen por resonancia magnética funcional (IRMf) en pacientes con cardiomiopatía de takotsubo. Tras revisar títulos, resúmenes y textos completos se seleccionaron los estudios relevantes, se extrajeron sus características metodológicas y resultados principales, y se valoró su riesgo de sesgo mediante la escala Newcastle-Ottawa. Se presenta revisión narrativa de los resultados. Resultados: Se incluyeron cinco estudios de casos y controles de entre 600 registros. El riesgo de sesgo fue bajo, la comparabilidad fue la principal limitante. Los estudios de IRMf en estado de reposo sugieren diferencias significativas en el Hipocampo, la Ínsula, la Amígdala y el Giro parahipocampal. Los estudios de IRMf bajo paradigma sugieren diferencias en la Ínsula, el Giro occipital superior y en la Amígdala. Los estudios fueron heterogéneos respecto a la lateralización y direccion de estas diferencias. Conclusión: Alteraciones en la conectividad cerebral de zonas relevantes para el control autonómico como la ínsula y la Amígdala provén evidencia a favor del rol de redes funcionales en la neurocardiología de miocardiopatías relacionadas con el estrés. Sin embargo, aún no es posible determinar si esto obedece a un rol causal o consecuencial.

Cardiomiopatía de Tako-tsubo y síndrome de QT largo congénito / Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy and congenital long QT syndrome

La miocardiopatía de Tako-tsubo (MT) y síndrome de QT largo congénito (SQTLc) son dos entidades que presentan un retardo de la repolarización cardíaca y su asociación ha sido publicada en reportes de casos. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 55 años, con antecedentes de SQTLc, que ingresó a nuestro hospital por dolor precordial, luego de un evento estresante, diagnosticándose MT. Evolucionó con prolongación del intervalo QT en el electrocardiograma, persistiendo luego de la externación, sin presentar episodios de arritmias ventriculares ni síncope

Takobsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) and congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) are two entities that present a delay of cardiac repolarization and their association has been published in case reports. We present the case of a 55-year-old female patient with medical history of congenital LQTS, who was admitted to our hospital due to precordial pain after a stressful event and TC was diagnosed. She evolves with QT interval prolongation on the ECG that remains after the externalization, without presenting any episodes of ventricular arrhythmia or syncope

A cardiomiopatia de Tako-tsubo (CT) e a síndrome do QT longo congênito (SQTLc) são duas entidades que apresentam um atraso da repolarização cardíaca e sua associação foi publicada em relatos de casos. Apresentamos o caso de uma paciente de 55 anos de idade com história médica de SQTLc, admitida em nosso hospital devido a dor precordial após um evento estressante, com diagnóstico de CT. Ela evolui com prolongamento do intervalo QT no ECG que permanece após a externalização, sem apresentar nenhum episódios de arritmias ventriculares ou síncope

Síndrome de Takotsubo con disfunción grave de ventrículo izquierdo en el postoperatorio de reemplazo valvular mitral / Postoperative Takotsubo syndrome with severe left ventricular dysfunction following mitral valve replacement

RESUMEN El síndrome de Takotsubo, descrito por vez primera en Japón a fines de 1989 y principios de 1990, caracteriza un conjunto de pacientes con discinesia apical transitoria y conservación de la contractilidad hacia la base del ventrículo izquierdo, que recuerda la forma de la vasija usada por los pescadores para atrapar pulpos. Habitualmente se observa en situaciones que impliquen elevación de catecolaminas y su cuadro clínico es similar al de un infarto agudo de miocardio. El caso que se presenta ocurrió, sorprendentemente, en el postoperatorio de una cirugía cardiovascular y probablemente sea el primero encontrado en Cuba en esta circunstancia: isquemia perioperatoria tras reemplazo valvular mitral, que se recuperó en aproximadamente 72 horas, aunque su recuperación total fue más tardía. Se muestran las imágenes angiográficas.

