Evaluation of knee cartilage based on MRI artificial intelligence reconstruction model of knee joint / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:To explore the feasibility of the AI intelligent reconstruction model based on knee joint magnetic resonance data developed by Nuctech Company Limited for evaluating knee cartilage injury.Methods:Thirty-three patients (a total of forty-one knees) who were hospitalized with severe knee osteoarthritis in Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital from May 2021 to April 2022 were selected. All of them were planned to be performed total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Fifteen males with an average age of 71±5 years old and twenty six females with an average age of 71±9 years old were included in this study. There were 19 cases of left knee and 22 cases of right knee. Thin layer MRI examination on the patients' knee joints was performed before the surgery, and artificial intelligence model based on the thin layer MRI data of the knee joint was reconstructed. The cartilage part of the model was selected and corrected by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in order to realize model straightening. The tibial plateau cartilage of knee joint which intercepted during operation was classified according to the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS). Finally the results were compared with the ICRS classification results of knee artificial intelligence reconstruction model and artificial recognition of knee joint MRI images.Results:Compared with the grade of cartilage injury intercepted during our operation which was according to the ICRS classification, the sensitivity of artificial intelligence reconstruction model for the diagnosis of cartilage injury with ICRS classification grade four was 93.1%. The specificity of artificial intelligence reconstruction model was 91.4%. The positive predictive value (PPV) of artificial intelligence reconstruction model was 92.2%. And the negative predictive value (NPV) of artificial intelligence reconstruction model was 80.3%. The area under ROC curve (AUC) was 0.92. The ICRS classification consistency between artificial intelligence model and physical inspection results was good with kappa value 0.81 ( P<0.001) . In the aspect of artificial recognition of cartilage injury grading in MRI images, the sensitivity of artificial recognition was 92.10% compared with the manual identification of cartilage injury classification in MRI images. The specificity of artificial recognition was 91.60%. The positive predictive value (PPV) of artificial recognition was 97.20% and the negative predictive value (NPV) of artificial recognition was 78.8%. The kappa value of the cartilage injury classification in MRI images consistency between artificial recognition and manual identification was 0.79 ( P<0.001). Conclusion:Based on the evaluation of cartilage injury by AI reconstruction model of knee joint, the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of ICRS grade IV cartilage injury can be acceptable, but still needs to be improved.

Ergonomics of anatomical bra models for breastfeeding: a contribution of nursing / Ergonomía de modelos anatómicos de sostén para lactancia materna: una contribución de la enfermería / Ergonomia de modelos anatômicos de sutiã para amamentação: uma contribuição da enfermagem

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the ergonomics of two models of breastfeeding bras. Methods: descriptive study carried out with 152 infants in a Brazilian university hospital. The prototypes were separated into two groups (A and B). To compare the two bra models, the Odds Ratio (OR) was used as a measure of the strength of the association. In subjective perceptions, the Modified Borg Scale, and the chi-square test of independence (χ2) were used. To compare the two prototypes, the Z test and logistic regression analysis were performed. A significance level of 5% was considered. Results: the bra in group B was more suitable for ergonomics of physical and psycho-aesthetic comfort than the bra in group A (p < 0.0001), according to the logistic regression tests. Conclusions: modeling B was ergonomically adequate, with usability and evaluation criteria centered on breastfeeding women.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar la ergonomía de dos modelados de sostén para lactancia materna. Métodos: estudio descriptivo realizado con 152 lactantes en un hospital universitario brasileño. Los prototipos fueron separados en dos grupos (A y B). Para comparar los dos modelados de sostén, fue utilizado la Odds Ratio (OR) como una medida de intensidad de la asociación. En las percepciones subjetivas, se utilizaron la Escala de Borg Modificada y el test chi-cuadrado de independencia (χ2). Para comparar los dos prototipos, se realizó el test Z y análisis de regresión logística. Se consideró un nivel de significación de 5%. Resultados: el sostén del grupo B fue el más adecuado para ergonomía de conforto físico y psicoestético del que el del grupo A (p < 0,0001), segundo los testes de regresión logística. Conclusiones: el modelado B fue ergonómicamente adecuado, con criterios de usabilidad y evaluación centrada en las lactantes.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar a ergonomia de duas modelagens de sutiãs para amamentação. Métodos: estudo descritivo realizado com 152 lactantes em um hospital universitário brasileiro. Os protótipos foram separados em dois grupos (A e B). Para comparar as duas modelagens de sutiãs, foi utilizado a Odds Ratio (OR) como uma medida de intensidade da associação. Nas percepções subjetivas, utilizaramse a Escala de Borg Modificada e o teste qui-quadrado de independência (χ2). Para comparar os dois protótipos, realizou-se o teste Z e análise de regressão logística. Considerou-se um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: o sutiã do grupo B foi o mais adequado para ergonomia de conforto físico e psicoestético do que o do grupo A (p < 0,0001), segundo os testes de regressão logística. Conclusões: a modelagem B foi ergonomicamente adequada, com critérios de usabilidade e avaliação centrada nas lactantes.

