Misunderstanding of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection status by non-specialized medical doctors in patients who achieved sustained virologic response to anti-HCV therapy.

INTRODUCTION: With the increase in the number of patients with sustained virologic response (SVR) in whom hepatitis C virus (HCV) was eradicated by the anti-HCV therapy, there are now many individuals in whom serum HCV RNA is absent despite positive serum HCV antibodies. However, in general clinical practice, HCV infection remains usually screened by measurement of serum HCV antibodies and patients with SVR can be misunderstood regarding HCV infection status. METHODS: In the multicenter study, we conducted interviews with administered questionnaires to SVR individuals who had regular hospital visits after SVR. The prevalence of experiencing an incorrect diagnosis of HCV infection after SVR was assessed. Individuals who experienced this misunderstanding were further asked where they experienced it and how it made them feel. RESULTS: In a survey of 2,246 SVR individuals, 197 individuals (8.8%) were misunderstood as having persistent HCV infection by medical doctors due to positive HCV antibody, despite the absence of HCV viremia. These misunderstandings occurred most prevalently at a private clinic (55.3%). More than half (53.3%) of these individuals felt anxious about their HCV infection with becoming unsure about their HCV eradication status. CONCLUSIONS: Misunderstanding HCV status is commonly occurred in SVR individuals. Specialists in hepatology and infectious diseases should broadly emphasize the fact that most patients with HCV antibodies are now HCV-free because of the use of anti-HCV therapy.

Misunderstandings in ART Triadic Interactions: A Qualitative Comparison of First and Follow-Up Visits.

BACKGROUND: Misunderstandings in medical interactions can compromise the quality of communication and affect self-management, especially in complex interactions like those in the assisted reproductive technology (ART) field. This study aimed to detect and describe misunderstandings in ART triadic visits. We compared first and follow-up visits for frequency, type, speakers, and topics leading to misunderstandings. METHODS: We purposively sampled 20 triadic interactions from a corpus of 85 visits. We used a previously developed coding scheme to detect different types of misunderstandings (i.e., with strong, acceptable, and weak evidence). We analyzed also the different topics leading to strong misunderstandings (direct expressions of lack of understanding, pragmatic alternative understandings, semantic alternative understandings) to provide insights about the contents of the consultation that may need particular attention and care. FINDINGS: We detected an overall number of 1078 misunderstandings in the 20 selected visits. First visits contained almost two-third of the misunderstandings (n = 680, 63%). First visits were particularly rich in misunderstandings with acceptable evidence (e.g., clarifications and checks for understanding), compared to follow-up visits. In first visits, doctors' turns more frequently than couples' turns contained misunderstandings, while in follow-up visits it was the other way around. Looking at the couple, the majority of the misunderstandings were expressed by the woman (n = 241, 22%) rather than by the man (n = 194, 18%). However, when weighting for their number of turns, 9% of the men's turns included an expression of misunderstanding, compared to the 7% of the women's turns. Finally, more than half of the misunderstandings with strong evidence were about history-taking and treatment-related topics, and while the history-taking ones were particularly frequent in first visits the treatment-related ones were more present in follow-up visits. DISCUSSION: Findings indicate that first visits may deserve particular attention to avoid misunderstandings, as they are the moment where a shared understanding can be harder to reach. In particular, misunderstandings happening in first visits seem mostly related to physicians having to reconstruct the clinical history of patients, while those in the follow-up visits seem to reflect residual and unsolved doubts from the couple, especially concerning treatments.

Differences in the prevention and control of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

At present, the prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases (CAVDs) has made initial advancements, although the prevention and control of cerebrovascular diseases (CEVDs) has not yet achieved the desired progress. In this paper, we review the prevention and control of CEVDs and CAVDs, and analyze the differences in prevention effects, and the pathological and physiological structures pertaining to CEVDs and CAVDs. Combined with the different effects of low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of CEVDs and CAVDs by meta-analysis, aspirin plays a more important role in the primary prevention of CAVDs than CEVDs. We recognize the misunderstandings and blind spots concerning prevention and control of CEVDs, which can be summarized as follows: (1) CEVDs and CAVDs can be controlled by the same methods and drugs; (2) considering the same pathological factors for cardiovascular diseases; (3) a lack of understanding of the particularity of CEVDs; (4) a focus on platelets and neglect of cerebrovascular protection. In summary, our research clarifies the differences in the prevention measures and drugs used for CEVDs and CAVDs. Of particular concern is the serious lack of preventive drugs for CEVDs in clinical use. An ideal drug for the prevention of CEVDs should have protective effects on the blood, the vascular endothelium, the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and other related factors. Our review aims to highlight several issues in the current prevention of CEVDs and CAVDs, and to provide an optimized plan for preventive drug discovery.