ABSTRACT Takotsubo syndrome was first described in Japan in late 1989 and early 1990 and featured a group of patients with transient apical dyskinesia and preservation of basal left-ventricular contractility, which resembled the vessel used by fishermen to catch octopus. It is usually seen in situations involving catecholamine release and its clinical picture mimics that of acute myocardial infarction. The case presented occurs, surprisingly, in the postoperative period of cardiovascular surgery and is probably the first one found in this circumstance in Cuba: perioperative ischemia after mitral valve replacement, which recovered within nearly 72 hours, although complete recovery occurred later. Angiographic images are shown.

Myocardial dysfunction in Takotsubo syndrome: More than meets the eye?

INTRODUCTION: Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is characterized by transient left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, typically mimicking an anterior wall myocardial infarction (MI), without obstructive coronary artery disease. In the few published reports assessing myocardial deformation in TTS and MI, no consistent differences have been described between the two entities. We sought to characterize global and regional function in TTS and to compare it with a population with MI. METHODS: Clinical data, including echocardiography, were gathered from 17 TTS patients and 20 anterior wall ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) controls. Peak systolic longitudinal strain was determined for each LV segment using speckle tracking imaging, and global and mean apical, midventricular and basal longitudinal strain were calculated from these. RESULTS: Both TTS and STEMI patients presented significant LV systolic dysfunction, and there were no significant differences in ejection fraction or global longitudinal strain. Regional longitudinal strain was more severely impaired in basal inferolateral and mid anterolateral segments in the TTS group and in apical anteroseptal segments in the STEMI group. Mean longitudinal strain was worse in the basal segments of TTS patients (-9.8±2.9 vs. -12.4±4.1%, p=0.010), with no significant differences in mid and apical segments. The basal/apical ratio was significantly lower in this group as well (1.51±0.86 vs. 2.94±1.88, p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: While both TTS and STEMI feature significantly impaired global systolic function, we found a regional pattern of worse basal longitudinal strain and a lower basal/apical ratio in the former. These suggest generalized myocardial impairment in TTS, providing new clues about its pathophysiology and possible specific echocardiographic changes.

Stress induced cardiomyopathy due to a Mexican earthquake / Cardiomiopatía por estrés inducida por el terremoto en México

Abstract Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy mainly occurs in postmenopausal women, with or with- out cardiovascular disease, and is commonly associated with emotional or physical stress. After nearly 27 years of extensive efforts towards a better understanding of this disorder, current knowledge remains limited. Many people suffer post-traumatic stress, and this situation can be associated to stress cardiomyopathy. The case is presented of a female who suffers stress asso- ciated with the earthquake of 19 September 2017 in Mexico City, and arrived in the Emergency Department in cardiogenic shock.

Resumen La miocardiopatía de Takotsubo ocurre principalmente en mujeres posmenopáusicas con o sin enfermedad cardiovascular, y se asocia comúnmente con estrés emocional o físico. Después de casi 27 an˜os de esfuerzos extensos para una mejor comprensión de este trastorno, el conocimiento actual sigue siendo limitado. Muchas personas sufren estrés postraumático y esta situación puede estar asociada a la cardiomiopatía por estrés. Presentamos el caso clínico de una mujer que sufrió estrés relacionado con el pasado terremoto del 19 de septiembre en la Ciudad de México y llegó al servicio de urgencias en choque cardiogénico.