The method of determining oral implantation sites based on an anatomical model of mandibular premolar area of a Beagle dog / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the method of determining oral implantation sites based on an anatomical model of mandibular premolar area of a Beagle dog.Methods:This study was performed in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University between January 2019 and October 2020. Mandibular anatomical structure and measurement data were compared between before and after removal of premolar teeth to determine safe implantation areas and oral implantation sites.Results:Among all mandibular premolars, the roots of the 1 st to 4 th premolars (P1-P4) gradually increased. The diameter of the mesial roots of the double root teeth P2, P3, and P4 was (2.72 ± 0.45) mm, (3.22 ± 0.32) mm, (4.16 ± 0.34) mm, respectively, which was significantly shorter than those in the distal roots [P2: (2.98 ± 0.29) mm, P3: (3.48 ± 0.27) mm, P4: (4.58 ± 0.22) mm]. The length of distal roots P2, P3 and P4 was (8.79 ± 0.41) mm, (9.21 ± 0.31) mm, (10.12 ± 0.36) mm), respectively, which was significantly shorter than that of mesial root [P2: (8.91 ± 0.69) mm, P3: (9.48 ± 0.27) mm, P4: (11.58 ± 0.24) mm]. Among all mandibles, the distance (H) from the mental foramen to the first molar and the width (W) of the alveolar crest increased successively [H1: (7.24 ± 0.49) mm, H2: (8.28 ± 0.71) mm, H3: (9.52 ± 0.37) mm, W1: (5.71 ± 0.81) mm, W2: (5.82 ± 0.28) mm, W3: (6.72 ± 0.54) mm]. Conclusion:The mental foramen and the distal part outside the canine apical area are safe implantation areas. In the safe implantation area, the length and diameter of the implant prosthesis do not exceed the root length in the implantation area and the maximum diameter in the buccal lingual direction.

Use of 3D Printing in Planning the Reconstruction of Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Teaching Tool.

The present study aims to demonstrate how biomodels can be used as teaching tools for surgical techniques and training in a medical residency service. A case series was carried out in our orthopedics and traumatology outpatient facility using three-dimensional (3D) printing for surgical planning to contribute to the surgical teaching and training of resident physicians. Two cases were selected as examples in the present article. Biomodels enable a better understanding of the surgery by the surgical team and residents, reducing the surgical time and the risks for the patients. These models can be a good teaching method to plan reconstructions of total hip arthroplasties, evaluate and predict surgical difficulties, and optimize procedures.

Does vaporized hydrogen peroxide sterilization affect the geometrical properties of anatomic models and guides 3D printed from computed tomography images?

BACKGROUND: Material extrusion is used to 3D print anatomic models and guides. Sterilization is required if a 3D printed part touches the patient during an intervention. Vaporized Hydrogen Peroxide (VHP) is one method of sterilization. There are four factors to consider when sterilizing an anatomic model or guide: sterility, biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and geometric fidelity. This project focuses on geometric fidelity for material extrusion of one polymer acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) using VHP. METHODS: De-identified computed tomography (CT) image data from 16 patients was segmented using Mimics Innovation Suite (Materialise NV, Leuven, Belgium). Eight patients had maxillary and mandibular defects depicted with the anatomic models, and eight had mandibular defects for the anatomic guides. Anatomic models and guides designed from the surfaces of CT scan reconstruction and segementation were 3D printed in medical-grade acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) material extrusion. The 16 parts underwent low-temperature sterilization with VHP. The dimensional error was estimated after sterilization by comparing scanned images of the 3D printed parts. RESULTS: The average of the estimated mean differences between the printed pieces before and after sterilization were - 0,011 ± 0,252 mm (95%CI - 0,011; - 0,010) for the models and 0,003 ± 0,057 mm (95%CI 0,002; 0,003) for the guides. Regarding the dimensional error of the sterilized parts compared to the original design, the estimated mean differences were - 0,082 ± 0,626 mm (95%CI - 0,083; - 0,081) for the models and 0,126 ± 0,205 mm (95%CI 0,126, 0,127) for the guides. CONCLUSION: This project tested and verified dimensional stability, one of the four prerequisites for introducing vaporized hydrogen peroxide into 3D printing of anatomic models and guides; the 3D printed parts maintained dimensional stability after sterilization.

