Hospitalizaciones y eventos por insuficiencia cardiaca sistólica y diastólica en España entre 2016 y 2019. Un estudio de base poblacional / Hospital admissions and outcomes for systolic and diastolic heart failure in Spain between 2016 and 2019: A population-based study

Antecedentes y objetivos: En España carecemos de datos poblacionales de hospitalizaciones por insuficiencia cardiaca (IC) según sea sistólica o diastólica. Analizamos las diferencias clínicas, en mortalidad intrahospitalaria y reingresos de causa cardiovascular a los 30 días entre ambos tipos. Métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo de pacientes dados de alta con el diagnóstico principal de IC de los hospitales del Sistema Nacional de Salud entre 2016 y 2019, distinguiendo entre IC sistólica y diastólica. La fuente de datos fue el conjunto mínimo básico de datos del Ministerio de Sanidad. Se calcularon las razones de mortalidad intrahospitalaria y de reingreso a los 30 días estandarizadas por riesgo usando sendos modelos de regresión logística multinivel de ajuste de riesgo. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 190.200 episodios de IC. De ellos, 163.727 (86,1%) fueron por IC diastólica y se caracterizaron por presentar mayor edad, mayor proporción de mujeres, de diabetes y de insuficiencia renal que los de IC sistólica. Según los modelos de ajuste de riesgo la IC diastólica, frente a la sistólica, se comportó como un factor protector de mortalidad intrahospitalaria (odds ratio [OR]: 0,79; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95%]: 0,75-0,83; p<0,001) y de reingreso de causa cardiovascular a los 30 días (OR: 0,93; IC 95%: 0,88-0,97; p0,002). Conclusiones: En España, entre 2016 y 2019, los episodios de hospitalización por IC fueron mayoritariamente por IC diastólica. Según los modelos de ajuste de riesgo la IC diastólica, con respecto a la sistólica, fue un factor protector de mortalidad intrahospitalaria y de reingreso de causa cardiovascular a los 30 días.(AU)

Background and purpose: In Spain there is a lack of population data that specifically compare hospitalization for systolic and diastolic heart failure (HF). We assessed clinical characteristics, in-hospital mortality and 30-day cardiovascular readmission rates differentiating by HF type. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study of patients discharged with the principal diagnosis of HF from The National Health System’ acute hospital during 2016-2019, distinguishing between systolic and diastolic HF. The source of the data was the Minimum Basic Data Set. The risk-standardized in-hospital mortality ratio and risk-standardized 30-day cardiovascular readmission ratio were calculated using multilevel risk adjustment models. Results: The 190,200 episodes of HF were selected. Of these, 163,727 (86.1%) were classified as diastolic HF and were characterized by older age, higher proportion of women, diabetes mellitus, dementia and renal failure than those with systolic HF. In the multilevel risk adjustment models, diastolic HF was a protective factor for both in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR]: 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.75-0.83; P<.001) and 30-day cardiovascular readmission versus systolic HF (OR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.88-0.97; P=.002). Conclusions: In Spain, between 2016 and 2019, hospitalization episodes for HF were mostly due to diastolic HF. According to the multilevel risk adjustment models, diastolic HF compared to systolic HF was a protective factor for both in-hospital mortality and 30-day cardiovascular readmission.(AU)

[Hospital admissions and outcomes for systolic and diastolic heart failure in Spain between 2016 and 2019: A population-based study]. / Hospitalizaciones y eventos por insuficiencia cardiaca sistólica y diastólica en España entre 2016 y 2019. Un estudio de base poblacional.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In Spain there is a lack of population data that specifically compare hospitalization for systolic and diastolic heart failure (HF). We assessed clinical characteristics, in-hospital mortality and 30-day cardiovascular readmission rates differentiating by HF type. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective observational study of patients discharged with the principal diagnosis of HF from The National Health System' acute hospital during 2016-2019, distinguishing between systolic and diastolic HF. The source of the data was the Minimum Basic Data Set. The risk-standardized in-hospital mortality ratio and risk-standardized 30-day cardiovascular readmission ratio were calculated using multilevel risk adjustment models. RESULTS: The 190,200 episodes of HF were selected. Of these, 163,727 (86.1%) were classified as diastolic HF and were characterized by older age, higher proportion of women, diabetes mellitus, dementia and renal failure than those with systolic HF. In the multilevel risk adjustment models, diastolic HF was a protective factor for both in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR]: 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.75-0.83; P<.001) and 30-day cardiovascular readmission versus systolic HF (OR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.88-0.97; P=.002). CONCLUSIONS: In Spain, between 2016 and 2019, hospitalization episodes for HF were mostly due to diastolic HF. According to the multilevel risk adjustment models, diastolic HF compared to systolic HF was a protective factor for both in-hospital mortality and 30-day cardiovascular readmission.

