Differential impacts of porous starch versus its octenyl succinic anhydride-modified counterpart on naringin encapsulation, solubilization, and in vitro release.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the potentials of porous starch (PS) and its octenyl succinic anhydride modified product (OSAPS) as efficient carriers for loading naringin (NA), focusing on encapsulation efficiency (EE, the percentage of adsorbed naringin relative to its initial amount), drug loading (DL, the percentage of naringin in the complex), structural alterations, solubilization and in vitro release of NA using unmodified starch (UMS) and NA as controls. Both the pore diameter and SBET value of PS decreased after esterification with OSA, and a thinner strip-shaped NA (∼145 nm) was observed in the OSAPS-NA complex and (∼150 nm) in the PS-NA complex. OSAPS exhibited reduced short-range ordered structure, as indicated by a lower R1047/1022 (0.73) compared to PS (0.77). Meanwhile, lowest crystallinity (12.81 %) of NA was found in OSAPS-NA. OSAPS-NA exhibited higher EE and DL for NA than PS-NA and a significant increase in NA saturated solubility in deionized water (by 11.63-fold) and simulated digestive fluids (by 24.95-fold) compared to raw NA. OSAPS contained higher proportions of slowly digestible starch and exhibited a lower digestion rate compared to PS, resulting in a longer time for NA release from its complex during the digestion.

Influence of modified starches on mental performance and physical activity following an exhaustive bout of exercise.

Slow-releasing carbohydrates may delay the effects of fatigue after exhaustive exercise. The purpose of this study was to observe the influence that hydrothermally modified starches (HMS) and traditional maltodextrin (MAL) supplements had on physical endurance and mental performance following exhaustive exercise. Male participants completed a VO2 max and 2 days of cycling sessions using a Velotron ergometer. Cycling sessions were performed at 70% of the VO2 max workload for 150 min. Supplements were consumed 30 min before cycling and during exercise at the 120-min mark (1 g CHO/kg body weight). Brain activity was measured using a Neuroscan 64-channel electroencephalogram cap. Go-no-go and N-back tasks were performed before and after cycling bouts. Blood glucose, lactate, ketones, and urine-specific gravity were measured before, during, and after cycling. VO2 and rate of perceived exertion were recorded in 15-min intervals. Ketones increased significantly more for HMS than MAL from pre- to postcycling measurements (p < 0.05). Reaction times for go-no-go and N-back were faster for HMS postexercise. Event-related potential differences were present in both mental tasks following exhaustive exercise. HMS supplementation decreased the impact of cognitive and physical fatigue postexercise.

Effect of modified starches on the quality of skins of glutinous rice dumplings.

This study aimed to investigate the influence of modified starches on the quality of skins of glutinous rice dumplings (SGRDs), including changes in textural properties, pasting parameters, microstructure, color, transparency, and sensory quality. The results showed that the addition of a single acetylated-modified cassava or potato starch or composite modified cassava and potato starch in a ratio of 2:1 can improve the quality of SGRDs. The springiness and lightness of SGRDs increased, and the transparency increased from 3.22 % to 6.18 %. The cooked samples had delicate mouth-feel, uniform color and luster, good transparency, no depression, and low weight loss and did not stick to the teeth. Moreover, the total consumer acceptability score increased from 60.67 to 89.33, indicating that these products were widely accepted by consumers. However, the addition of hydroxypropyl-modified cassava starch or its composite with other two modified starches had no apparent effect on the quality of SGRDs. In conclusion, the quality of SGRDs were significantly improved by the addition of single or composite acetylated-modified starches. This study provides a theoretical basis for improving the quality of SGRDs.

Potentially Health-Promoting Spaghetti-Type Pastas Based on Doubly Modified Corn Starch: Starch Oxidation via Wet Chemistry Followed by Organocatalytic Butyrylation Using Reactive Extrusion.