Accuracy of maxillofacial prototypes fabricated by different 3-dimensional printing technologies using multi-slice and cone-beam computed tomography.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the accuracy of 3-dimensional (3D) printed models derived from multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) systems with different fields of view (FOVs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five human dry mandibles were used to assess the accuracy of reconstructions of anatomical landmarks, bone defects, and intra-socket dimensions by 3D printers. The measurements were made on dry mandibles using a digital caliper (gold standard). The mandibles then underwent MDCT imaging. In addition, CBCT images were obtained using Cranex 3D and NewTom 3G scanners with 2 different FOVs. The images were transferred to two 3D printers, and the digital light processing (DLP) and fused deposition modeling (FDM) techniques were used to fabricate the 3D models, respectively. The same measurements were also made on the fabricated prototypes. The values measured on the 3D models were compared with the actual values, and the differences were analyzed using the paired t-test. RESULTS: The landmarks measured on prototypes fabricated using the FDM and DLP techniques based on all 4 imaging systems showed differences from the gold standard. No significant differences were noted between the FDM and DLP techniques. CONCLUSION: The 3D printers were reliable systems for maxillofacial reconstruction. In this study, scanners with smaller voxels had the highest precision, and the DLP printer showed higher accuracy in reconstructing the maxillofacial landmarks. It seemed that 3D reconstructions of the anterior region were overestimated, while the reconstructions of intra-socket dimensions and implant holes were slightly underestimated.

Biomechanical evaluation of posterior atlanto-occipital clivus screw fixationtechniques / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:To provide a theoretical basis for the clinical application of the posterior route through atlas occipital articular slope screw internal fixation system through the biomechanical study.Methods:Eight cadavers of healthy adults aged 35-60 years and 155-180 cm in height were selected. The specimens with complete anatomical structure and without surgical operation were established as normal models. The model of occipito-atlantoaxial complex was established by breaking the articular capsule, ligament and other connecting structures and cutting the dentate process. The device was established as an internal fixation model through the specimen of atlantooccipital joint slope screw internal fixation system. Given normal model and internal fixation of 1.5 N·m in the moment of flexion, lateral bending and axial rotation and to measure the specimen C 0-C 1 and C 0-C 2 segment of the range (range of motion, ROM), comparative analysis of pillow neck area within the normal model and fixed model changes the range of movement, after the evaluation through the slope between atlas and the occipital screw internal fixation system of mechanical properties. Results:In the normal model, the flexion, flexion and extension, lateral bend and axial rotation ranges of C 0-C 1 segments were 23.85°±2.43°, 4.74°±0.55°, 5.77°±0.75°, respectively; the corresponding activity ranges of C 0-C 2 segments were 30.66°±3.05°, 9.09°±1.37°, 70.97°±9.48°, respectively; in the internal fixation model, the flexion and extension, lateral bend and axial rotation ranges of C 0-C 1 segments were 0.71°±0.24°, 0.24°±0.06°, 0.34°±0.09°, respectively. The corresponding activity range of C 0-C 2 segment was 3.09°±0.82°, 0.74°±0.07°, 1.22°±0.10°, respectively. Compared with the normal model, the range of activity of the internal fixation model in all directions was significantly reduced (<3°), and the reduction ratio of activity was more than 90%. Conclusion:The posterior route through pillow slope screw internal fixation system can effectively reduce the range of motion of the occipital neck in flexion, extension, lateral bending and rotation, and has safe and reliable biomechanical stability.

White radish and swine scapular cartilage models for auricular framework carving training.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to develop a two-stage training module using radish and swine scapular cartilage for carving ear cartilage. METHODS: In the first stage, white radish was cut in 3-6 mm thick slices. The ear cartilage framework was carved using a graver and the helix and antihelix were fixed with pins. In the second stage, swine scapular cartilage was obtained. The thickness varied 3-6 mm. The ear cartilage framework was made. And triangular fossa and scaphoid fossa were carved with graver. A curvilinear cartilage for helix was assembled to the framework by pin fixing. Six participants were recruited for an ear reconstruction training workshop and figures of the cartilage framework were provided. Participants were asked answer the pre-workshop questionnaire and post-workshop questionnaire on a Likert scale to rate their satisfaction with the outcome. RESULTS: On the pre-workshop questionnaire, participants indicated that they did not have sufficient knowledge and skill for fabricating the ear cartilage framework (1.5± 0.5 using white radish; 1.3 ± 0.5 using swine scapular cartilage). On the post-workshop questionnaire, participants responded that they had learned useful knowledge from this workshop, reflecting a significant improvement (3.8± 1.0 using white radish; 4.0± 1.1 using swine scapular cartilage). They also indicated that they had become somewhat confident in this skill (4.2± 0.8 using white radish; 4.3± 0.5 using swine scapular cartilage. The participants generally found the workshop satisfactory (practically helpful, 4.7± 0.5; knowledge improved, 4.8± 0.4; satisfied with course, 4.5± 0.5; would recommend to others, 4.8± 0.4). CONCLUSION: This model can be useful for ear reconstruction training for medical personnel.