Mortalidad de la sepsis en la unidad de cuidados intensivos / Mortality from sepsis in intensive care unit

INTRODUCCIÓN. La sepsis es un estado de disfunción multisistémica, que se produce por una respuesta desregulada del huésped a la infección. Diversos factores influyen en la gravedad, manifestaciones clínicas y progresión de la sepsis, tales como, heterogeneidad inmunológica y regulación dinámica de las vías de señalización celular. La evolución de los pacientes depende del tratamiento oportuno, las escalas de puntuación clínica permiten saber la mortalidad estimada. OBJETIVO. Evaluar la mortalidad en la unidad de cuidados intensivos; establecer el manejo y la utilidad de aplicar paquetes de medidas o "bundlers" para evitar la progresión a disfunción, fallo multiorgánico y muerte. METODOLOGÍA. Modalidad de investigación tipo revisión sistemática. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en bases de datos como Google académico, Mendeley, ScienceDirect, Pubmed, revistas como New England Journal Medicine, Critical Care, Journal of the American Medical Association, British Medical Journal. Se obtuvo las guías "Sobreviviendo a la sepsis" actualización 2021, 3 guías internacionales, 10 estudios observacionales, 2 estudios multicéntricos, 5 ensayos aleatorizados, 6 revisiones sistémicas, 5 metaanálisis, 1 reporte de caso clínico, 4 artículos con opiniones de expertos y actualizaciones con el tema mortalidad de la sepsis en UCI con un total de 36 artículos científicos. RESULTADOS. La mortalidad de la sepsis en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, fue menor en el hospital oncológico de Guayaquil, seguido de Australia, Alemania, Quito, Francia, Estados Unidos de Norteamérica y Vietnan, La mortalidad más alta se observa en pacientes con enfermedades del tejido conectivo. DISCUSIÓN. La aplicación de los paquetes de medidas o "bundlers" en la sepsis, se asocia con una mejor supervivencia y menores días de estancia hospitalaria. CONCLUSIÓN. Las escalas SOFA, APACHE II y SAPS II ayudan a predecir la mortalidad de forma eficiente, en la detección y el tratamiento temprano en pacientes con enfermedades agudas y de alto riesgo.

INTRODUCTION. Sepsis is a state of multisystem dysfunction, which is caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Several factors influence the severity, clinical manifestations and progression of sepsis, such as immunological heterogeneity and dynamic regulation of cell signaling pathways. The evolution of patients depends on timely treatment, clinical scoring scales allow to know the estimated mortality. OBJECTIVE. To evaluate mortality in the intensive care unit; to establish the management and usefulness of applying bundlers to prevent progression to dysfunction, multiorgan failure and death. METHODOLOGY. Systematic review type research modality. A bibliographic search was carried out in databases such as Google Scholar, Mendeley, ScienceDirect, Pubmed, journals such as New England Journal Medicine, Critical Care, Journal of the American Medical Association, British Medical Journal. We obtained the guidelines "Surviving Sepsis" update 2021, 3 international guidelines, 10 observational studies, 2 multicenter studies, 5 randomized trials, 6 systemic reviews, 5 meta-analyses, 1 clinical case report, 4 articles with expert opinions and updates on the subject of sepsis mortality in ICU with a total of 36 scientific articles. RESULTS. The mortality of sepsis in the intensive care unit, was lower in the oncological hospital of Guayaquil, followed by Australia, Germany, Quito, France, United States of America and Vietnam, The highest mortality is observed in patients with connective tissue diseases. DISCUSSION. The application of bundlers in sepsis is associated with better survival and shorter days of hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS. The SOFA, APACHE II and SAPS II scales help to predict mortality efficiently in the early detection and treatment of patients with acute and high-risk disease.

