Zoometric and ethnological characterization of the colombian creole donkey in Sucre, Colombia

In Colombia, works performed with the colombian creole donkey (CCD) have shown a possible danger of extinction. The above, associate with an alarming decrease in its inventory and a reduction in genetic diversity. Thus, morphological characterization could be the first step for future conservation plans to conduct a repopulation. Therefore, this work aimed to characterize the zoometric and ethnological traits of CCD in five natural subregions of the department of Sucre. 20 males from each of the natural subregions from Sucre (Golfo de Morrosquillo: GM, Montes de María: MM, Mojana: MO, San Jorge: SJ, Sabanas: SA) with an age average of 4.7 ± 1.0 years old and weight estimated between 126.0 ± 19.4 kg were recorded and were submitted to 28 morphometric measurements. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance between subregions, and hierarchical grouping for statistical analysis were performed. Also, five ethnological indices and five productive indices were estimated. The results showed that most of the zoometric variables varied significantly between subregions. The values assessed were similar to other creole donkey breeds. The hierarchical grouping analysis allowed the creation of two groups with geographic proximity. The structural homogeneity and morphostructural harmony found within the subregions were medium-low. However, when analyzing all the CCD measurements together, medium to high morphostructural uniformity and harmony were evidenced. The ethnological indices allow us to classify the CCD as a longlinear, hypermetric, dolichocephalic, and concavilinear animal. In addition, the productive indices indicated that the CCD is a proportionate donkey, with good poise and aptitude for work.

Es posible que el asno criollo colombiano (ACC) se encuentre en peligro de extinción. La alarmante disminución de su inventario está reduciendo la diversidad genética. Así, la caracterización morfológica es un primer paso en futuros planes de conservación, con el objetivo de repoblación; por tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar zoométricamente y etnológicamente el ACC, de las cinco subregiones naturales del departamento de Sucre. En 20 machos de cada una de las subregiones naturales del departamento de Sucre (Golfo de Morrosquillo: GM, Montes de María: MM, Mojana: MO, San Jorge: SJ, Sabanas: SA), con edad promedio de 4,7 ± 1,0 años y peso promedio estimado de 126,0 ± 19,4kg, se registraron 28 medidas morfométricas. En el análisis de datos, se consideró la estadística descriptiva, el análisis de varianza entre subregiones, análisis de agrupación jerárquica. También, se estimaron cinco índices etnológicos y cinco índices productivos. La mayoría de las variables zoométricas variaron significativamente entre subregiones, con valores similares a otras razas criollas. El análisis de agrupación jerárquica formó dos grupos con cercanía geográfica. La homogeneidad estructural y la armonía morfoestructural encontrada al interior de las subregiones fue media-baja; sin embargo, al analizar todo el ACC, la homogeneidad y la armonía morfoestructural fue media-alta. Los índices etnológicos clasifican al ACC como longilíneo, hipermétrico, dolicocéfalo y concavilíneo, mientras que los índices productivos indican de un asno proporcionado, de buenos aplomos y de aptitud al trabajo.

Concentración y morfología de los espermatozoides epididimarios obtenidos de toros postmortem / Concentration and Morphology of the Epididymal Spermatozoa from Post Mortem Bulls

Con el objetivo de evaluar la concentración y la morfología de los espermatozoides de la cola del epidídimo de testículos de toros postmortem, obtenidos mediante lavado por flujo retrógrado, se recolectaron al azar 90 testículos, los cuales fueron transportados bajo dos diferentes temperaturas, siguiendo dos protocolos diferentes: Protocolo 1 (35ºC) y Protocolo 2 (25ºC), durante el período abril-julio 2003. El material experimental fue transportado desde el sitio de la recolección hasta el laboratorio, en un lapso comprendido entre 30 y 60 min con un promedio de 45 min. Se realizó histopatología para seleccionar los testículos con 70% o más de tejido funcional para cada protocolo (Protocolo 1: n=13; y Protocolo 2: n=20). Una vez realizado el descarte de aquellos testículos que no cumplieron con esa premisa, se evaluó la concentración espermática y la morfología de los espermatozoides de las colas epididimarias en los testículos seleccionados. La recolección de esos espermatozoides se realizó por lavado retrógrado con TRIS-yema-glicerol, a través del conducto deferente. Se determinó la concentración espermática mediante la cámara de Neubauer, en el fluido espermático y la morfología espermática se determinó en función del porcentaje de espermatozoides normales y de las atipias encontradas, previa tinción con Hema III. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva, y se realizó una prueba de t de Student para comparar muestras independientes. Los resultados obtenidos indican que no hubo diferencia significativas, entre los dos protocolos en la morfología normal, ni el total de atipias. Según este estudio, la temperatura de transporte no afecta la calidad espermática epididimaria.