Digital anatomic study on sacral lateral mass screw for sacral fracture / 中华创伤杂志

Objective@#To investigate the anatomical features of the safe zone for sacral lateral mass screw placement and find the safe trajectory, so as to provide reference for clinical application.@*Methods@#The three-dimensional computed tomography scan materials of sacrococcygeal vertebrae in 60 patients admitted to the Liaocheng People's Hospital of Shandong Province were analyzed by Mimics software to establish three-dimensional models. There were 33 males and 27 females, aged 25-78 years, with an average age of 45.7 years. After the safe zone was separated from sacral lateral mass model, a maximum cylinder was placed into the safe zone according to its anatomical feature. The cylinder was established as safe trajectory. Anatomical data were measured, including the length and diameter of screw trajectory, the distance between the entry point and the middle jaw, and adjacent upper and lower foramen, as well as the intersection angle between the screw direction and sagittal plane, between the screw direction and the adjacent upper end plate.@*Results@#The restriction factor of screw size on S1, S2 lateral mass was transverse diameter, while the restriction factor on S3, S4 was the distance between adjacent intervertebral foramen. The maximal length of screw from S1 to S4 was 30 mm, 35 mm, 30 mm, 14 mm respectively, while the maximal diameter was 12 mm, 9 mm, 5 mm, 5 mm respectively. The best entry point of S1 mass screw was lateral to the zygopophysis. The best entry point of S2-S4 mass screw was located at the midpoint of a line connecting the lateral edge of adjacent posterior sacral foramen approximately about 2 cm from median sacral crest. The leaning angles of screw was increased successively, and the sagittal plane was slightly inclined. There were significant differences between male and female groups in the leaning angle in S2 [male: (35.8±1.2)°, female: (37.9±3.7)°] and the distance between entry point and median sacral crest [male: (20.5±1.0)mm, female: (19.1±1.4)mm](P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in other parameters (P>0.05).@*Conclusions@#Cylindrical bony channel which is feasible for screw placement can be found in the lateral mass of sacrum. Individualized measurement can provide reference for application of lateral mass screw.

Digital anatomic study on sacral lateral mass screw for sacral fracture / 中华创伤杂志

Objective To investigate the anatomical features of the safe zone for sacral lateral mass screw placement and find the safe trajectory,so as to provide reference for clinical application.Methods The three-dimensional computed tomography scan materials of sacrococcygeal vertebrae in 60 patients admitted to the Liaocheng People's Hospital of Shandong Province were analyzed by Mimics software to establish three-dimensional models.There were 33 males and 27 females,aged 25-78 years,with an average age of 45.7 years.After the safe zone was separated from sacral lateral mass model,a maximum cylinder was placed into the safe zone according to its anatomical feature.The cylinder was established as safe trajectory.Anatomical data were measured,including the length and diameter of screw trajectory,the distance between the entry point and the middle jaw,and adjacent upper and lower foramen,as well as the intersection angle between the screw direction and sagittal plane,between the screw direction and the adjacent upper end plate.Results The restriction factor of screw size on S1,S2 lateral mass was transverse diameter,while the restriction factor on S3,S4 was the distance between adjacent intervertebral foramen.The maximal length of screw from S1 to S4 was 30 mm,35 mm,30 mm,14 mm respectively,while the maximal diameter was 12 mm,9 mm,5 mm,5 mm respectively.The best entry point of S1 mass screw was lateral to the zygopophysis.The best entry point of S2-S4 mass screw was located at the midpoint of a line connecting the lateral edge of adjacent posterior sacral foramen approximately about 2 cm from median sacral crest.The leaning angles of screw was increased successively,and the sagittal plane was slightly inclined.There were significant differences between male and female groups in the leaning angle in S2 [male:(35.8 ± 1.2) °,female:(37.9 ± 3.7) °] and the distance between entry point and median sacral crest [male:(20.5 ± 1.0) mm,female:(19.1 ± 1.4) mm] (P ＜ 0.05),while there was no significant difference in other parameters (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Cylindrical bony channel which is feasible for screw placement can be found in the lateral mass of sacrum.Individualized measurement can provide reference for application of lateral mass screw.

Current status and future perspectives of the application of medical 3D visualization technology in accurate surgery of liver tumors / 临床肝胆病杂志

There is a rapid development of 3D visualization (3DV) technology in the medical field nowadays. The 3DV model of the liver established by original CT and/or MRI imaging data can provide information on the complex structure of the liver in a variety of modes and help surgeons to perform better preoperative evaluation and individualized planning, so as to realize optimal protective liver resection and finally help patients get the best benefits. This article reviews the research advances in 3DV technology and precision surgery for liver tumors.