Heart failure and in-hospital mortality in elderly patients after elective noncardiac surgery in Spain

Background: Patients with heart failure (HF) undergoing noncardiac surgical procedures is rising worldwide. This study was aiming at analyzing the impact of heart failure (HF) on the outcomes (mortality, complications, readmissions, and length of stay) of elderly patients undergoing elective major noncardiac surgical procedures in Spain.MethodsA retrospective observational study of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery was conducted. The Minimum Basic Data Set (MBDS) was used to collect information about the demographic characteristics of patients discharged from hospitals of the Spanish National Health System (SNHS), variables related to patients’ medical conditions and surgeries conducted during the episode.ResultsA total of 996,986 selected procedures in the discharge record were identified in the period 2007–2015. HF was recorded as a secondary diagnosis in 22,367 discharges (2.24%). The mean age of patients was 76.6±7.27 years, with a difference in patients without and with HF: 76.5 (95% CI: 76.47–76.50) vs 82.8 (95% CI: 82.71–82.90). The number of selected surgical procedures increased by 13.2% (117,487 in 2015 vs. 103,744 in 2007), and the proportion of presence HF as a comorbidity increased by 24.4% (2.4% in 2015 v 1.9% in 2007). The proportion of women was higher in the HF group: 53.2% (95% CI: 53.18–53.22) vs 64.3% (95% CI: 64.20–64.44), with a longer average length of stay: 7.9 (95% CI: 7.9–7.9) vs 14.9 (95% CI 14.7–15.0) days, and women had a higher proportion of comorbidities. HF was found to be an independent risk factor in-hospital mortality in the multilevel risk adjustment model (OR=2.3; 95% CI: 2.2–2.4). (AU)

Antecedentes: El número de pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) que se someten a procedimientos quirúrgicos no cardíacos está aumentando en todo el mundo. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el impacto de la IC en los resultados (mortalidad, complicaciones, reingresos y duración de la estancia) de los pacientes de edad avanzada sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos mayores electivos no cardíacos en España.MétodosSe realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo de pacientes sometidos a cirugía no cardíaca. Se utilizó el Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos (CMBD) para recoger información sobre las características demográficas de los pacientes dados de alta en los hospitales del Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS), variables relacionadas con las condiciones médicas de los pacientes y las cirugías realizadas durante el episodio.ResultadosSe identificaron un total de 996.986 procedimientos seleccionados en el registro de altas en el periodo 2007-2015. La IC se registró como diagnóstico secundario en 22.367 altas (2,24%). La edad media de los pacientes fue de 76,6 ± 7,27 años, con una diferencia en los pacientes sin y con IC: 76,5 IC 95%: 76,47 - 76,50) vs. 82,8 (IC 95%: 82,71 – 82,90). El número de procedimientos quirúrgicos seleccionados aumentó un 13,2% (117.487 en 2015 vs. 103.744 en 2007), y la proporción de presencia de IC como comorbilidad aumentó un 24,4% (2,4% en 2015 vs. 1,9% en 2007). La proporción de mujeres fue mayor en el grupo de IC: 53,2% (IC 95%: 53,18 – 53,22) vs. 64,3% (IC 95%: 64,20 – 64,44), con una duración media de la estancia mayor 7,9 (IC 95%: 7,9 – 7,9) vs. 14,9 (IC 95%: 14,7 – 15,0), y las mujeres tenían una mayor proporción de comorbilidades. La IC resultó ser un factor de riesgo independiente de mortalidad intrahospitalaria en el modelo de ajuste de riesgo multinivel (OR = 2,3; IC 95%: 2,2-2,4). (AU)

Cambios en las características clínicas y desenlaces de pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 durante dos años de pandemia: experiencia en un hospital venezolano / Changes in clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 during two years of the pandemic: experience in a venezuelan hospital

