CULTURAL MODELS OF INFANT EMOTIONS AND NEEDS AMONG THE GAMO PEOPLE OF SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA.

How mothers perceive their infants' emotions and their subsequent responses are influenced by cultural values and beliefs. Mothers who live in particularly harsh environments may have perceptions about their infants' emotions that reflect not only cultural values but also constraints of the environment. In this qualitative study, 29 Gamo mothers living in rural Ethiopia were interviewed about perceptions of their infants' emotions, how they felt about these emotions, and what they believed their infants needed in response. Through constant comparative analysis and thematic coding, several patterns emerged in mothers' perceptions about their infants' emotions and what constituted appropriate responses. Mothers said that their infants' negative emotions were possibly related to illness and that appropriate responses were focused mostly on breastfeeding, complementary food, and needing to be held. Mothers also discussed their work demands and how they conflicted with their desire to respond to their infants; however, many mothers said that they relied on their older children to help. Mothers' responses were centered on a parenting strategy aimed at promoting infant health and survival, which is consistent with research on parents living in rural environments who subsist by farming and have relatively high risk for infant mortality.

Lactancia materna desde el modelo cultural: perspectivas de mujeres de la Ciudad de México / Breastfeeding from the cultural model: perspective of women in Mexico City

Introducción: El abandono de la LME tiene importantes implicaciones en la salud y en la sociedad. Se estima que durante los primeros 6 meses de vida a nivel mundial el 34.8% de lactantes recibe LME, en América latina el 40% mientras que México tiene el más bajo índice, con una disminución en los últimos 6 años del 22.3% al 14.4%, a pesar de los esfuerzos y programas diseñados para revertirlo. La lactancia materna está bajo la influencia de la globalización y del cambio del modelo cultural moderno al posmoderno, lo cual influye directamente en sus prácticas, generado un impacto negativo en niños, madres, familias y sociedad en general. Objetivos: Comprender la perspectiva de las mujeres de la Ciudad de México sobre lactancia materna desde el modelo cultural. Metodología: El estudio fue cualitativo exploratorio, los informantes fueron mujeres que ofrecieron y negaron LME de la Ciudad de México entre 15 y 49 años con bebés menores de 2 años. La selección de la muestra fue intencional. Utilizamos como técnicas: entrevistas a profundidad, guías de observación y se aplicó un análisis categorial al material recolectado en la observación. Resultados: En el modelo cultural moderno la LME se considera un deber encontramos 3 tipos de mujeres: la que se encuentra en un entorno favorable y tiene profunda convicción en dar LME (tipo 1); la que tiene profunda convicción de dar LME y lo hace a pesar de encontrarse en un entorno vinculado al modelo postmoderno el cual presionan para no hacerlo (tipo 2) y la que tiene profunda convicción de no hacerlo pero lo hace debido a la presión de su entorno vinculado al modelo moderno(tipo 3). Vinculadas al entorno cultural postmoderno asociado a no brindar LME por ser un derecho encontramos 3 tipos de mujeres: la que tiene profunda convicción de no dar LME porque es su derecho y se encuentra en un entorno favorable a esta práctica (tipo 4); la que tiene profunda convicción de no dar LME y no la brinda, a pesar de encontrarse en un entorno ligado al modelo moderno que presiona a brindarlo (tipo 5)la que tiene la profunda convicción de hacerlo, pero no lo hace debido a la presión de su entorno vinculado al modelo postmoderno(tipo 6). Conclusiones: Asociando la LME con modelos culturales concluimos que en el modelo cultural moderno se considera la LME como un deber, mientras que en el postmoderno un derecho. Al encontrarnos en transición entre un modelo y otro, las mujeres están influenciadas por discursos y prácticas culturales que en ocasiones son contradictorias. Comprender estos fenómenos nos permitirá diseñar estrategias efectivas desde la enfermería para aumentar la LME.