Modelos anatómicos personalizados impresos en 3D como herramientas para el aprendizaje y la preparación de intervenciones / Custom 3D printed anatomical models as tools for learning and preparation of Interventions / Modelos anatômicos personalizados impressos em 3D como ferramentas para aprendizagem e preparação de intervenções

Objetivo: presentar un método de desarrollo basado en dos casos de modelos anatómicos personalizados impresos en 3D, el\r\nprimero una arteria cerebral y el segundo una estructura ósea del húmero humano, a fin de ejemplificar el uso de herramientas\r\nde visualización tridimensionales para planificar intervenciones quirúrgicas. Método: se seleccionaron imágenes médicas de\r\ntomografías computarizadas o imágenes de resonancia magnética de pacientes anónimos y la sección específica del órgano se\r\nsegmentó con el software 3D Slicer. El modelo se convirtió en mallas poligonales en tres dimensiones, se optimizó y se imprimió\r\nen 3D. La morfología del órgano representada en el modelo anatómico se validó con especialistas para determinar si son oportunas\r\npara planificar procedimientos médicos. Resultados: diversos modelos anatómicos de los mismos casos se elaboraron en dos laboratorios de fabricación digital, uno en la Universidad El Bosque y otro en el FabLab Valencia, con diferentes variables en su\r\nproceso técnico y características, dada la dificultad de morfologías y delicadeza de las estructuras presentes en el cuerpo humano.\r\nConclusiones: con el método presentado sí es posible realizar modelos anatómicos personalizados en 3D para visualizar y simular\r\nestructuras anatómicas de pacientes útiles en la planeación de cirugías y la enseñanza de anatomía, que podrían mejorar el éxito\r\nen las intervenciones y el entrenamiento de profesionales en áreas de la salud.

Objective: To present a method of development based on\r\ntwo cases of custom anatomical models printed in 3D; the\r\nfirst one a cerebral artery and the second a bone structure\r\nof the human humerus, to exemplify the use of three-dimensional\r\nvisualization tools to perform planning of surgical\r\noperations. Method: It consisted of: a) Searching CT or MRI\r\nimages of anonymous patients, b) Segmenting with the 3D\r\nSlicer software the specific section of the organ, c) Converting\r\nthe model into polygonal meshes in three dimensions, d)\r\nOptimizing and printing in 3D, e) Validating with specialists\r\nthe organ morphology to determine if they are pertinent to\r\nplanning medical procedures. Results: Models were made in\r\ntwo different manufacturing laboratories; El Bosque University\r\nand FabLab in Valencia, with various anatomical models\r\nmanufactured of the same case with different variables in their\r\nprocess and characteristics given the difficulty of morphologies\r\nand delicacy of the structures present in the human body.\r\nConclusion: The method presented does provide useful results\r\nas an example for the planning of surgeries and anatomy\r\nteaching of anatomical structures in different scenarios that\r\ncould improve the success in interventions and the training of\r\nprofessionals in health areas.

Objetivo: apresentar um método de desenvolvimento de\r\nmodelos anatômicos personalizados em 3D para exemplificar\r\no uso de ferramentas de visualização para realizar planificação\r\nde operações cirúrgicas. Realizaram-se dois modelos como\r\nexemplo; o primeiro uma artéria cerebral e o segundo uma\r\nestrutura óssea do úmero humano. Método: o método de\r\ntrabalho consistiu em a) Buscar imagens médicas realizadas\r\ncom CT ou MRI de pacientes anônimos, b) Segmentar com o\r\nsoftware 3D Slicer a seção específica do órgão, c) Converter o\r\nmodelo em malhas poligonais em três dimensões, d) Otimizar\r\ne imprimir em 3D, e) Validar com especialistas a morfologia do\r\nórgão para determinar se são pertinentes para planejar procedimentos\r\nmédicos. Resultados: fabricou-se em dois laboratórios\r\nde fabricação diferentes, um na Universidad El Bosque e outro\r\nno FabLab Valencia, diversos modelos anatômicos do mesmo\r\ncaso com diferentes variáveis em seu processo e características\r\ndada a dificuldade de morfologias e delicadeza das estruturas\r\npresentes no corpo humano. Conclusão: o método apresentado\r\nproporciona resultados úteis para o planejamento de\r\ncirurgias e ensino de anatomia de estruturas anatômicas em\r\ndiferentes cenários que poderiam melhorar o êxito das intervenções\r\ne o treinamento de profissionais na área de saúde.

Latex balloons: an alternative, low-cost model for vascular anastomosis training in medical education.

Simulators are increasingly being used in medical education, but accessibility is restricted by their elevated cost. A accessible and low-cost model was developed for teaching and learning vascular sutures and anastomoses at a Basic Surgical Techniques Laboratory. Latex balloons of varying colors, polypropylene 6.0 sutures, and other materials specifically for suturing (needle holder and forceps) were used. The balloons were fixed to screws inserted into wooden boards in order to facilitate repairs. E end-to-end, end-to-side, and side-to-side anastomoses and patching were performed. Anastomosis patency was tested by injecting water into one extremity of the balloon and observing the liquid exit via the opposite extremity. The advantages observed with this training model for anastomoses were malleability, resistance to passage of the suture, and the fact that it is inorganic. Latex balloons are an inexpensive option that are non­perishable and offer prolonged use for teaching and practice of arterial sutures and anastomoses.