RESUMEN Objetivos. Determinar los cambios en las características clínicas y desenlaces intrahospitalarios de los pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 en un hospital privado de Caracas durante dos años de pandemia. Materiales y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo, observacional, de pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19. Se investigó la correspondencia entre las olas de ingresos hospitalarios con las variantes circulantes del SARS-CoV-2 en la población general del Distrito Capital y estado Miranda. Resultados. Se incluyeron 1025 pacientes (569 hombres y 456 mujeres), con edad promedio de 62,9 DE: 16,2 años. Cuatro olas de ingresos hospitalarios fueron identificadas: primera (marzo-noviembre 2020) 150/1025 (14,6%) casos; segunda (diciembre-2020 a mayo-2021) 415/1025 (40,5%) casos; tercera (junio-diciembre 2021) 344/1025 (33,6%) casos; cuarta (enero-febrero 2022) 116/1025 (11,3%) casos. La edad promedio fue mayor en la cuarta ola (primera 64,0±15,7, segunda 61,4±15,8, tercera 62,1±16,5, y cuarta ola 68,5±16,4), mientras que la proporción de pacientes masculinos (primera 66,7%, segunda 58,8%, tercera 50,3%, y cuarta 44,8%), los pacientes con enfermedad grave-crítica (primera 65,3%, segunda 57%, tercera 51,7% y cuarta 44,8%), la estadía intrahospitalaria (primera 9,1±6,0, segunda 9,0±7,3, tercera 8,8±7,7, y cuarta 6,9±5,0 días), los ingresos a la UCI (primera 23,3%, segunda 15,7%, tercera 14,0%, y cuarta 11,2%; p=0,027) y la mortalidad (primera 21.8%, segunda 10,7%, tercera 9,1%, y cuarta 7,1%; p<0,001) disminuyeron progresivamente con el tiempo. Conclusiones. Los resultados muestran menor frecuencia de casos severos y mejoría de los desenlaces intrahospitalarios en dos años de pandemia. Es probable que los cambios en las variantes circulantes, las mejoras del manejo de la enfermedad y la vacunación hayan influido sobre estos resultados.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To determine changes in the clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in a private hospital in Caracas during two years of the pandemic. Materials and Methods. Retrospective, observational study of patients hospitalized for COVID-19. We evaluated the correspondence between waves of hospital admissions and circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2 in the general population of the Capital District and Miranda state. Results. A total of 1025 patients (569 men and 456 women) were included, with a mean age of 62.9 SD: 16.2 years. Four waves of hospital admissions were identified: first (March-November 2020) 150/1025 (14.6%) cases; second (December 2020 to May 2021) 415/1025 (40.5%) cases; third (June-December 2021) 344/1025 (33.6%) cases; fourth (January-February 2022) 116/1025 (11.3%) cases. The mean age was higher in the fourth wave (first: 64.0±15.7, second: 61.4±15.8, third: 62.1±16.5, and fourth wave: 68.5±16.4), while the proportion of male patients (first: 66.7%, second: 58.8%, third: 50.3%, and fourth wave: 44.8%), patients with severe-critical illness (first: 65.3%, second: 57%, third: 51.7%, and fourth wave: 44.8%), in-hospital stay (first: 9.1±6.0, second: 9.0±7.3, third: 8.8±7.7, and fourth wave: 6.9±5.0 days), ICU admissions (first: 23.3%, second: 15.7%, third: 14.0%, and fourth wave: 11.2%; p=0.027) and mortality (first: 21. 8%, second: 10.7%, third: 9.1%, and fourth wave: 7.1%; p<0.001) progressively decreased over time. Conclusions. The results show lower frequency of severe cases and improvement of in-hospital outcomes in two years of the pandemic. Changes in circulating variants, improvements in disease management and vaccination are likely to have influenced these results.

Características de pacientes hospitalizados en Unidad Coronaria del Hospital Provincial Neuquén por síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST (SCASEST) / Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome (NSTE-ACS) Patient Characteristics Admitted to the Coronary Care Unit of Hospital Provincial Neuquén

RESUMEN Introducción: Los síndromes coronarios agudos (SCA) son parte del espectro de presentación clínica de la enfermedad coronaria, y estos pacientes constituyen una población heterogénea en la cual el pronóstico difiere según las variables clínicas y de laboratorio. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas de los pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST (SCASEST) que ingresaron a la Unidad Coronaria (UCO) del Hospital Provincial Neuquén (HPN) en el período 2017-2019. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo, longitudinal y unicéntrico de pacientes hospitalizados en UCO del HPN entre 1 de enero de 2017 y 31 de diciembre de 2019. Se utilizaron datos recabados de las epicrisis e historias clínicas. A 6 meses del egreso hospitalario, se realizó un nuevo contacto para corroborar datos sobre la mortalidad posterior al evento. Resultados: se registraron 107 pacientes con diagnóstico de SCASEST, con edad promedio de 62,2 ± 10,5 años (65,4% de sexo masculino). El 45,8% era tabaquista y el 46,7% presentaba comorbilidades, siendo las más prevalentes la hipertensión arterial (HTA, 69,2%) y la diabetes Mellitus (DM, 36;4%). El 35,5% tenía infarto previo, y el 7,5% insuficiencia cardíaca. El 91,6% presentó Troponinas Ultrasensibles (T-us) positivas; el 85% recibió terapia antiisquémica, el 35,5% tratamiento vasodilatador y el 70,1% fue sometido cinecoronariografía (CCG). El 22,4% requirió la colocación de al menos 1 stent coronario. La lesión más prevalente fue de la Arteria Descendente Anterior (ADA) en 12,1%. Conclusiones: Las características más prevalentes de los pacientes con SCASEST en nuestro centro, así como la presentación clínica y el riesgo de mortalidad intrahospitalaria (MIH) fueron similares a los reportados en otros centros.