Extruded spaghetti-type pasta systems were obtained separately either from native or oxidized starch prepared via wet chemistry with the aim of evaluating the effect of oxidation modification of starch. In addition to this, the butyrylation reaction (butyrate (Bu) esterification-short-chain fatty acid) using native or oxidized starch was analyzed under reactive extrusion (REx) conditions with and without the addition of a green food-grade organocatalyst (l(+)-tartaric acid) with the purpose of developing potentially health-promoting spaghetti-type pasta systems in terms of increasing its resistant starch (RS) values. These would be due to obtaining organocatalytic butyrylated starch or not, or the manufacture of a doubly modified starch (oxidized-butyrylated-starch oxidation followed by organocatalytic butyrylation) or not. To this end, six pasta systems were developed and characterized by solid-state 13C cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP MAS NMR) spectroscopy, degree of substitution (DS), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR/FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), pancreatic digestion, free Bu content analysis and in vitro starch digestibility. The results obtained here suggest that starch oxidation hydrolytically degrades starch chains, making them more susceptible to enzymatic degradation by α-amylase. However, the oxidized starch-based pasta systems, once esterified by Bu mainly on the amylose molecules (doubly modified pasta systems) increased their RS values, and this was more pronounced with the addition of the organocatalyst (maximum RS value = ~8%). Interestingly, despite the checked chemical changes that took place on the molecular structure of starch upon butyrylation or oxidation reactions in corn starch-based spaghetti-type pasta systems, and their incidence on starch digestibility, the orthorhombic crystalline structure (A-type starch) of starch remained unchanged.

Influence of Modified Starch Admixtures on Selected Physicochemical Properties of Cement Composites.

The conducted research aimed to evaluate the influence of admixtures of various modified starches on the rheological properties of cement composites and their influence on the compressive strength of hardened cement mortars. The study involved 17 different modified starch admixtures. Using a rheometer, the values of viscosity and tangential stresses were determined depending on the shear rate, and were subsequently used to determine the yield point and plastic viscosity of cement slurries. The next parameters tested were the flow of fresh cement slurry and the compressive strength of hardened cement composite. The highest fluidisation was recorded for retentate LU-1420-0.5%Ac-R, an increase of 82%. The conducted tests led to the conclusion that admixing cement composites with modified starches changes the rheological parameters and the compressive strength of cement composites. The highest strength gains occurred for the admixtures of retentate LU-1412-R (increase of 25%). Declines in compressive strength were noticed in the retentate LU-1422-R (decrease by 13%) and the retentate OSA-2.5%-R (decrease of 17%). The admixture of starch hydrolysate significantly decreases the yield point of slurries, which in turn may contribute to the fluidisation of concrete mixes and the reduction of mixing water. The lowest values were obtained for retentates LU-1420-0.5%Ac-R (decrease of 94%), and LU-1412-R (decrease of 93%). It was found that the consistency and compressive strength of cement mortars are affected by both the type of modification and the length of the chemical chain of starch.

Intra and Extra-granular Disintegrant Properties of Modified Underutilised Red Lima Bean Starch in Paracetamol Tablet Formulation

Abstract Red lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus Linn) Family Fabaceae, has been modified by succinylation and annealing, and used as intra- and extra-granular disintegrants at concentrations of 5 and 10 %w/w in paracetamol tablet formulation in comparison with corn starch BP. The starches were characterised using FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM, proximate analysis, physicochemical and functional properties. FT-IR spectrometry revealed characteristic peaks at 1575.53 and 1713.99 cm-1 for the succinylated starch while the annealed showed no significant difference from the native starch. Modifications did not alter the ovoid shape of the native starch but reduced the particle size. Succinylation improved water absorption capacity, solubility and swelling of lima bean starch but annealing reduced the parameters. Tablets with disintegrants of lima bean starches generally had higher crushing strengths and lower friability than tablets with corn starch. Modifications reduced the disintegration time of the tablets when the starches were incorporated intra-granularly, which suggested particle-particle bond interruption and destruction of hydrogen bonds as mechanism of disintegration. Tablets containing 10 %w/w succinylated red lima bean starch incorporated intra-granularly had the highest disintegration efficiency ratio, DER, indicating a great balance between mechanical and disintegration properties. Modified red lima bean starches incorporated intra-granularly into paracetamol tablets led to faster disintegration and could efficiently substitute corn starch as disintegrant.