Application of computer-aided design and 3D printing model in operation for complex mandibular fractures / 中华创伤杂志

Objective To investigate the value of computer aided design and 3D printing model in operation for complex mandibular fractures.Methods The clinical data of 136 patients with complex mandibular fractures treated from June 2006 to June 2016 were retrospectively analyzed.The patients were divided into 3D group (n =28) and conventional group (n =108) based on the use of computer aided design and 3D printing model.There were 24 males and four females in 3D group,with the age of (33.8 ± 15.4) years.There were 91 males and 17 females in conventional group,with the age of (30.3± 11.9)years.The 3D group used computer aided design and 3D printing model to develop the surgical plan,and the conventional group used traditional CT scan image data.The operation time,intraoperative blood loss,incidence of postoperative adverse events,and the distance differences between the ipsilateral and the five contralateral maxillofacial markers were compared between the two groups (△L1:the difference between the mandibular angle point and the condyle apex;△L2:the difference between the mandibular angle point and the chin vertex;△L3:the difference between the apex of the chin and the apical point;△L4:the difference between the inner mandibular angle point and the Inferior alveolar margin point;△L5:the distance between the inner mandibular angle and the sagittal plane).Results The operation time in the 3D group and the conventional group were 155 (126.25,183.75)min and 235 (156.25,268.75)min,respectively.The intraoperative blood loss in the 3D group and the conventional group were 100 (50.0,187.5) ml and 125 (100.0,200.0) ml,respectively.In the 3D group,one patient had mild occlusion disorder.In the conventional group,4 patients had postoperative infection,1 repulsion reaction of internal fixation device,and 19 mild occlusion disorder.The differences between the two groups in operation time and postoperative adverse events were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05),but there was no significant difference in intraoperative blood loss (P ＞ 0.05).There was no significant difference between the ipsilateral △L and contralateral △L in two groups (P ＞ 0.05).No significant difference in △L4 was found (P ＞ 0.05),but there were significant differences in △L1,△L2,△L3,and △L5 between the two groups (P ＜0.05).Conclusion For patients with complex mandibular fractures,the use of computer-aided design and 3D printing model can helps shorten operation time,reduce postoperative adverse events and hence improve the fracture reduction outcome.

Learning curve of radiology residents during training in fluoroscopy-guided facet joint injections.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a simulator for training in fluoroscopy-guided facet joint injections and to evaluate the learning curve for this procedure among radiology residents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using a human lumbar spine as a model, we manufactured five lumbar vertebrae made of methacrylate and plaster. These vertebrae were assembled in order to create an anatomical model of the lumbar spine. We used a silicon casing to simulate the paravertebral muscles. The model was placed into the trunk of a plastic mannequin. From a group of radiology residents, we recruited 12 volunteers. During simulation-based training sessions, each student carried out 16 lumbar facet injections. We used three parameters to assess the learning curves: procedure time; fluoroscopy time; and quality of the procedure, as defined by the positioning of the needle. RESULTS: During the training, the learning curves of all the students showed improvement in terms of the procedure and fluoroscopy times. The quality of the procedure parameter also showed improvement, as evidenced by a decrease in the number of inappropriate injections. CONCLUSION: We present a simple, inexpensive simulation model for training in facet joint injections. The learning curves of our trainees using the simulator showed improvement in all of the parameters assessed.

OBJETIVO: Desenvolver um simulador para treinamento em punção de articulações facetárias guiada por fluoroscopia e avaliar a curva de aprendizado neste procedimento em um grupo de residentes de radiologia. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Tomando uma coluna lombar humana como modelo, desenvolvemos cinco vértebras lombares feitas de metacrilato e gesso. Essas vértebras foram combinadas para formar um modelo anatômico de coluna lombar. Utilizamos um invólucro de silicone para simular a musculatura paravertebral. O modelo foi colocado dentro do tronco de um manequim de plástico. Recrutamos 12 voluntários dentre residentes de radiologia de nosso departamento. Cada aluno realizou 16 punções de articulações facetárias em nosso simulador em uma única sessão de treinamento. Usamos três parâmetros para avaliar as curvas de aprendizado: tempo de procedimento, tempo de fluoroscopia e qualidade do procedimento, definida pelo posicionamento da agulha. RESULTADOS: As curvas de aprendizado de todos os estudantes mostraram melhora nos tempos de procedimento e fluoroscopia com o treinamento. O parâmetro de qualidade do procedimento também mostrou melhora, definida por decréscimo no número de punções inadequadas. CONCLUSÃO: Apresentamos um modelo simulador simples e de baixo custo para treinamento em punção de articulações facetárias. As curvas de aprendizado de nossos estudantes mostraram melhora em todos os parâmetros avaliados.