ABSTRACT Background: Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are part of the clinical presentation spectrum of coronary heart disease, and patients presenting with these syndromes constitute a heterogeneous population in which prognosis differs according to clinical and laboratory variables. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics of patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) who were admitted to Hospital Provincial Neuquén (HPN) coronary care unit (CCU) from 2017 to 2019. Methods: This was an observational, retrospective, longitudinal and single-center study of patients hospitalized in HPN CCU between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2019. Data collected from the epicrisis and medical records were used. Six months after hospital discharge, a new contact was made to corroborate data on mortality after the event. Results: A total of 107 patients diagnosed with NSTE-ACS, with mean age of 62.2 ±-10.51 years (65.4% male gender) were included in the study. Among them, 45.8% were smokers and 46.7% had comorbidities, the most prevalent being hypertension (69.2%) and diabetes mellitus (36.4%). In 35.5% of cases, patients had a previous heart attack, 7.5% heart failure, 85% received anti-ischemic therapy, 35.5% vasodilator treatment, 70.1% required coronary angiography, 91.6% presented positive high-sensitivity troponin levels and 22.4% required coronary stent placement. The most frequent lesion corresponded to the anterior descending artery in 12.1% of patients. Conclusions: The most prevalent characteristics of patients with NSTE-ACS, as well as the clinical presentation and risk of in-hospital mortality, were similar to those reported by other centers.

Caracterización epidemiológica y clínica de los pacientes intervenidos en una cirugía de revascularización miocárdica / Epidemiological and clinical characterization of patients undergoing myocardial revascularization surgery

Resumen Introducción: La cardiopatía isquémica es un problema de salud pública y puede tratarse por medio de la revascularización miocárdica. Objetivo: Estructurar el primer perfil epidemiológico y clínico de los pacientes intervenidos en Tolima. Materiales y método: Es un estudio de corte transversal, de 183 pacientes mayores de 18 años programados para revascularización miocárdica entre septiembre de 2018 y septiembre de 2019. Se eligieron variables clínicas y demográficas. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo, un análisis bivariado para mortalidad y circulación extracorpórea, y una regresión logística para la mortalidad intrahospitalaria. Resultados: La edad media de los pacientes fue de 66.7 años y un 68.85% correspondió a la población femenina. Se presentó HA en 80.33%, tabaquismo en 49.18%, dislipidemia en 44.81% y DM en 40.98%. Se registró mayor proporción de complicaciones en los pacientes intervenidos sin CEC, como complicaciones pulmonares, FA de novo y una estancia intrahospitalaria y posoperatoria mayor. Los pacientes que fallecieron tuvieron mayor proporción de complicaciones, mayor estancia hospitalaria, mayor cantidad de reintervenciones y tiempo de ventilación mecánica. El modelo de regresión reveló una relación con mortalidad para los pacientes que tuvieron requerimiento de diálisis (OR = 8.7) complicaciones pulmonares (OR = 10.5) y desarrollo de FA de novo (OR = 11.3). Conclusiones: Este estudio caracteriza a la población para generar marcos de referencia en un grupo poco estudiado como el tolimense. De modo adicional, se presentaron mejores desenlaces en los pacientes llevados a revascularización miocárdica con circulación extracorpórea, y unas relaciones claras de mortalidad y complicaciones posoperatorias.

Abstract Introduction: The ischemic cardiopathy is a public health issue, that can be treated with a coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Objective: To present the first clinical and epidemiological profile of CABG treated patients in Tolima, Colombia. Materials and method: We conduct a cross sectional study, including 183 patients driven to a CABG procedure, between September 2018-2019. We chose clinical and demographic variables. And posteriorly, performed a descriptive and bivariate analysis, including mortality and extracorporeal circulation. Besides, we completed a logistic regression for intrahospital mortality. Results: The average age of our patients was 66,7 years, and 68.85% were female. They presented in an 80.33% arterial hypertension, smoked an 49.18%, had dyslipidemia and diabetes 44.81% and 40.95% respectively. There were more complications in patients who were drove into on pump CABG, primarily pulmonary complications, atrial fibrillation, mayor intrahospital and post-operatory stay. The patients who died, present more complications, intrahospital stay, reinterventions and mechanic ventilation time. Our regression model evidenced mortality association with post-operatory dialysis (OR = 8.7), pulmonary complications (OR = 10.5) and new atrial fibrillation (OR = 11.3). Conclusions: This study aim to characterize the Tolima's population, creating a reference in this less studied population. On the other side, the study discuss the better outcomes in patients taken to myocardial bypass with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. And the association between dead and certain postoperative complications.