In this investigation, the concentration and morphology of spermatozoa of the epididymal tail of post mortem bull testicles, obtained by retrograde flushing, were evaluated. The experiment was done from April-June 2003. Ninety testicles were randomly collected and transported to the laboratory, following two different temperature protocols: Protocol 1 (35°C) and Protocol 2 ( 25°C). The testicles were transported from the slaughterhouse (Frogorífico Industrial de Turmero, the State of Aragua, Venezuela) to the laboratory within a time frame of 30-60 min, with an average time of 45 min. For each protocol (Protocol 1, n=13; Protocol 2, n=20), a histopathological study of all samples was performed and those testes with 70% or more of functional tissue were selected. After discarding the testicles which did not comply with the required conditions, the spermatic concentration and morphology of spermatozoa were assessed. Spermatozoa collection was carried out by retrograde flushing using TRIS-egg yolk glycerol medium through the deferent duct. The spermatic concentration was obtained using the Neubauer chamber while the spermatic morphology was estimated by observation of smears stained with Hema III, and comparing the percentage of normal versus abnormal spermatozoa. The data was analyzed by descriptive statistics and the t test was applied to compare two independent samples. The results obtained showed no statistical significant differences between the two protocols, regarding normal morphology and total percentage of abnormal spermatozoa. It is concluded that the two different temperature protocols do not affect the quality of spermatozoa of the epididymal tail.

Loin tissue composition and carcass cuts in ram and castrated lambs, exposed to two photoperiods / Composição tecidual do lombo e cortes das carcaças de cordeiros inteiros e castrados, submetidos a dois fotoperíodos

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the photoperiod and castration upon the weights and percentages of cuts and tissue composition of the loin. Twenty one Polwarth crossbred lambs were divided into 4 treatments: 5 ram (R) and 6 castrated (C), during a short photoperiod (SP) of 12 light hours, and 5 castrated and 5 ram, during a long photoperiod (LP) of 18 light hours. The animals were allocated in individual pens, in two identical rooms, with light intensity of 300 lux. They were fed with an ad libitum balanced diet. The distribution for the treatments was at random, by a factor of 2 x 2 (R & C x SP and LP). The animals were slaughtered when reaching 37kg of body weight. There was no influence of the photoperiod in any of the variables analyzed. The castrated animals showed a bigger percentage and weight of the loin. For the other carcass sections, there was no effect of castration. In relation to the tissue composition, just the percentage of the muscles was higher in the ram lambs.

Foram avaliados os efeitos do fotoperíodo e da castração sobre os pesos, porcentagens dos cortes e composição tecidual do lombo. Utilizaram-se 21 cordeiros mestiços Ideal, divididos em 4 tratamentos: 5 não castrados (I) e 6 castrados (C), em fotoperíodo curto (FC), com 12 horas de luz, e 5 castrados e 5 não castrados em fotoperíodo longo (FL), com 18 horas de luz. Os animais permaneceram em gaiolas individuais, em duas salas contíguas, sob intensidade lumínica de 300 lux e receberam dieta balanceada, à vontade. A distribuição foi ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (I e C X FC e FL). Os animais foram abatidos com 37kg de peso corporal. Não houve influencia do fotoperíodo em nenhuma das variáveis estudadas. Os animais castrados apresentaram maior peso e porcentagem do lombo, o que pode ser atribuído à maior quantidade de gordura em relação aos não castrados. Para os demais cortes, não houve efeito da castração. Na composição tecidual, apenas a porcentagem de músculo foi maior para os cordeiros não castrados.