Water Behavior of Emulsions Stabilized by Modified Potato Starch.

Starch is a widely known and used emulsion stabilizer. In order to improve its properties, various types of modifications are made that change its ability to emulsify and stabilize. This paper describes the analysis of the molecular dynamics of water using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF NMR) in oil-in-water emulsions obtained with the use of physically or chemically modified potato starch. The analysis of changes in spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxation times depending on the temperature allowed the activation energy value of water molecules in the analyzed emulsions to be determined. It has been shown that the presence of starch influences the values of spin-lattice T1 and spin-spin T2 relaxation times, both in the water and the oil phase, and the observed changes largely depended on the type of starch modification. Both types of analyzed starches also differently influenced the energy of activation of rotational movements of water molecules. On the basis of the analyses carried out with the use of LF NMR, it can be concluded that physically modified starch acts not only as a stabilizer, but also as an emulsifier, while acetylated starch does not exhibit good emulsifying properties.

Spray dried nanoemulsions loaded with curcumin, resveratrol, and borage seed oil: The role of two different modified starches as encapsulating materials.

Recently, food industries are directing on the promotion of innovative food matrices fortified with bioactive compounds in order to enhance the consumer's health. Octenyl succinic anhydride modified starches (OSA-MS) such as Hi-cap100 (HCP) and purity gum 2000 (PUG) were used to fabricate emulsions co-entrapped with borage seed oil (BSO), resveratrol (RES) and curcumin (CUR), which were further spray dried to obtain powders. The fabricated microcapsules loaded with BSO, RES, and CUR displayed excellent dissolution performance, high encapsulation efficiency (≈93.05%) as well as semi-spherical shape, revealed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We also evaluated the impact of storage time (4 weeks) and temperature (40 °C) on the physicochemical characterization of OSA-MS coated microcapsules. Microcapsules coated with HCP exhibited greater oxidative stability, lower water activity and moisture contents rather than PUG coated microcapsules during storage because of its good film-forming properties. Addition of CUR enhanced the oxidative stability and retention of bioactive compounds. HCP microcapsules loaded with BSO + RES + CUR presented supreme retention of RES (70.32%), CUR 81.6% and γ-linolenic acid (≈ 96%). Our findings showed that CUR acted as an antioxidant agent; also, lower molecular weight OSA-MS as wall material could be used for the entrapment of bioactive compounds and promotion of innovative food products.

Optimization of corn starch acetylation and succinylation using the extrusion process.

Starch chemical modification can be used in order to obtain modified starches (MS) with low affinity to water. Acetylated and succinylated starches whose applications as food ingredient depend upon their degree of substitution (DS) may be produced by esterifying starch through the extrusion process (EP). The Food and Drug Administration recommends a DS of 0.2 and 0.05 for acetylated and succinylated starches, respectively. The objective of this study was to find mathematical models to obtain the optimum values of DS, Water absorption Index (WAI) and Water Solubility Index (WSI) for MS with safe-for-food-use DS and low affinity to water, modifying the starches by acetylation and succinylation using EP. The process variables were Barrel Temperature (BT, 80-160 °C), Screw Speed (SS, 100-200 rpm) and Reactant Concentration (RC, Acetylation, 0-13% and Succinylation, 0-3%). The best conditions to obtain acetylated starches were RC = 7.88%, BT = 80 °C and SS = 100 rpm, presenting values of DS = 0.2, WAI = 7.67 g/g and WSI = 6.15%. On the other hand, the optimum conditions to obtain succinylated starches were RC = 1.12%, BT = 80 °C and SS = 126 rpm, obtaining values of DS = 0.05, WAI = 3.40 g/g and WSI = 7.92%. These results showed that it is possible to obtain acetylated and succinylated MS with safe-for-food-use levels of DS and with low affinity to water, using EP.