Heart failure and in-hospital mortality in elderly patients after elective noncardiac surgery in Spain.

BACKGROUND: Patients with heart failure (HF) undergoing noncardiac surgical procedures is rising worldwide. This study was aiming at analyzing the impact of heart failure (HF) on the outcomes (mortality, complications, readmissions, and length of stay) of elderly patients undergoing elective major noncardiac surgical procedures in Spain. METHODS: A retrospective observational study of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery was conducted. The Minimum Basic Data Set (MBDS) was used to collect information about the demographic characteristics of patients discharged from hospitals of the Spanish National Health System (SNHS), variables related to patients' medical conditions and surgeries conducted during the episode. RESULTS: A total of 996,986 selected procedures in the discharge record were identified in the period 2007-2015. HF was recorded as a secondary diagnosis in 22,367 discharges (2.24%). The mean age of patients was 76.6±7.27 years, with a difference in patients without and with HF: 76.5 (95% CI: 76.47-76.50) vs 82.8 (95% CI: 82.71-82.90). The number of selected surgical procedures increased by 13.2% (117,487 in 2015 vs. 103,744 in 2007), and the proportion of presence HF as a comorbidity increased by 24.4% (2.4% in 2015 v 1.9% in 2007). The proportion of women was higher in the HF group: 53.2% (95% CI: 53.18-53.22) vs 64.3% (95% CI: 64.20-64.44), with a longer average length of stay: 7.9 (95% CI: 7.9-7.9) vs 14.9 (95% CI 14.7-15.0) days, and women had a higher proportion of comorbidities. HF was found to be an independent risk factor in-hospital mortality in the multilevel risk adjustment model (OR=2.3; 95% CI: 2.2-2.4). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with HF undergoing any of the selected surgical procedures are older; there was women predominance and there is also an important burden of comorbidities than patients without HF undergoing these surgical procedures. HF in the selected procedures, increasing in-hospital mortality, mean length of stay, and the occurrence of adverse events in the Spanish population. The percentage of patients with HF who underwent the selected surgical procedures increased in the study period.

El hospital en los tiempos del Covid-19: ingresos y mortalidad / Hospital in the time of Covid-19: hospital admissions and mortality

Objetivo: Describir la evolución de los ingresos hospitalarios, en plantas de hospitalización y Cuidados Intensivos, y la mortalidad en el hospital de un área afectada con tasas de incidencia medias por la pandemiaCOVID-19.Métodos: Estudio observacional de todos los ingresos, y fallecimientos, que se produjeron entre los días 1 de marzo y 30 de abril de los años2017, 2018, 2019 y 2020 en un hospital general. Consideramos las00.00 horas del día 14 de marzo como inicio del estado de alarma y separación entre dos periodos: pre-estado de alarma (1-13 de marzo) y estado de alarma (14 de marzo-30 de abril).Resultados: Comparando los meses de marzo-abril de los años 2017,2018 y 2019 frente a 2020 se aprecia un descenso del número de ingresos: 23,33% (Área Médica), 33,46% (Área Quirúrgica) y 38,37% en cuidados intensivos (p<0,0001 en todos los casos). En las Áreas Médica y Quirúrgicas disminuyeron con el inicio del estado de alarma y en Cuidados Intensivos dos semanas más tarde. En el momento de máxima presión los pacientes con COVID-19 ocuparon un 9,8% del total de camas del Centro. En las mismas fechas los fallecidos disminuyeron en las Áreas Médicas y Quirúrgicas un 3,98% y 13,13% respectivamente (p=NS) y se incrementaron levemente (17,59%;p < 0,001) en Cuidados Intensivos. Conclusiones: Tras la instauración del estado de alarma, en un área sanitaria con incidencia media por la pandemia por COVID-19, se redujeron de forma significativa los ingresos hospitalarios sin apreciarse un exceso de mortalidad. (AU)

Objective: To describe the evolution of the hospital admissions in the medical and surgical areas and intensive care units and that of the mortality in the hospital of an area affected with average incidence rates of theCOVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Observational study of all admissions in the medical servicesand deaths that were registered between March 1st and April 30th of years 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020 in a General Hospital. We consider00.00 on March 14th of 2020 as the beginning of the alarm state and as cut-off point between two periods: before the state of alert (March 1-13)and the state of alert (March 14- April 30) Results: Comparing the months of March-April of years 2017, 2018,2019 to 2020 a decrease in the number of admissions can be observed: 23,33% (Medical area), 33,46% (Surgical area) and 38,37% (Intensive Care Units), (p<0,0001 in every case). In the medical and surgical areas decreased with the beginning of state of alert’s official statement andin Intensive Care Units two weeks after. During peak times patients withCOVID-19 took up 9,8% of total beds of the Center. At the same dates fatalities decreased in the medical and surgical areas 3,98% and 13,13%respectively (p=NS) and increased slightly (17,59%; p<0,001) in Intensive Care Units. Conclusions: After the state of alert’s official statement in an health care area with average impact of COVID19 pandemic, hospital admissions dropped significantly without showing an excess in mortality. (AU)

Long-term prognosis after surgery for infective endocarditis: Distinction between predictors of early and late survival.