Loin tissue composition and carcass cuts in ram and castrated lambs, exposed to two photoperiods / Composição tecidual do lombo e cortes das carcaças de cordeiros inteiros e castrados, submetidos a dois fotoperíodos

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the photoperiod and castration upon the weights and percentages of cuts and tissue composition of the loin. Twenty one Polwarth crossbred lambs were divided into 4 treatments: 5 ram (R) and 6 castrated (C), during a short photoperiod (SP) of 12 light hours, and 5 castrated and 5 ram, during a long photoperiod (LP) of 18 light hours. The animals were allocated in individual pens, in two identical rooms, with light intensity of 300 lux. They were fed with an ad libitum balanced diet. The distribution for the treatments was at random, by a factor of 2 x 2 (R & C x SP and LP). The animals were slaughtered when reaching 37kg of body weight. There was no influence of the photoperiod in any of the variables analyzed. The castrated animals showed a bigger percentage and weight of the loin. For the other carcass sections, there was no effect of castration. In relation to the tissue composition, just the percentage of the muscles was higher in the ram lambs.

Foram avaliados os efeitos do fotoperíodo e da castração sobre os pesos, porcentagens dos cortes e composição tecidual do lombo. Utilizaram-se 21 cordeiros mestiços Ideal, divididos em 4 tratamentos: 5 não castrados (I) e 6 castrados (C), em fotoperíodo curto (FC), com 12 horas de luz, e 5 castrados e 5 não castrados em fotoperíodo longo (FL), com 18 horas de luz. Os animais permaneceram em gaiolas individuais, em duas salas contíguas, sob intensidade lumínica de 300 lux e receberam dieta balanceada, à vontade. A distribuição foi ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (I e C X FC e FL). Os animais foram abatidos com 37kg de peso corporal. Não houve influencia do fotoperíodo em nenhuma das variáveis estudadas. Os animais castrados apresentaram maior peso e porcentagem do lombo, o que pode ser atribuído à maior quantidade de gordura em relação aos não castrados. Para os demais cortes, não houve efeito da castração. Na composição tecidual, apenas a porcentagem de músculo foi maior para os cordeiros não castrados.

TOPOGRAPHY AND VISCERAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE Melopsittacus undulatus, SHAW 1805 / TOPOGRAFIA E MORFOLOGIA DAS VÍSCERAS DO PERIQUITO-AUSTRALIANO (Melopsittacus undulatus, SHAW 1805)

The aim of this research was to study the topography and morphology of Australian parakeet (Melopsittacus undulatus) viscera. Ten Australian parakeet were used (5 males and 5 females). The animals were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution, through perfusion in the musculature and visceral cavity. Macroscopically, the Australian parakeet viscera did not show expressive differences when compared to other domestic birds species. Microscopically, the main difference was the presence of mechanoreceptors (Corpuscles of Pacini) in the tongue, found for the first time in this psittaciform  species.KEY WORDS: Melopsittacus undulatus, morphology, topography, viscera.

Em virtude da escassez de dados referentes à morfologia e topografia das aves em geral, o presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever a topografia e morfologia das vísceras do periquito-australiano (Melopsittacus undulatus), para assim proporcionar um conhecimento mais amplo sobre características específicas dessa espécie. Para a descrição da morfologia e topografia das vísceras foram utilizados dez periquitos, sendo cinco machos e cinco fêmeas. Os animais foram fixados com solução de formaldeído 10%, através de perfusão na musculatura e cavidade visceral. Macroscopicamente, as vísceras do periquito não apresentaram muitas diferenças comparadas a outras espécies de aves domésticas. Microscopicamente, a principal diferença estava na presença de mecanorreceptores (corpúsculos de Pacini) na língua, encontrados pela primeira vez nesta espécie de psitaciforme. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Melopsittacus undulatus, morfologia, topografia, vísceras.

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION OF DENTINAL TUBULES IN MONKEY DENTIN / SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION OF DENTINAL TUBULES IN Cebus apella DENTIN

The aim of the study was to investigate the number and diameter of the Cebus apella dentinal tubules. The roots of the Cebus apella teeth were examined in specific tooth locations: the apical, middle and cervical dentin. The calculations were based on the scanning electron microscope photographs of the fractured surfaces. The results showed that the average number of dentinal tubules for each location was: 74,800 tubules/mm2 for apical root dentin, 90,000 tubules/mm2 for mid-root dentin, 91,600 tubules/mm2 for cervical root dentin. The average diameter was the following: apical root dentin, 4,30µm; mid-root dentin, 4,37µm; cervical root dentin,  5,23µm. These findings demonstrate that the Cebus apella teeth are a suitable substitute for human in endodontics studies. KEY WORDS: Dentin, dentinal tubules, teeth.