Miocardiopatía de Tako-tsubo, una entidad no tan benigna: A propósito de un caso

La miocardiopatía de Tako-tsubo se conoce como una entidad benigna y reversible. Su presentación típica se caracteriza por la disfunción sistólica transitoria, apical y una base hipercontráctil del ventrículo izquierdo, en ausencia de oclusión coronaria, frecuentemente ocurre en mujeres mayores después de una situación de estrés. Dado que suele simular un síndrome coronario agudo, el diagnóstico diferencial es esencial para su tratamiento. Últimamente, se dio a conocer que las complicaciones intrahospitalarias graves se encuentran en igual proporción que el síndrome coronario agudo. En este caso, se presenta una mujer de edad avanzada, sintomática por disnea clase funcional IV, supradesnivel del segmento ST en cara anterior, con elevación de troponina, arterias coronarias sin lesiones significativas en la cinecoronariografía y evidencia de imágenes compatibles con miocardiopatía de Tako-tsubo en el ecocardiograma transtorácico, complicado durante su hospitalización con shock cardiogénico y taponamiento cardíaco.

Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy, a not so benign entity About a case Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy is known as a benign and reversible entity. Its typical presentation is characterized by transient, apical systolic dysfunction and a hypercontractile base of the left ventricle, in the absence of coronary occlusion, frequently occurring in older women after a stressful situation. Since it usually simulates an acute coronary syndrome, the differential diagnosis is essential for its treatment. Recently, it was reported that serious intrahospital complications are found in the same proportion as acute coronary syndrome. In this case, there is an older woman, symptomatic of dyspnea functional class IV, supra-level of the ST segment on the anterior side, with elevation of troponin, coronary arteries without significant lesions in the coronary angiography and evidence of images compatible with Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy in the transthoracic echocardiogram, complicated during his hospitalization with cardiogenic shock and cardiac tamponade.

Cardiomiopatia de Tako-tsubo, entidade não tão benigna Sobre um relato clínico A cardiomiopatia de Tako-tsubo é conhecida como uma entidade benigna e reversível. Sua apresentação típica é caracterizada por disfunção sistólica transitória, apical e uma base hipercontrátil do ventrículo esquerdo, na ausência de oclusão coronária, ocorre frequentemente em mulheres mais velhas, após uma situação estressante. Como geralmente simula uma síndrome coronariana aguda, o diagnóstico diferencial é essencial para o tratamento. Recentemente, foi relatado que complicações intra-hospitalares graves são encontradas na mesma proporção que a síndrome coronariana aguda. Neste caso, uma mulher idosa, sintomática por dispneia classe funcional IV, elevação do segmento ST no cara anterior, com elevação da troponina, artérias coronárias sem lesões significativas na angiografia coronária e evidência de imagens compatíveis com cardiomiopatia de Tako-tsubo no ecocardiograma transtorácico, complicado durante sua internação com choque cardiogênico e tamponamento cardíaco.

Stress induced cardiomyopathy due to a Mexican earthquake.

Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy mainly occurs in postmenopausal women, with or without cardiovascular disease, and is commonly associated with emotional or physical stress. After nearly 27 years of extensive efforts towards a better understanding of this disorder, current knowledge remains limited. Many people suffer post-traumatic stress, and this situation can be associated to stress cardiomyopathy. The case is presented of a female who suffers stress associated with the earthquake of 19 September 2017 in Mexico City, and arrived in the Emergency Department in cardiogenic shock.

Síndrome del corazón roto y estrés agudo / A propósito de un caso

Resumen Introducción: El estrés se ha asociado con un síndrome de insuficiencia cardiaca aguda, con morbilidad y mortalidad importantes. Metodología: Reporte de caso y revisión no sistemática de la literatura relevante. Presentación del caso: Mujer de 65 arios con antecedente de trastorno de ansiedad generalizada no tratado que, tras la muerte violenta de un hijo, sufría dolor opresivo en el precordio, el cuello y la extremidad superior izquierda que duraba más de 30 min; la sospecha clínica inicial fue síndrome coronario agudo. Revisión de la literatura: La miocardiopatía de tako-tsubo se caracteriza por disfunción ventricular izquierda, reversible en la mayoría de los casos, y alteraciones del movimiento de la pared ventricular sin anormalidades coronarias, asociado a altas concentraciones plasmáticas de catecolaminas, que en la mayoría de los casos coinciden con un estresor agudo de tipo físico o emocional. Conclusiones: La miocardiopatía de tako-tsubo es un diagnóstico diferencial que los médicos que atienden a pacientes con sospecha de síndrome coronario deben considerar, especialmente ante mujeres posmenopáusicas con antecedentes de comorbilidades psiquiátricas como el trastorno de ansiedad generalizada.