Solubilization of hesperidin with octenyl succinic anhydride modified sweet potato starch.

Hesperidin, the major flavonoid in citrus species, possesses various biological functions and pharmacological activities, however, its insolubility in water limits its bioavailability and medical or food application. When 8 g/L octenyl succinic anhydride modified sweet potato starch (OSA-SPS) with degree of substitution 0.0051 was applied to solubilize hesperidin under the conditions of stirring the mixture for 6 h at 2400 r/min, 50 °C and unadjusted pH, the solubilization efficiency of hesperidin was 6.52 folds higher than that without OSAS addition. It was noteworthy that the solubilization of hesperidin was obviously different from that of hesperetin (hydrolysate of hesperidin) either in starch origin of OSAS or in the influence of external factors. The interaction between OSA-SPS and hesperidin had been certified by means of FT-IR, XRD, DSC, 1H/2D NMR. These results would give a fundamental reference for probing specific mechanism between hesperidin and OSAS in the further research.

Re-evaluation of oxidised starch (E 1404), monostarch phosphate (E 1410), distarch phosphate (E 1412), phosphated distarch phosphate (E 1413), acetylated distarch phosphate (E 1414), acetylated starch (E 1420), acetylated distarch adipate (E 1422), hydroxypropyl starch (E 1440), hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate (E 1442), starch sodium octenyl succinate (E 1450), acetylated oxidised starch (E 1451) and starch aluminium octenyl succinate (E 1452) as food additives.

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient sources added to Food (ANS) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the re-evaluation of 12 modified starches (E 1404, E 1410, E 1412, E 1413, E 1414, E 1420, E 1422, E 1440, E 1442, E 1450, E 1451 and E 1452) authorised as food additives in the EU in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 and previously evaluated by JECFA and the SCF. Both committees allocated an acceptable daily intake (ADI) 'not specified'. In humans, modified starches are not absorbed intact but significantly hydrolysed by intestinal enzymes and then fermented by the intestinal microbiota. Using the read-across approach, the Panel considered that adequate data on short- and long-term toxicity and carcinogenicity, and reproductive toxicity are available. Based on in silico analyses, modified starches are considered not to be of genotoxic concern. No treatment-related effects relevant for human risk assessment were observed in rats fed very high levels of modified starches (up to 31,000 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day). Modified starches (e.g. E 1450) were well tolerated in humans up to a single dose of 25,000 mg/person. Following the conceptual framework for the risk assessment of certain food additives, the Panel concluded that there is no safety concern for the use of modified starches as food additives at the reported uses and use levels for the general population and that there is no need for a numerical ADI. The combined exposure to E 1404-E 1451 at the 95th percentile of the refined (brand-loyal) exposure assessment scenario for the general population was up to 3,053 mg/kg bw per day. Exposure to E 1452 for food supplement consumers only at the 95th percentile was up to 22.1 mg/kg bw per day.

Microencapsulación de aceite esencial de tomillo (Thymus vulgaris) en matrices poliméricas de almidón de ñame (Dioscorea rotundata) modificado / Microencapsulation of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil in polymeric matrices based on modified yam (Dioscorea rotundata) starch

Los aceites esenciales son conocidos por sus numerosas actividades biológicas y organolépticas, pero su empleo suele verse limitado por su alta volatilidad y tendencia a degradarse. La microencapsulación es una estrategia válida para superar estos inconvenientes. En este trabajo se empleó almidón de ñame (D. rotundata), el cual fue sometido a procesos de hidrólisis y lipofilización, empleando anhídrido dodecenilsuccínico (DDSA); esto incrementó significativamente las capacidades captadora de aceite y emulsificante (tensoactiva) del almidón nativo, el cual se empleó para microencapsular aceite esencial de tomillo, que en estudios previos demostró potente actividad antibacteriana sobre las cepas involucradas en el desarrollo del acné. La microencapsulación se llevó a cabo por microparticulación lipídica sólida, seguida de emulsificación. Esta alcanzó una eficiencia superior al 98%, y el producto obtenido, desafiado en diversas pruebas, demostró capacidad de retener más del 90% del aceite esencial en condiciones de evaporación, evitando su oxidación y el cambio en su perfil de composición. Finalmente, las microcápsulas de aceites esenciales de tomillo, al ponerse en contacto con las bacterias del acné, mantuvieron su actividad bactericida. Los resultados de este trabajo aportan al desarrollo de formulaciones farmacéuticas, cosméticas y alimentarias estables y funcionales de aceites esenciales, al protegerlos de la evaporación y degradación.