The aim of the study was to investigate the number and diameter of the Cebus apella dentinal tubules. The roots of the Cebus apella teeth were examined in specific tooth locations: the apical, middle and cervical dentin. The calculations were based on the scanning electron microscope photographs of the fractured surfaces. The results showed that the average number of dentinal tubules for each location was: 74,800 tubules/mm2 for apical root dentin, 90,000 tubules/mm2 for mid-root dentin, 91,600 tubules/mm2 for cervical root dentin. The average diameter was the following: apical root dentin, 4,30µm; mid-root dentin, 4,37µm; cervical root dentin,  5,23µm. These findings demonstrate that the Cebus apella teeth are a suitable substitute for human in endodontics studies. KEY WORDS: Dentin, dentinal tubules, teeth.

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION OF DENTINAL TUBULES IN Cebus apella DENTIN / Scanning electron microscopic investigation of dentinal tubules in monkey dentin

The aim of the study was to investigate the number and diameter of the Cebus apella dentinal tubules. The roots of the Cebus apella teeth were examined in specific tooth locations: the apical, middle and cervical dentin. The calculations were based on the scanning electron microscope photographs of the fractured surfaces. The results showed that the average number of dentinal tubules for each location was: 74,800 tubules/mm2 for apical root dentin, 90,000 tubules/mm2 for mid-root dentin, 91,600 tubules/mm2 for cervical root dentin. The average diameter was the following: apical root dentin, 4,30µm; mid-root dentin, 4,37µm; cervical root dentin,  5,23µm. These findings demonstrate that the Cebus apella teeth are a suitable substitute for human in endodontics studies. KEY WORDS: Dentin, dentinal tubules, teeth.

The aim of the study was to investigate the number and diameter of the Cebus apella dentinal tubules. The roots of the Cebus apella teeth were examined in specific tooth locations: the apical, middle and cervical dentin. The calculations were based on the scanning electron microscope photographs of the fractured surfaces. The results showed that the average number of dentinal tubules for each location was: 74,800 tubules/mm2 for apical root dentin, 90,000 tubules/mm2 for mid-root dentin, 91,600 tubules/mm2 for cervical root dentin. The average diameter was the following: apical root dentin, 4,30µm; mid-root dentin, 4,37µm; cervical root dentin,  5,23µm. These findings demonstrate that the Cebus apella teeth are a suitable substitute for human in endodontics studies. KEY WORDS: Dentin, dentinal tubules, teeth.

TOPOGRAPHY AND VISCERAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE Melopsittacus undulatus, SHAW 1805 / TOPOGRAFIA E MORFOLOGIA DAS VÍSCERAS DO PERIQUITO-AUSTRALIANO (Melopsittacus undulatus, SHAW 1805)

The aim of this research was to study the topography and morphology of Australian parakeet (Melopsittacus undulatus) viscera. Ten Australian parakeet were used (5 males and 5 females). The animals were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution, through perfusion in the musculature and visceral cavity. Macroscopically, the Australian parakeet viscera did not show expressive differences when compared to other domestic birds species. Microscopically, the main difference was the presence of mechanoreceptors (Corpuscles of Pacini) in the tongue, found for the first time in this psittaciform  species.KEY WORDS: Melopsittacus undulatus, morphology, topography, viscera.

Em virtude da escassez de dados referentes à morfologia e topografia das aves em geral, o presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever a topografia e morfologia das vísceras do periquito-australiano (Melopsittacus undulatus), para assim proporcionar um conhecimento mais amplo sobre características específicas dessa espécie. Para a descrição da morfologia e topografia das vísceras foram utilizados dez periquitos, sendo cinco machos e cinco fêmeas. Os animais foram fixados com solução de formaldeído 10%, através de perfusão na musculatura e cavidade visceral. Macroscopicamente, as vísceras do periquito não apresentaram muitas diferenças comparadas a outras espécies de aves domésticas. Microscopicamente, a principal diferença estava na presença de mecanorreceptores (corpúsculos de Pacini) na língua, encontrados pela primeira vez nesta espécie de psitaciforme. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Melopsittacus undulatus, morfologia, topografia, vísceras.