The General Population's Inappropriate Behaviors and Misunderstanding of Antibiotic Use in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The general population has increasingly become the key contributor to irrational antibiotic use in China, which fuels the emergence of antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of the general population's irrational use behaviors of antibiotics and identify the potential reasons behind them. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed concerning four main behaviors relevant to easy access and irrational use of antibiotics and common misunderstandings among the population about antibiotics. Four databases were searched, and studies published before 28 February 2021 were retrieved. Medium and high-level quality studies were included. Random effects meta-analysis was performed to calculate the prevalence of the general population's irrational behaviors and misunderstandings relevant to antibiotic use. A total of 8468 studies were retrieved and 78 met the criteria and were included. The synthesis showed the public can easily obtain unnecessary antibiotics, with an estimated 37% (95% CI: 29-46) of the population demanding antibiotics from physicians and 47% (95% CI: 38-57) purchasing non-prescription antibiotics from pharmacies. This situation is severe in the western area of China. People also commonly inappropriately use antibiotics by not following antibiotic prescriptions (pooled estimate: 48%, 95% CI: 41-55) and preventatively use antibiotics for non-indicated diseases (pooled estimate: 35%, 95% CI: 29-42). Misunderstanding of antibiotic use was also popular among people, including incorrect antibiotic recognition, wrong antibiotic use indication, inappropriate usage, and ignorance of potential adverse outcomes. Over-and inappropriate use of antibiotics is evident in China and a multifaceted antibiotic strategy targeted at the general population is urgently required.

Corrections to the description of Tasmanura (Pseudachorutinae).

The original description of the Tasmanian endemic genus Tasmanura Womersley was based on a misunderstanding of its gross morphology. This probably led to a misidentification of the genus from South Africa. To prevent similar misidentifications, the genus is redescribed here from the holotype and comments made on its distribution and habitat as well as current and future risks to its persistence.

Bons encontros promissores: parcerias e travessias no PesquisarCOM / Promising good encounters: partnerships and crossings in PesquisarCOM / Buenos encuentros prometedores: asociaciones y cruces en PesquisarCOM

O presente artigo nasce a partir do encontro entre a pesquisa de doutorado de uma pesquisadora e um pesquisador cujo interesse centra-se na formação em Psicologia. Assim, a partir desse acontecimento (Tsallis, 2014), trabalhamos o conceito desenvolvido por nós como Bom encontro promissor, inspirado pelo conceito Mal-entendido promissor de Vinciane Despret (Despret, 1999; Moraes 2010) e a definição de Bom encontro de Spinoza (2009). Com isso, pretendemos contribuir com a política de pesquisa do PesquisarCOM proposto por Marcia Moraes (2014; 2010). Os frutos desse entrelaçamento são aqui apresentados para tratar do processo de feitura da tese de doutorado (podendo ser pensando também em relação à produção de outros trabalhos acadêmicos), tendo foco nos efeitos que o cultivo desses bons encontros promovem durante o processo também de escrita. E assim, dada a atenção ao durante, aos caminhos, aos atravessamentos nessa caminhada, apontamos a potência desses Bons encontros promissores tanto no acompanhamento como na sustentação dos nossos trabalhos.

This article arises from the dialogue between the doctoral research of two researchers whose interest focuses on training in Psychology. From this event (Tsallis, 2014), we worked on the concept of Good Promising Meetings, developed by us and inspired by the concept of Promising Misunderstandings by Vinciane Despret (Despret, 1999; Moraes 2010) and the definition of Good Meetings, by Spinoza (2009). We aim to contribute to the research policy of PesquisarCOM, proposed by Marcia Moraes (2014; 2010). The fruits of this interlacing are presented here to deal with the process of writing a doctoral thesis (which may also be related to the production of any other academic work), focusing on the effects that the cultivation of these Good Meetings promote during the writing process as well. And so, given the attention to the process, to the paths, to the crossings in this journey, we point out the strength of these Good Promising Meetings for monitoring and supporting our work.