Introduction: The abandonment of the exclusive breastfeeding (EB) has important implications for health and society. It is estimated that during the first 6 months of life worldwide, 34.8% of infants receive EB, in Latin America 40%, while Mexico has the lowest index, with a decrease in the last 6 years of 22.3% to 14.4%, despite efforts and programs designed to reverse it. The Breastfeeding is under the influence of globalization and the change from the modern to the postmodern cultural model, which directly influence their practices, generating negative impact on children, mothers, families and society in general. Objective: Understand the perspective of women in Mexico City on breastfeeding from the cultural model. Methods: The study was qualitative exploratory, the informants were women who offered and denied EB in Mexico City with ages between 15 and 49 years old with infants under 2 years. The sample was selected intentional. We used as techniques: depth interviews, observation guides and a categorical analysis was applied to the material collected in the observation. Results: In the modern cultural model where the EB is considered as a duty we find 3 types of women: the woman who is in a favorable environment and has a deep conviction to give EB (type 1); the woman who has deep conviction to give EB and she does it in spite of being in an environment linked to the postmodern model which presses for not to do it (type 2) and the woman who has the deep conviction to do it, but she don't give due to the pressure of its environment linked to the postmodern model (type 3). Linked to the cultural postmodern environment associated to not provide EB by being a right we find 3 types of women: the woman who is deeply convinced for not give EB because it is their right and she is in an environment favorable to this practice (type 4); The woman who has deep conviction of not give EB and does not offer it, in spite of being in an environment linked to the modern model that presses to offer it (type 5) and the woman who has deep conviction for don't do it, but she do it due to the pressure of its environment linked to the modern model (type 6). Conclusions: Associating the EB with cultural models we conclude that in the modern cultural model the EB is considered as a duty, while in the postmodern one as a right. As we find ourselves in the transition from one model to another, women are influenced by cultural discourses and practices that are sometimes contradictory. Understand these phenomena will allow us design effective strategies from a point of view of the nursing to increase the EB.

El concepto de identidad como recurso para el estudio de transiciones / O conceito identidade como recurso para estudar transições / Identity as a conceptual resource for the study of transitions

Se aborda el concepto teórico Identidad, sus orígenes, las posibilidades explicativas en la pos-modernidad y su situación actual, se presenta un modelo conceptual integrador, denominado genéricamente Enfoque Cultural de Identidad, que incorpora tanto la visión de lo individual como de lo colectivo de manera dialéctica. El modelo explica cómo se reproduce la cultura, manteniendo la estabilidad estructural y como los factores relacionados tanto con la cultura como la estructura social influyen en situaciones de transición en las diferentes etapas de vida. Los conceptos de capital de identidad y estilo de identidad se derivan de la formulación hecha por James Marcia a mediados de los años sesentas, expandida por James Côté y extendida por Michael Berzonsky para explicar los procesos socio-psicológicos y psico-sociales involucrados en la auto-definición o identidad. A partir de ambos conceptos se construye una categorización que permite el análisis de procesos psico-sociales en escenarios de transición.

Neste artigo, abordam-se aspectos do conceito teórico Identidade, suas origens, suas possibilidades explicativas na pós-modernidade e sua situação atual. Apresenta-se um modelo conceitual integrador, nomeado genericamente Enfoque Cultural da Identidade, que permite incorporar a visão dialética do individual tanto como do coletivo. O modelo explica como se reproduz a cultura, mantendo a estabilidade estrutural, e como os fatores relacionados tanto com a cultura como com a estrutura social influem nas situações de transição nas diferentes etapas da vida. Os conceitos Capital de Identidade e Estilo de Identidade derivam-se da formulação feita por James Marcia pela metade dos anos sessenta, a mesma que é propagada por James Côté e por Michael Berzonsky para explicar os processos sociopsicológicos e psicossociais envoltos na definição de si mesmo ou identidade. A partir desses dois conceitos é construída uma categorização para a análise dos processos psicossociais em cenários de transição.

Relevant aspects of the theoretical concept Identity are treated in this paper, its origins, its possibilities in the postmodernism, and its actual situation. An integrative conceptual model, named Culture-Identity Framework is presented, which allow to incorporate dialectically both, the view of individuality and the view of collectivity. The model explains how culture reproduces itself, maintaining the structural stability, and how the factors related with the culture as well as the social structure do influence the transitions in the different life stages. Identity Capital and Identity Style concepts stem from the formulation made by James Marcia in the mid 60's, is expanded by James Côté and extended by Michael Berzonsky as their efforts to explain the social-psychological and the psycho-social processes -their emphasis, respectively- involved in the self-definition or identity. Both concepts permit the construction of a categorization framework which allow for the analysis of these processes in transition scenarios.