LOBATION, BRONCHIAL TREE AND ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF PACA LUNG (Agouti paca, LINAEUS, 1766) / LOBAÇÃO, ÁRVORE BRÔNQUICA E VASCULARIZAÇÃO ARTERIAL DO PULMÃO DA PACA (Agouti paca, LINAEUS, 1766)

Lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system and the morphological knowledge of lobation, bronchial tree and arterial vascularization becomes indispensable on clinics and surgery practice. The pulmonary trunks of 10 lungs were filled with latex and the anatomical sets were put in a 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution. By dissection, it was observed that, in 100% of the cases, the right lung was constituted by cranial, medium, caudal and accessory lobes. The medium lobe was divided into cranial and caudal portions. The left lung presented a cranial lobe, divided into cranial and caudal portions, a caudal lobe and a little accessory lobe. The right pulmonary artery gave off two branches to the cranial lobe, besides branches to the cranial and caudal portions of the medium lobe, and branches to the accessory and caudal lobes. The left pulmonary artery gave off two branches to the cranial and one to caudal portions of the cranial lobe; the left caudal lobe was supplied by the left pulmonary artery continuation, which gave off five to six dorsal and seven to eight ventral branches. There was no variation on the studied lungs as for lobes or bronchial tree model. KEY WORDS: Agouti paca, lungs, pulmonary artery, rodent.

Os pulmões são os principais órgãos do sistema respiratório, e o conhecimento morfológico da lobação, árvore brônquica e vascularização arterial torna-se imprescindível na prática clínica e cirúrgica. Os troncos pulmonares de dez pulmões de pacas foram injetados com látex e as peças fixadas em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10%. Mediante dissecação, observou-se que, em 100% dos casos, o pulmão direito era constituído pelos lobos cranial, caudal, médio e acessório; o lobo médio era bilobado em partes cranial e caudal. O esquerdo possuía o lobo cranial, bilobado em partes cranial e caudal, lobo caudal e um pequeno lobo acessório. A artéria pulmonar direita emitia dois ramos para o lobo cranial, além dos ramos para as partes cranial e caudal do lobo médio, o ramo do lobo acessório e o do lobo caudal; a artéria pulmonar esquerda emitia dois ramos para a porção cranial e um para a porção caudal do lobo cranial; o lobo caudal esquerdo era irrigado pela continuação da artéria pulmonar esquerda, que emitia de cinco a seis ramos dorsais e de sete a oito ramos ventrais. Não houve variação nos pulmões estudados em relação aos lobos, nem no padrão de distribuição brônquica. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Agouti paca, artéria pulmonar, pulmões, roedor

ORIGIN AND DITRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS PERIPHERAL NERVES OF PACA (Agouti paca, LINNAEUS, 1766) / ANÁLISE DA ORIGEM E DISTRIBUIÇÃO DOS NERVOS PERIFÉRICOS DO PLEXO BRAQUIAL DA PACA (Agouti paca, LINNAEUS, 1766)

The brachial plexus is a set of nerves originated in the cervicothoracic medular region and distributed in the thoracic limbs and inner thorax. The brachial plexus of eight pacas was dissected for study on the nerves origin and distribution. The suprascapular nerve went through the supra and infraspinal muscles and the subscapular gave off on the subscapular muscle. The axilar nerve was distributed on the teres major, subscapular, teres minor and deltoid muscles. The ulnar and the median nerves branched off on the forearm musculature, and the musculocutaneous branched on the coracobrachial, biceps brachial and brachial muscles. The radial nerve went through the triceps brachial, tensor fasciae latae and anconeus muscles. The long thoracic and the thoracodorsal nerves branched on the latissimus dorsi muscle, and the lateral thoracic gave off on the trunk cutaneous muscle. The cranial pectoral nerves branched on the deep pectoral muscle and the caudal pectoral nerves gave off on the superficial pectoral muscle. The brachial plexus of pacas is formed by 12 pairs of nerves presenting different origins, which arose from ventral roots from the fifth pair of cervical to the second pair of thoracic nerves, not occurring trunks or cords in those formation.KEY  WORDS: Agouti paca, brachial plexus, distribution, nervous system.