Essential oils are known for their numerous biological and organoleptic activities, but their use is often limited by high volatility and tendency to degrade. Microencapsulation is a valid strategy to overcome these drawbacks. In this paper starch yam (D. rotundata) was used, which was subjected to hydrolysis processes and lipophilization using dodecenyl succinic (DDSA) anhydride, this significantly increased the scavenging capacity of oil and emulsifier (surfactant) of native starch, which was used to microencapsulate thyme essential oil, that in previous studies showed potent antibacterial activity on strains involved in the development of acne. Microencapsulation was conducted by microparticulation solid lipid, followed by emulsification. This reached an efficiency of over 98%, and the product obtained, challenged by various trials, demonstrated ability to hold more than 90% of essential oil under evaporation conditions, avoiding oxidation and change in composition profile. Finally, the microcapsules of essential oil of thyme at contact the acne bacteria, maintained its bactericidal activity. The results of this study contribute to the development of pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food formulations stable and functional based on essential oils, to protect degradation and evaporation.

Encapsulation of vitamin E: effect of physicochemical properties of wall material on retention and stability.

Spray drying technique was used to fabricate Vitamin E loaded nanocapsules using Octenyl Succinic Anhydride (OSA) modified starches as emulsifiers and wall materials. Several physicochemical properties of modified starches that are expected to influence emulsification capacity, retention and storage stability of Vitamin E in nanocapsules were investigated. High Degree of Substitution (DS), low Molecular Weight (Mw) and low interfacial tension improved emulsification properties while Oxygen Permeability (OP) and Water Vapor Permeability (WVP) affected the film forming properties. The degradation profile of Vitamin E fitted well with the Weibull model. Nanocapsules from OSA modified starches MS-A and MS-B retained around 50% of Vitamin E after a period of 60 days at 4-35°C. Reduced retention and short half-life (35 days) in nanocapsules fabricated using MS-C at 35°C were attributed to autoxidation reaction occurred due to poor film forming capacity. These results indicated that low molecular weights OSA modified starches were effective at forming stable Vitamin E nanocapsules that could be used in drug and beverage applications.

Effects and mechanism of modified starches on the gel properties of myofibrillar protein from grass carp.

The effects and mechanism of cassava starch (CS), hydroxypropylated cassava starch (HCS) and cross-linked hydroxypropylated cassava starch (CHCS), on gel properties of myofibrillar protein (MP) from grass carp were investigated using texture analyzer, dynamic rheometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and circular dichroism (CD). Water holding capacity (WHC) of MP gels increased from 70% to ca. 90% with an increase in additive amount of modified starches (MS) and HCS improved WHC most effectively. The MS (HCS and CS) at proper additive amount (1.5 wt%) improved the textural properties of MP gels significantly (P<0.05). In rheological test, all MS-MP solutions showed viscoelastic nature of MP, but adding MS resulted in much higher G', suggesting the effect of MS (especially 2.5 wt% CHCS) was considerable and equal to increasing protein concentration. The SEM photographs showed the MP gel with 2.5 wt% CHCS or 0.5 wt% HCS formed compact and homogeneous network, while the gel with CS agglomerated and the agglomerate phenomenon occurred more obviously with increasing additive amount. The addition of MS, especially CHCS, promoted the heat-induced conformational transition from the α-helix companied with ß-turn to ß-sheet, leading to the MP molecules stretching out.