Este artículo nace de la reunión entre la investigación doctoral de una investigadora y un investigador cuyo interés ronda la formación en psicología. Por lo tanto, a partir de este evento (Tsallis, 2014), trabajamos en el concepto desarrollado por nosotros del "buen encuentro prometedor", inspirado por lo concepto de "malentendido prometedor" de Vinciane Despret (Despret, 1999; Moraes 2010) y la definición de Buen Encuentro de Spinoza (2009). Con eso, tenemos la intención de contribuir con la política de investigación del PesquisaCOM propuesto por Marcia Moraes (2014; 2010). Los frutos de este entrelazamiento son utilizados aquí para tratar el proceso de hacer la disertación doctoral (y también en su relación con la producción de otros trabajos académicos), enfocándose en los efectos que el cultivo de estos buenos encuentros promueve durante el proceso de escritura. Y así, dada la atención al durante, los caminos y los cruces en esta caminata, señalamos el poder de estos prometedores buenos encuentros tanto para acompañar como para sostener nuestro trabajo.

'Ethnobiological equivocation' and other misunderstandings in the interpretation of natures.

In this contribution we seek to enrich the theoretical and methodological approaches of ethnobiology. The essay takes elements of Amerindian anthropology, classical ethnobiological studies and the freedoms provided by feminist philosophers to open up reflection. The central background of the essay is the method of "controlled equivocation" proposed by Viveiros de Castro (2004). We present a series of five ethnobiological equivocations ranging from the categorical equivocal, going through the subtle equivocal to the strictly ontological ones. The cases occurred in different territories of Argentina, including a case in an academic context. Through the fieldwork cases, we give an account of the origin of equivocations, the context for their emergence, which are the disciplinary nuances that cause them and even some academics' preconceptions. To inhabit the equivocation allows opening the possibilities of coexistence among people -and their respective worlds-, especially if these people are in different power positions. We propose the method of controlled equivocation as a theoretical-discursive tool, which permits us to rethink the current concepts of ethnobiology. Thus, we want to broaden the current definition of ethnobiology understood as a dialogue from different scientific points of view.

Aurivillius's "Neue oder wenig bekannte ColeopteraLongicornia" (1886-1927), the correct years and page numbers.

Aurivillius's work entitled "Neue oder wenig bekannte ColeopteraLongicornia" was published in parts over a period of over four decades. There were two page numbers on most pages of these publications, one ordered by Aurivillius, the other by the journal. Historically, different authors have used different page numbers, and sometimes different years for these publications, which has caused chaos in the citations. Herein, accurate dates of publications for this work, and correct page numbers that should be used are provided and discussed.

Overconfidence in Understanding of How Electronic Gaming Machines Work Is Related to Positive Attitudes.

Previous research has demonstrated that attitudes are a primary determinant of intention to gamble on electronic gaming machines (EGMs) consistent with the Theory of Reasoned Action. This paper aims to address how biases in judgment can contribute to attitudes and subsequently behavior, including maladaptive problematic gambling behavior. We take a novel approach by viewing overconfidence in one's understanding of how outcomes are determined on EGMs as an indication of cognitive distortions. The novelty of this paper is further increased as we compare attitudes to existing EGMs with novel EGMs which include a skill component, referred to as skill-based gaming machines (SGMs), which enables a better controlled comparison between actual and perceived skill. In Study 1, 232 US-based participants were recruited online who were shown various slot machines and SGMs and asked a series of questions about perceived skill and chance in determining outcomes to assess their understanding, then were asked their confidence in their understanding, attitudes toward the machines and they completed the Problem Gambling Severity Index. In Study 2, 246 Australian participants were recruited through community and university student samples; they attended a laboratory where they were randomly allocated to play a real EGM or SGM without money and completed the same measures as in Study 1. In Study 2, participants were randomly told that the outcomes on the machine they would play were determined entirely by chance, skill, or a mixture of both. In both studies, our findings suggest that there are more extreme values in overconfidence in how EGMs work, whereas individuals are more similar in their confidence in understanding SGMs. We also find a relationship between overconfidence in EGM understanding and positive attitudes toward EGMs, but no such relationship with SGMs. There was no impact from controlling for demographics, problem gambling severity, or labeling of machines on these relationships.