O plexo braquial é um conjunto de nervos que surge na região medular cervicotorácica e que se distribui pelos membros torácicos e porção interna do tórax. O plexo braquial de oito pacas foi dissecado para evidenciação da origem e distribuição de seus nervos. O nervo supraescapular distribuía-se para os músculos supra e infra-espinhal, e o subescapular para o músculo subescapular. O nervo axilar ramificava-se para os músculos redondo maior, subescapular, redondo menor e deltóide. Os nervos ulnar e mediano ramificavam-se para a musculatura do antebraço, e o musculocutâneo para os músculos coracobraquial, bíceps braquial e braquial. O nervo radial abrangia o músculo tríceps braquial, tensor da fáscia do antebraço e ancôneo. O nervo torácico longo e o toracodorsal emitiam ramos para o músculo grande dorsal, e o torácico lateral para o músculo cutâneo do tronco. Os nervos peitorais craniais ramificavam-se no músculo peitoral profundo, e os nervos peitorais caudais distribuíam-se para o músculo peitoral superficial. O plexo braquial da paca é formado por doze pares de nervos com origens distintas, os quais surgem do quinto par de nervos cervicais até o segundo par de nervos torácicos, não havendo troncos ou cordões na formação destes.PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Agouti paca, distribuição, plexo braquial, sistema nervoso.

LOBATION, BRONCHIAL TREE AND ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF PACA LUNG (Agouti paca, LINAEUS, 1766) / LOBAÇÃO, ÁRVORE BRÔNQUICA E VASCULARIZAÇÃO ARTERIAL DO PULMÃO DA PACA (Agouti paca, LINAEUS, 1766)

Lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system and the morphological knowledge of lobation, bronchial tree and arterial vascularization becomes indispensable on clinics and surgery practice. The pulmonary trunks of 10 lungs were filled with latex and the anatomical sets were put in a 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution. By dissection, it was observed that, in 100% of the cases, the right lung was constituted by cranial, medium, caudal and accessory lobes. The medium lobe was divided into cranial and caudal portions. The left lung presented a cranial lobe, divided into cranial and caudal portions, a caudal lobe and a little accessory lobe. The right pulmonary artery gave off two branches to the cranial lobe, besides branches to the cranial and caudal portions of the medium lobe, and branches to the accessory and caudal lobes. The left pulmonary artery gave off two branches to the cranial and one to caudal portions of the cranial lobe; the left caudal lobe was supplied by the left pulmonary artery continuation, which gave off five to six dorsal and seven to eight ventral branches. There was no variation on the studied lungs as for lobes or bronchial tree model. KEY WORDS: Agouti paca, lungs, pulmonary artery, rodent.

Os pulmões são os principais órgãos do sistema respiratório, e o conhecimento morfológico da lobação, árvore brônquica e vascularização arterial torna-se imprescindível na prática clínica e cirúrgica. Os troncos pulmonares de dez pulmões de pacas foram injetados com látex e as peças fixadas em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10%. Mediante dissecação, observou-se que, em 100% dos casos, o pulmão direito era constituído pelos lobos cranial, caudal, médio e acessório; o lobo médio era bilobado em partes cranial e caudal. O esquerdo possuía o lobo cranial, bilobado em partes cranial e caudal, lobo caudal e um pequeno lobo acessório. A artéria pulmonar direita emitia dois ramos para o lobo cranial, além dos ramos para as partes cranial e caudal do lobo médio, o ramo do lobo acessório e o do lobo caudal; a artéria pulmonar esquerda emitia dois ramos para a porção cranial e um para a porção caudal do lobo cranial; o lobo caudal esquerdo era irrigado pela continuação da artéria pulmonar esquerda, que emitia de cinco a seis ramos dorsais e de sete a oito ramos ventrais. Não houve variação nos pulmões estudados em relação aos lobos, nem no padrão de distribuição brônquica. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Agouti paca, artéria pulmonar, pulmões, roedor