Learning curve of radiology residents during training in fluoroscopy-guided facet joint injections / Curva de aprendizado de residentes em radiologia durante treinamento em punção de articulações facetárias guiada por fluoroscopia

Abstract Objective: To develop a simulator for training in fluoroscopy-guided facet joint injections and to evaluate the learning curve for this procedure among radiology residents. Materials and Methods: Using a human lumbar spine as a model, we manufactured five lumbar vertebrae made of methacrylate and plaster. These vertebrae were assembled in order to create an anatomical model of the lumbar spine. We used a silicon casing to simulate the paravertebral muscles. The model was placed into the trunk of a plastic mannequin. From a group of radiology residents, we recruited 12 volunteers. During simulation-based training sessions, each student carried out 16 lumbar facet injections. We used three parameters to assess the learning curves: procedure time; fluoroscopy time; and quality of the procedure, as defined by the positioning of the needle. Results: During the training, the learning curves of all the students showed improvement in terms of the procedure and fluoroscopy times. The quality of the procedure parameter also showed improvement, as evidenced by a decrease in the number of inappropriate injections. Conclusion: We present a simple, inexpensive simulation model for training in facet joint injections. The learning curves of our trainees using the simulator showed improvement in all of the parameters assessed.

Resumo Objetivo: Desenvolver um simulador para treinamento em punção de articulações facetárias guiada por fluoroscopia e avaliar a curva de aprendizado neste procedimento em um grupo de residentes de radiologia. Materiais e Métodos: Tomando uma coluna lombar humana como modelo, desenvolvemos cinco vértebras lombares feitas de metacrilato e gesso. Essas vértebras foram combinadas para formar um modelo anatômico de coluna lombar. Utilizamos um invólucro de silicone para simular a musculatura paravertebral. O modelo foi colocado dentro do tronco de um manequim de plástico. Recrutamos 12 voluntários dentre residentes de radiologia de nosso departamento. Cada aluno realizou 16 punções de articulações facetárias em nosso simulador em uma única sessão de treinamento. Usamos três parâmetros para avaliar as curvas de aprendizado: tempo de procedimento, tempo de fluoroscopia e qualidade do procedimento, definida pelo posicionamento da agulha. Resultados: As curvas de aprendizado de todos os estudantes mostraram melhora nos tempos de procedimento e fluoroscopia com o treinamento. O parâmetro de qualidade do procedimento também mostrou melhora, definida por decréscimo no número de punções inadequadas. Conclusão: Apresentamos um modelo simulador simples e de baixo custo para treinamento em punção de articulações facetárias. As curvas de aprendizado de nossos estudantes mostraram melhora em todos os parâmetros avaliados.

Simulação Médica no Ensino Universitário de Pediatria / Medical Simulation in the University Teaching of Pediatrics

RESUMO Objetivos Demonstrar as vantagens do uso de manequins simuladores no ensino prático médico, em particular pediátrico, e estudar os diferentes tipos de manequins/modelos existentes, especificidades e utilização própria de cada um deles. Métodos A formação médica baseada na transmissão teórica de conhecimentos e com aprendizagem clínica praticada em doentes reais não é viável atualmente, pois depende da oportunidade e disponibilidade dos doentes em determinado momento. Hoje em dia, a Medicina recorre a modelos de simulação médica, permitindo o desenvolvimento da proficiência necessária à execução de determinado procedimento. A simulação médica proporciona diversas vantagens: não requer doentes reais e disponíveis, possibilita repetição da técnica com correção de erros, aumenta o nível de confiança do aluno em suas capacidades e não oferece risco ao doente. Desde 2009, o ensino de Pediatria no Estágio de Saúde Infantil dos alunos do sexto ano do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina na Faculdade de Medicina de Coimbra contempla aulas práticas com modelos, onde os alunos treinam técnicas como: intubação pediátrica, manobra de Ortolani, punção venosa em membros superiores, punção lombar, intubação orotraqueal, auscultação do murmúrio vesicular, punção venosa, avaliação da fontanela normotensa e da hipertensão da fontanela. Esta componente prática de ensino estimula e agrada aos alunos, que todos os anos a elegem como uma das preferidas do Estágio de Saúde Infantil no âmbito do Mestrado Integrado. Resultados Aquisição de conhecimentos e prática de técnicas médicas, invasivas e não invasivas, por parte dos alunos, recorrendo a modelos de simulação médica pediátricos, nomeadamente: intubação pediátrica, manobra de Ortolani, punção venosa em membros superiores, punção lombar, intubação orotraqueal, auscultação do murmúrio vesicular, punção venosa, avaliação da fontanela normotensa e da hipertensão da fontanela. Feita a avaliação destas mesmas aulas pelos alunos por meio de questionário de preferências, ficou claro que esta é uma das aulas preferidas dos alunos do sexto ano de Medicina em Estágio de Saúde Infantil do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina. Conclusões Foi possível aos alunos desenvolver competências na realização de procedimentos médicos, com uma avaliação muito positiva pelos estudantes do Estágio em Saúde Infantil do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina.