OBJECTIVES: Cardiac surgery is a life-saving procedure in patients diagnosed with infective endocarditis (IE). There are several validated risk scores developed to predict early-mortality; nevertheless, long-term survival has been less investigated. The aim of the present study is to analyze the impact of IE-specific risk factors for early and long-term mortality. METHODS: An observational retrospective study was conducted that included all patients who underwent surgery for IE from 2002 to 2016. Median follow-up time after surgery was 53.2 months (IQI 26.2-106.8 months). In-hospital mortality was analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Long-term survival was analyzed after one, two and five years. Cox proportional hazards regression was employed to identify risk factors related to long-term mortality. RESULTS: Of the 180 patients underwent cardiac surgery, 133 were discharged alive (in-hospital mortality was 26.11%). 6 variables were identified as independent factors associated with in-hospital mortality, most of them closely related to the severity of IE: age, multivalvular involvement, critical preoperative status, preoperative mechanical ventilation, abscess and thrombocytopenia. Long-term survival in patients discharged alive was 89.1%, 87.4% and 77.6% after one, two and five years. Long-term mortality was independent of specific IE factors and 86.51% of deaths were not related to cardiovascular or infectious diseases. CONCLUSION: Despite the high perioperative mortality rate after surgical treatment for active IE, long-term survival after hospital discharge was acceptable, regardless of the severity of the endocarditis episode. Although in-hospital survival depended mainly on several IE factors, long-term survival was not related to the severity of endocarditis baseline affection.

First hospital admission due to heart failure: In-hospital mortality and patient profile. / Primera hospitalización por insuficiencia cardiaca: mortalidad hospitalaria y perfil del paciente.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the patient profile and outcomes of first heart failure (HF) related hospital admission patients in the 2010-2014 period. DESIGN: Retrospective, single-centre, cohort study. SETTING: We used administrative data from a tertiary care hospital (Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain). PARTICIPANTS: All patients with primary diagnosis of HF registered at the hospital discharge database from 2010 to 2014 were included, ruling out that HF was present 10 years prior to the current episode. INTERVENTION: Primary care HF diagnosis status was assessed in order to distinguish new onset from no-new onset patients. MAIN MEASURES: Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analysis were performed using age, previous primary care HF diagnosis and in-hospital death as grouping variables. Significant variables were fitted into a Linear logistic regression model for each outcome. RESULTS: We selected 3,868 first HF-related admissions (56.8% of all HF episodes). In 1,220 patients (31.7%) HF was diagnosed by their primary care physician. Main pattern was a woman (OR=2.4), with higher prevalence of hypertension (OR=1.7), atrial fibrillation (OR=1.3), chronic kidney disease (OR=1.6) and mortality rate (9.8%). In-hospital death rate was 5.8%, age over 85 (OR=5.57), chronic kidney disease (OR=1.44) and length of stay over 7 days (OR=1.90) being the main contributors. CONCLUSIONS: First HF related admissions account for 56.7% of all HF episodes. Roughly one third of patients were already diagnosed by the time of their first hospital admission. Elderly women were the most frequent, but not the only, group of patients. Age, hospital stay and chronic kidney disease were the main contributors for in-hospital death.

Mortalidad intrahospitalaria en adultos mayores chilenos con fractura de cadera: incidencia, causas y otros elementos de interés / Early in-hospital Mortality in Chilean Older People with Hip Fracture