ORIGIN AND DITRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS PERIPHERAL NERVES OF PACA (Agouti paca, LINNAEUS, 1766) / ANÁLISE DA ORIGEM E DISTRIBUIÇÃO DOS NERVOS PERIFÉRICOS DO PLEXO BRAQUIAL DA PACA (Agouti paca, LINNAEUS, 1766)

The brachial plexus is a set of nerves originated in the cervicothoracic medular region and distributed in the thoracic limbs and inner thorax. The brachial plexus of eight pacas was dissected for study on the nerves origin and distribution. The suprascapular nerve went through the supra and infraspinal muscles and the subscapular gave off on the subscapular muscle. The axilar nerve was distributed on the teres major, subscapular, teres minor and deltoid muscles. The ulnar and the median nerves branched off on the forearm musculature, and the musculocutaneous branched on the coracobrachial, biceps brachial and brachial muscles. The radial nerve went through the triceps brachial, tensor fasciae latae and anconeus muscles. The long thoracic and the thoracodorsal nerves branched on the latissimus dorsi muscle, and the lateral thoracic gave off on the trunk cutaneous muscle. The cranial pectoral nerves branched on the deep pectoral muscle and the caudal pectoral nerves gave off on the superficial pectoral muscle. The brachial plexus of pacas is formed by 12 pairs of nerves presenting different origins, which arose from ventral roots from the fifth pair of cervical to the second pair of thoracic nerves, not occurring trunks or cords in those formation.KEY  WORDS: Agouti paca, brachial plexus, distribution, nervous system.

O plexo braquial é um conjunto de nervos que surge na região medular cervicotorácica e que se distribui pelos membros torácicos e porção interna do tórax. O plexo braquial de oito pacas foi dissecado para evidenciação da origem e distribuição de seus nervos. O nervo supraescapular distribuía-se para os músculos supra e infra-espinhal, e o subescapular para o músculo subescapular. O nervo axilar ramificava-se para os músculos redondo maior, subescapular, redondo menor e deltóide. Os nervos ulnar e mediano ramificavam-se para a musculatura do antebraço, e o musculocutâneo para os músculos coracobraquial, bíceps braquial e braquial. O nervo radial abrangia o músculo tríceps braquial, tensor da fáscia do antebraço e ancôneo. O nervo torácico longo e o toracodorsal emitiam ramos para o músculo grande dorsal, e o torácico lateral para o músculo cutâneo do tronco. Os nervos peitorais craniais ramificavam-se no músculo peitoral profundo, e os nervos peitorais caudais distribuíam-se para o músculo peitoral superficial. O plexo braquial da paca é formado por doze pares de nervos com origens distintas, os quais surgem do quinto par de nervos cervicais até o segundo par de nervos torácicos, não havendo troncos ou cordões na formação destes.PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Agouti paca, distribuição, plexo braquial, sistema nervoso.

Morfologia da glândula pineal de gambás (Didelphis sp) / Morphology of the pineal gland in opossum (Didelphis sp)

A glândula pineal deve ser analisada e estudada em animais da fauna brasileira, para que dados da pesquisa básica possam ser aplicados em novas técnicas de manejo reprodutivo destes animais, inclusive em cativeiro, face à íntima relação deste órgão fotorreceptor com o ciclo reprodutivo. Para este estudo, foram utilizados 10 gambás (Didelphis sp), provenientes do Departamento de Anatomia da USP e da UNIFEOB, já mortos e fixados. Nenhum animal foi submetido a situações de dor/sofrimento e ao sacrifício de sua vida. A glândula pineal foi encontrada em todos animais estudados e apresentou-se com diminutas dimensões, não sendo possível, portanto descrever-lhe características macroscópicas. Através da análise microscópica pudemos localizar a glândula no espaço correspondente ao plano mediano, em relação ao encéfalo, rostral e dorsalmente aos colículos rostrais, ventralmente aos hemisférios cerebrais e caudalmente à comissura habenular. Consiste de uma evaginação do teto do diencéfalo e mostra-se em forma de “U” invertido. Comparativamente a características de glândulas pineais de outras espécies animais, a do Didelphis genus, que estudamos, revela peculiaridades tanto em relação ao seu tamanho, apenas perceptível microscopicamente, quanto ao fato de apresentar células semelhantes às secretoras, dispersas também em áreas vizinhas. Tais peculiaridades motivam reflexões sobre o papel funcional da glândula, na espécie considerada.(AU)