ABSTRACT Objectives To demonstrate the advantages of using simulator mannequins in practical medical education and particularly in pediatrics, studying the different kinds of existing mannequins/models, their specific characteristics and uses. Methods Medical training based on the theoretical transmission of knowledge and clinical learning practiced on real patients is currently unviable because it is dependent on the timing and availability of patients at any given moment. Nowadays, medicine uses medical simulation models, thus facilitating the development of proficiency in skills required for the execution of particular procedures. Medical simulation provides several advantages: it does not require real and available patients, techniques may be repeated in order to address errors, students’ confidence in their abilities is promoted, and there is an absence of risk for the patient. Since 2009, the child health internship undertaken as part of the pediatric education section of the Integrated Master’s degree at the University of Coimbra Faculty of Medicine by sixth-year students has included practical classes with models where students practice techniques such as pediatric intubation, the Ortolani maneuver, venipuncture in upper limbs, lumbar puncture, endotracheal intubation, breath sounds auscultation, venipuncture, evaluation of normotensive fontanelle, and hypertension fontanelle. This practical component stimulates and appeals to students, who repeatedly select these classes as one of their favorites on the child health internship completed as part of the Integrated Master’s degree in Medicine. Results Students used medical simulation models to acquire knowledge and practice medical, invasive and non-invasive techniques such as: pediatric intubation, the Ortolani maneuver, venipuncture in the upper limbs, lumbar puncture, endotracheal intubation, breath sounds auscultation, venipuncture, evaluation of normotensive fontanelle, and hypertension fontanelle. Upon the students’ assessment by means of a preference questionnaire, it became clear that these classes were some of those preferred by sixth-year students completing the child health internship as part of their Integrated Master’s degree. Conclusions Students completing child health internships as part of the Integrated Master’s degree in medicine were able to develop skills in performing medical procedures, with very positive assessments given by these students on the experience.

Architecture of the Corpus Spongiosum: An Anatomical Study.

PURPOSE: Urethral reconstruction is performed for urethral stricture or hypospadias correction. Research on urethral tissue engineering is increasing. Because the corpus spongiosum is important to support the urethra, urethral tissue engineering should ideally be combined with reconstruction of a corpus spongiosum. We describe a method to visualize and measure the architecture of the corpus spongiosum, which is needed for scaffold design. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The penis was dissected from 2 unembalmed male cadavers. One penis was flaccid and the other was erect, as induced by saline infusion. Both were frozen in ice. At 6 sites sections were obtained in the transverse and frontal directions. After digitalizing the stained sections the images were edited, area measurements were taken and a 3-dimensional reconstruction was made. RESULTS: In transverse sections the mean area of the vascular lumen was 60% and 77% in the flaccid and the erect corpus spongiosum, and in frontal sections it was 53% and 74%, respectively. This indicated a 129% transverse increase and a 140% longitudinal increase in erection. Section sites did not essentially differ except in the glans penis. Frontal sections showed larger vascular cavities and more incomplete septae than transverse sections. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides what is to our knowledge novel information on corpus spongiosum architecture, which is relevant for scaffold design in tissue engineering. The study protocol can be used in future research with a larger number of specimens and more extensive analyses.

Current Status of Simulation and Training Models in Urological Surgery: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE: Increased awareness of patient safety, advances in surgical technology and reduced working times have led to the adoption of simulation enhanced training. However, the simulators available need to be scientifically evaluated before integration into curricula. We identify the currently available training models for urological surgery, their status of validation and the evidence behind each model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MEDLINE®, Embase® and the Cochrane Library databases were searched for English language articles published between 1990 and 2015 describing urological simulators and/or validation studies of these models. All studies were assessed for level of evidence, and each model was subsequently awarded a level of recommendation using a modified Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine classification, adapted for education by the European Association of Endoscopic Surgeons. RESULTS: A total of 91 validation studies were identified pertaining to training models in endourology (63), laparoscopic surgery (17), robot-assisted surgery (8) and open urological surgery (6), with a total of 55 models. Of the included studies 6 were classified Level 1b, 9 Level 2a, 39 Level 2b and 19 Level 2c. Of all the training models the URO Mentor™ was the only one to receive a level of recommendation of 1. CONCLUSIONS: UroSimulation is a growing field and increasing numbers of models are being produced. However, there are still too few validation studies with a high level of evidence demonstrating the transferability of skills. Nevertheless, efforts should be made to use the currently available models in curriculum based training programs.