Abstract Introduction: Stress has been associated with an acute heart failure syndrome of important morbidity and mortality. Methods: Case report and non-systematic review of the relevant literature. Case presentation: A 65-year-old woman with a history of an untreated generalized anxiety disorder, whom after the violent death of her son presented with oppressive chest pain irradiated to neck and left superior extremity, lasting for more than 30 minutes, initial clinical suspect suggests acute coronary syndrome. Literature review: Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy is characterized by a reversible left ventricular dysfunction and wall movement abnormalities, without any compromise of the coronary arteries, associated to high plasma levels of catecholamines which in most cases correlates with an acute stress of emotional or physical type. Conclusions: Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy has to be considered by physicians among the differential diagnosis when facing patient with suspected acute coronary syndrome, especially in postmenopausal women with a history of psychiatric comorbidities such as a generalized anxiety disorder.

[Acute Stress and Broken Heart Syndrome. A Case Report]. / Síndrome del corazón roto y estrés agudo. A propósito de un caso.

INTRODUCTION: Stress has been associated with an acute heart failure syndrome of important morbidity and mortality. METHODS: Case report and non-systematic review of the relevant literature. CASE PRESENTATION: A 65-year-old woman with a history of an untreated generalized anxiety disorder, whom after the violent death of her son presented with oppressive chest pain irradiated to neck and left superior extremity, lasting for more than 30minutes, initial clinical suspect suggests acute coronary syndrome. LITERATURE REVIEW: Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy is characterized by a reversible left ventricular dysfunction and wall movement abnormalities, without any compromise of the coronary arteries, associated to high plasma levels of catecholamines which in most cases correlates with an acute stress of emotional or physical type. CONCLUSIONS: Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy has to be considered by physicians among the differential diagnosis when facing a patient with suspected acute coronary syndrome, especially in post-menopausal women with a history of psychiatric comorbidities such as a generalized anxiety disorder.

Miocardiopatía de takotsubo y la arteria coronaria única: una combinación excepcional / Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and single coronary artery: a unique combination

La miocardiopatía de takotsubo es una entidad que clínicamente simula un síndrome coronario agudo, siendo indispensable para su diagnóstico la exclusión de la enfermedad coronaria significativa. Se presenta el caso de una mujer postmenopáusica, quien durante un episodio de migraña desarrolla un cuadro clínico similar a un infarto del miocardio anterior, donde la ecocardiografía durante el evento agudo, orientó hacia el diagnóstico correcto de miocardiopatía de Takotsubo, encontrándose incidentalmente una arteria coronaria única sin enfermedad obstructiva.

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a condition that clinically simulates an acute coronary syndrome, thus it remains indispensable for its diagnosis to exclude a significant coronary disease. We present the case of a postmenopausal woman who developed a clinical picture similar to an anterior myocardial infarction during a migraine episode, where the echocardiogram during the acute event oriented towards the correct diagnosis of a Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, incidentally finding a single coronary artery with no obstructive disease.

Cardiogenic shock induced by Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: A new therapeutic option.

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) is characterized by the sudden onset of reversible left ventricular dysfunction, with a presentation similar to that of an acute coronary syndrome. Although cardiogenic shock is a rare occurrence in TC, if it does occur it may require the use of a left ventricular assist device. We report the use of extracorporeal life support (ECLS) in a patient with TC and refractory cardiogenic shock. With ECLS it was possible to reduce inotropic support, and a normal left ventricular ejection fraction was documented by echocardiography on day 2. This is, to our knowledge, the first reported case of TC with refractory cardiogenic shock treated with ECLS in Portugal.