The pineal gland must to be analyzed and studied in animals of the Brazilian fauna, to apply the data obtained in the basic research of new techniques at reproductive handling of these animals, including in captivity, in view of the close relation between this photoreceptor organ with the circadian and reproductive cycle. For this study, 10 opossums (Didelphis sp), had been used, already died and fixed, proceeding from the Department of Anatomy of USP and UNIFEOB. None animals were submitted to pain/suffering situations and their no life sacrifice. The pineal gland was found in all studied animals with and smaller dimention, not possessing, therefore goss features. By microscopy analysis we could found the gland in the correspondent space to median plan in relation to the encephalon, rostral and dorsally to the rostral coliculli, ventrally to the brain hemispheres and caudally to the habenular comissure. That consistes like an evagination of the diencephalons tectum showing the “U” shape. Considering other pineal glands and its features in different species, we note the gland is extremely small for it specie, possessing dispersed secretory cells in the nervous parenchyma whose form, sufficiently irregular, suggests a small hormonal performance to them in the Didelphis genus. Comparativelly of the pineal gland feactures in different animals, the Didelphis genus, that was our aim, shows pecualirity as in size relation, only microscopically visible, than the fact to prossessing similar secretory cells also dispased in neighbor areas. All pecualiarites suggest refletion about the function action of the gland at the studied specie.(AU)

Morfology study of the spermatic cord in Corriedale sheeps (Ovis aries, L. 1758) / Estudo morfológico do funículo espermático em ovinos da raça Corriedale (Ovis aries, L. 1758)

We have been studied histological aspect of 40 pairs of spermatic cord in adults Corriedale sheep. It was observed that structures were wrapped up a thin layer of dense fibroelastic connective tissue with variable thickness and folding, recovered by mesotelium, which involves all the neurovascular cord, and forms the mesoductus deferents. Under this arrangement there was a layer of loose fibroelastic tissue involving partially the cord and insulating in the deferential and abdeferential regions the vessels and nerves of the epididimus. Around the mesoductus deferents the subcapsular tissue forms with the internal layer of the meso, which protects vessels and nerves. In the abdeferential region we can see a little fatty tissue between vessels and nerves. A dense connective tissue with elastic fibers occurs between vessels and nerves of the testis and vessels of the deferential an abdeferential regions. The vascular arrangement shows in the cord the sinuous trajectory of the testicular artery recovered by the plexus pampiniformis, whose veins shows connections and have no valves. The veins of the epididimus and ductus deferents are subcapsular. The length of the intra spermatic cord segment of the testicular artery has a medium, maximum and minimal ranges, respectively 150.4 cm, 198.0 cm and 73.3 cm, on the right, and 149.6 cm, 189.2 cm and 90.0 cm, on the left. There were no sta

Estudamos em 40 ovinos adultos da raça Corriedale os aspectos histológicos do funículo espermático. Observamos que este se acha envolvido por uma cápsula de tecido conjuntivo fibroelástico denso, de espessura variável, pregueada em alguns pontos, e revestida por mesotélio que circunda todo o conjunto vásculo-nervoso, e projeta-se para formar o mesoducto deferente. Em posição subcapsular, verifica-se uma camada de tecido conjuntivo fibroelástico frouxo, de espessura variável, que circunda parcialmente o funículo espermático, isolando nas regiões deferencial e abdeferencial conjuntos vásculo-nervosos, responsáveis pela nutrição do epidídimo. Na região do mesoducto deferente, o tecido subcapsular acompanhado de tecido adiposo constitui a camada interna deste meso, formando a sua adventícia e abrigando vasos e nervos deferenciais. Na região abdeferencial, pequenos acúmulos de tecido adiposo são vistos de permeio aos vasos e nervos desta região. Entre as artérias, veias e nervos testiculares, bem como entre os vasos das regiões deferencial e abdeferencial, observa-se o tecido conjuntivo denso, intervascular, rico em fibras elásticas, que constitui as adventícias contínuas destes vasos. O arranjo vascular mostra que o segmento da artéria testicular, contido no funículo espermático, apresenta trajeto sinuoso. Estando envolvido pelo plexo venoso pampiniforme, formado por veias testicul