Investigation on the prevalence of COPD in high-risk population in Suzhou and measures against cognitive misunderstanding / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To investigate the prevalence of COPD in high-risk population in Suzhou, and to explore the corresponding measures against cognitive misunderstanding. Methods From January 2017 to January 2020, a total of 4,800 residents from 4 COPD national monitoring points in Suzhou were selected using a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method. Questionnaire surveys and lung function tests were conducted. The high-risk groups of COPD and their morbidity and COPD awareness were statistically analyzed. The influencing factors of COPD in Suzhou were analyzed by single factor analysis and multi-factor stepwise logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 4 747 residents were included in the analysis, including 4 249 people with high-risk COPD and 441 confirmed patients. Among them, 75.96% had basic knowledge, 52.15% understood the treatment knowledge, 49.89% understood the self-management, and 61.68% understood the lung rehabilitation training. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that age (OR=1.557, 95%CI=1.202~2.017), daily smoking (OR=2.062, 95%CI=1.673~2.541), cooking fuel being polluted (OR=1.526,95%CI=1.255~1.900), and occupational dust exposure>1 year (OR=1.474, 95%CI=1.196~1.816) were risk factors for COPD, while kitchen with smoke exhaust equipment (OR=0.601, 95%CI=0.465~0.777) and ethnic minorities (OR=0.642, 95%CI=0.508~0.812) were COPD protective factors (P<0.05). Conclusion The incidence of COPD in high-risk population aged ≥40 years in Suzhou area was higher, and the patients' cognitive level was lower. It is necessary to strengthen science popularization, improve health awareness, and reduce the related risk factors.

Health literacy among patients with poor understanding of prescription drug label instructions in Saudi Arabia.

INTRODUCTION: This study conducted to assess the health literacy level among patients who have poor understanding of the medications' labels in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: This multi-center cross-sectional study was conducted on two phases. In the 1st phase, 511 patients waiting for their medications in the outpatient pharmacies of four major hospitals in Saudi Arabia were interviewed to assess their understanding ability of the labels of five of the commonly prescribed medications. Those participants who misunderstood the medications' labels were enrolled in the 2nd phase of the study to assess their health literacy level. The validate Arabic Single Item Literacy Screener (SILS) was used to assess the health literacy level. ANALYSIS: The sample characteristics were described by mean and percentage. Both Chi-square test and logistic regression model were used to figure out the association between health literacy with the main affecting factors. RESULTS: Almost 38.6% (n = 197) of the participants in phase-1 misunderstood the medications' labels. Nearly, 11.2% (n = 22) of them had low health literacy level. Participants who had low education level and low socioeconomic status were more likely to have low health literacy [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.94; 95% confidence interval (95%CI) (1.03-8.404); P-value = 0.044], [AOR = 5.28; 95%CI (1.118-24.943); P-value = 0.036], respectively. CONCLUSION: Low health literacy was associated with low education level and low socioeconomic status of the patients.

[Clarify some cognitive problems of standardization of acupuncture and moxibustion based on the characteristics of disciplines].

At present, there is still a underrecognition of the standardization work of acupuncture and moxibustion and the confusion of the basic theory. In order to better advance the next step, it is necessary to review the way and clarify the understanding. Based on the definition, principles and methods of standardization, combined with the practice of standardization of acupuncture and moxibustion, this paper analyzes the relationship between standardization and modernization, standardization and individualization diagnosis and treatment, modern standards and traditional classics, as well as standard development and research, it is proposed to base on the development of disciplines, objectively analyze the different needs at home and abroad, as well as scientific research and clinical practice, and clarify the true purpose of standardization of acupuncture and moxibustion. Standard cannot be simply developed on the base of the individual characteristics of acupuncture, and it is not possible to simply develop acupuncture with standardized concepts and methods. It is necessary to return to acupuncture itself and re-examine acupuncture and moxibustion from a standardized perspective, e.g.in-depth analysis and reflection on which characteristics of acupuncture need to be standardized, how to standardize. It is proposed that the scientific research should be organically combined with the development of standards, and drafting should be in compliance with the rules and the quality of the standard should be improved, so as to truly promote the development of the discipline of acupuncture.

Basic theoretical assumptions underpinning Faimberg's method: "Listening to listening".

In this article, the author reviews the basic theoretical assumptions that underpin Faimberg's method of "listening to listening." It is emphasized that these assumptions cannot be altered without radically altering the method itself. A new and complex definition of "basic assumptions" that the author proposes helps us to understand how the logic of the method can "capture" the logic of the unconscious. One of the aims of the method is to hold a clinical discussion in a group in the frame of an "as yet situation," a basic assumption of the author (originally designed for the clinical situation) that concerns psychic temporality. It concerns the situation that has not happened … yet, up to the moment we begin to discover, with surprise, the presenter's basic assumptions when working with his patient. Special attention is given to the impact of each participant's basic assumptions on how he engages in the discussion. This constitutes the main goal of the method. The method was originally devised to overcome the tendency to listen to clinical presentations on the basis of a privileged and unique theoretical perspective (whether or not recognized as such). The "listening to listening" function on which the method is based has its origin in a clinical concept proposed by the author. On the basis of "listening to listening," a particular kind of misunderstanding can be detected. If, instead of being regarded as an obstacle, the misunderstanding is analysed through the method in question, recognizing the misunderstanding may offer the best possible way of gaining access to the different basic assumptions in play. The co-creation of a common language is another one of the aims of the method - a language whereby it becomes possible to recognize differences, so that the recurrent temptation can be more easily overcome of creating a single way of working in psychoanalysis. It recognizes differences instead of idealizing "sameness." Recognition of otherness is the basic theoretical assumption most valued by the originator of the method, who is also the author of this article.

Clarify some cognitive problems of standardization of acupuncture and moxibustion based on the characteristics of disciplines / 中国针灸

At present, there is still a underrecognition of the standardization work of acupuncture and moxibustion and the confusion of the basic theory. In order to better advance the next step, it is necessary to review the way and clarify the understanding. Based on the definition, principles and methods of standardization, combined with the practice of standardization of acupuncture and moxibustion, this paper analyzes the relationship between standardization and modernization, standardization and individualization diagnosis and treatment, modern standards and traditional classics, as well as standard development and research, it is proposed to base on the development of disciplines, objectively analyze the different needs at home and abroad, as well as scientific research and clinical practice, and clarify the true purpose of standardization of acupuncture and moxibustion. Standard cannot be simply developed on the base of the individual characteristics of acupuncture, and it is not possible to simply develop acupuncture with standardized concepts and methods. It is necessary to return to acupuncture itself and re-examine acupuncture and moxibustion from a standardized perspective, e.g.in-depth analysis and reflection on which characteristics of acupuncture need to be standardized, how to standardize. It is proposed that the scientific research should be organically combined with the development of standards, and drafting should be in compliance with the rules and the quality of the standard should be improved, so as to truly promote the development of the discipline of acupuncture.

Perspective-taking is two-sided: Misunderstandings between people with Asperger's syndrome and their family members.

Misunderstandings are social in nature, always having two sides. Yet the misunderstandings experienced by people with Asperger's syndrome are usually studied in terms of the individual with a diagnosis, with less emphasis on social relations. We use a two-sided methodology to map out misunderstandings within 22 dyads (n = 44) consisting of people with Asperger's syndrome and their family members. Both sides of the relationship were asked about 12 topics in terms of one's rating of Self, one's rating of Other and one's predicted rating by Other. The findings show that people with Asperger's are able to predict lower scores from family members, despite disagreeing with their view, and that family members often over-estimate the extent to which their relatives with Asperger's syndrome are egocentrically anchored in their own perspective. The research demonstrates that a two-sided methodology is viable, and it uses it to identify how representations of Asperger's syndrome can both support and hinder social understanding within relationships affected by Asperger's.

Patients' understanding of prescription drug label instructions in developing nations: The case of Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: Processing health-related data is challenging for patients. It is believed that low education level and low socioeconomic status are associated with prescription label misunderstanding, which may lead to poor clinical outcomes, increased adverse drug reactions, and increased health costs. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to gain a better insight into the current understanding of prescription drug labels, and to determine the main factors affecting patients' understanding of prescription labels. METHOD: A total of 511 adult participants in 4 major hospitals in Riyadh were interviewed. The primary outcome was patient understanding of prescription labels for 5 commonly prescribed medications. Prescription label understanding was assessed using a prespecified structured interview protocol. Participants with less than a 6th-grade education level and monthly income less than 10,000 Saudi Riyal were considered to have a low education level and low monthly income, respectively. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the cross-sectional association of socioeconomic factors with the participants' understanding of the medication label. RESULTS: The prevalence of poor understanding of the medication labels was 38.6% among the participants. Out of those participants with poor understanding, 27.9% incorrectly understood at least 4 of the 5 labels. The degree of misunderstanding significantly worsened for older participants (P-value = 0.004), male (P-value < 0.001), with low education level (P-value = 0.002), and low monthly income (P-value = 0.012). The most common features misunderstood were duration of treatment (38.9%) and storage instructions (29.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Prescription label misunderstanding is common among participants. More efforts should be made to improve patients' understanding by reducing the ambiguity of the prescription labels.

Beyond the Bifurcated Myth: The Medical Migration of Female Korean Nurses to West Germany in the 1970s / 의사학

This study investigates beyond the bifurcated myth of the medical migration of Korean women to Germany in the 1970s, which is known as the “German dispatchment” myth from the Korean perspective and the “development aid” discourse from that of the Germans, by focusing on the newly-released documents from the German Hospital Federation (Deutsche Krankenhausgesellschaft, DKG). The migration was essentially a transfer of labor from a weak to a strong state, and the disparity of state strength characterized the nature of the recruitment mechanism. Both Korea and Germany have romanticized the labor transfer and appropriated the collective experiences of migrants for their own political purposes. In this transnational business, the Korean Overseas Development Corporation (KODCO) and the DKG maintained exclusivity in the labor migration channel and were faithful to their own interests. The DKG, as a representative of the German healthcare industry, was concerned about being criticized for destroying the healthcare system of developing countries by stealing their skilled workforce. They, therefore, tried to influence publicity in Korea and Germany to persuade the people that the recruitment benefited both countries. However, the DKG was aware of the deceitfulness of its “development aid” discourse. The Korean government, which advanced the labor export for the sake of obtaining foreign currency, romanticized it as patriotism and used the term “German dispatchment.” However, the incapacity and corruption of KODCO as an agency from the Korean perspective resulted in criticism regarding its recruitment program. The DKG complained that the selection of incapable personnel coupled with corruption was causing unforeseen financial damage to its member hospitals. Nevertheless, it officially defended its partner for the sake of its own interests, such as avoiding bad publicity and securing the sustainability of the recruitment program. The conflicts regarding nursing tasks and working conditions between Korean nurses and their German colleagues and employers captured in the documents of the DKG trace the origin of the issues in relation to cultural misunderstanding and pervasive racism. The disparity of state strength between the two countries resulted in the subaltern position of Korean female healthcare workers in the global labor market, and they tried to bring forth the best possible outcome while working in a foreign country in unfamiliar circumstances. However, the difficulties with female guest workers from Asia were generally credited to their inability to adhere to the German working style. This study contributes to the existing scholarship on this topic by filling the gaps. Historical research on the medical migration of Korean nurses and nurse-aides to West Germany has relied on limited historical sources. In 2013, the National Archives of Korea transferred official documents regarding these workers that were produced and archived by the DKG, which represented the interests of German healthcare institutions. Its documents on Korean nursing personnel provide supplementary information and display findings in different perspectives. They do not bring forth completely new findings that have never been researched before but are still valuable for delivering concrete evidence on the circumstances of that time, which were previously merely inferred.

Bilingual toddlers have advanced abilities to repair communication failure.

Recent research has demonstrated enhanced communicative abilities in bilingual children compared with monolingual children throughout childhood and in a variety of domains. The processes underlying these advantages are, however, not well understood. It has been suggested that one aspect that particularly stimulates bilinguals' communication skills is their daily experience with challenging communication. In the current study, we investigated whether children's assumed experience with communication failures would increase their skills when it came to repairing communication failure. Non-German bilingual, German bilingual, and monolingual 2.5-year-old toddlers participated in a communication task in which a misunderstanding occurred. We hypothesized that monolingual and German bilingual children would have fewer daily communication failures-and, therefore, less well-trained repair skills-compared with non-German bilinguals. The results showed that non-German bilinguals were more likely to repair the misunderstanding compared with both monolingual children and German bilingual children. The current findings support the view that the communicative advantages of bilingual individuals develop based on their unique experience with interpersonal communication and its difficulties.

Investigation on cognitive misunderstandings in English learning among the students with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) majors in TCM universities / 国际中医中药杂志

To investigate the current condition of cognitive misunderstandings of English learning among students with traditional Chinese medicine majors, in order to put forward strategies for English learning in TCM universities.The investigation was carried out by the method of questionnaires among the students with TCM majors. Another investigation was carried out by interviews with TCM students, English teachers and experts, TCM teachers and experts. Cognitive misunderstandings of English learning among students with TCM majors occurred, such as low participation of English extracurricular learning, wrong learning motivation, weak awareness of self-learning and international exchange and communication. There were 3 ways for solving cognitive misunderstandings, including that students could improve the correct learning attitude and self-learning awareness and practice, that English and TCM teachers and experts could give students some advice of career development and TCM internationalization, and that TCM universities could reinforce English and bilingual teacher team construction, improve educational environment.