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las fracturas de cadera (FC) presentan alta mortalidad. Existen escasos estudios que profundizan en la mortalidad intrahospitalaria (MIH) asociada. OBJETIVO: Describir MIH en pacientes ≥ 60 años con FC. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Corte transversal, descriptivo y analítico, monocéntrico, de colección completa. Fueron evaluados 647 sujetos, de ambos géneros, ingresados con FC entre 01.01.2010 y 31.12.2012, agrupándolos en fallecidos y egresados vivos. Se registró fallecimientos, género, edad, ubicación anatómica, tipo de traumatismo, lugar de ocurrencia de FC, tiempo fractura-fallecimiento, tiempo de estancia hospitalaria, porcentaje de operados, diagnósticos asociados a FC, diagnóstico de fallecimiento, comorbilidad asociada al diagnóstico de fallecimiento y lugar de fallecimiento. Datos en planilla ortogeriátrica, análisis descriptivo. RESULTADOS: MIH = 3,09%. Edad promedio 84 años. Los diagnósticos de fallecimiento más importantes fueron infecciones (40%) y enfermedad tromboembólica (15%). El 80% presentó comorbilidad crónica relacionada con la causa de fallecimiento. Sin diferencias significativas según edad, género, ubicación anatómica de la FC, lugar de ocurrencia de la FC, tiempo de estancia hospitalaria. Hubo diferencias significativas en cantidad de no operados, mayor en el grupo con MIH (p < 0.000), esperable por sesgo de selección. Es deseable identificar precozmente los sujetos con FC que presentan alto riesgo de MIH. Esto, para definir manejo conservador, optimizar calidad de vida y recursos hospitalarios.

INTRODUCTION: Hip fractures (HIF), have high rates of early mortality. However, there are few studies that deepen in in-hospital mortality (IHM). OBJETIVE: To describe IHM in patients with ≥ 60 years with HIF. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical, monocentric, full collection. 647 subjects, both genders, admitted with HIF between 01.01.2010 and 12.31.2012, separating them in inhospital deceased and discharged alive. Registered deaths, gender, age, anatomic location, type of trauma, place of occurrence of HIF, time fracture-death, length of hospital stay, percentage of operated, diagnosis associated with HIF, diagnosis of death, comorbidity associated with the diagnosis of death and place of death. Data in orthogeriatric chart, descriptive analysis. RESULTS: IHM = 3.09%. Average age 84 years. The most important diagnoses of death were infections (40%) and thromboembolic disease (15%). 80% presented chronic comorbidity related to the cause of death. There were no significant differences according to age, gender, HIF anatomical location, place of occurrence of the HIF, length of hospital stay. There were significant differences in the number of non-operated, higher in the IHM group (p < 0.000), expected for selection bias. It is desirable to identify early those subjects with HIF who are at high risk for IHM. This, to define conservative management, optimize quality of life and hospital resources.

Endocarditis infecciosa en Hospital de Talca, período 1998 - 2015 / Infective endocarditis at Hospital de Talca, 1998-2015

Resumen: Introducción: La endocarditis infecciosa es una enfermedad con una alta mortalidad que se ha mantenido estable en los últimos años pese a avances en su diagnóstico y tratamiento. Objetivo: Evaluar las características clínicas de los pacientes con Endocarditis Infecciosa tratados en el Hospital de Talca. Materiales y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo en que se revisaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes con endocarditis infecciosa atendidos entre 1998 y 2015 en el Hospital Regional de Talca. Resultados: Se encontraron 62 pacientes con endocarditis infecciosa con un promedio de edad de 49,7 años, 61,2% de ellos de sexo masculino, 21% de ellos con válvula protésica y 13% con antecedentes de enfermedad reumática. Las comorbilidades más frecuentes fueron hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus y enfermedad renal crónica. El 72,5% de los pacientes se presentaron con síndrome febril y soplo asociado. Un 87,1% presentaban vegetaciones al ecocardiograma. El 67,1% de los pacientes tenía hemocultivo positivo, de los cuales el microorganismo más frecuente fue el Staphylococcus aureus (22,6%). Un 24,2 % de los pacientes requirieron tratamiento quirúrgico. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue de un 19,3%. Conclusiones: Las características clínicas de los pacientes descritos son similares a estudios nacionales e internacionales, con una mortalidad intrahospitalaria elevada.

Abstract: Background: Infective endocarditis is a disease with high mortality that remains stable in recent years despite advances in it's diagnosis and treatment. Aim: Evaluate the clinical characteristics of patients with infective endocarditis treated at Hospital de Talca, Chile. Material and Methods: Retrospective study in which the clinical records of patients with infective endocarditis treated between 1998 and 2015 at Hospital Regional de Talca were reviewed. Results: 62 patients with infective endocarditis were identified. The median age was 49,7 years, 61,2% were males. 21% carried one or more prosthetic heart valve and 13% had previous rheumatic valve disease. The most common comorbidities were hypertension, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. 72,5% presented with fever and a cardiac murmur, 87,1% had vegetations in echocardiography. In 67% of patients blood cultures were positive and22,6% of them had blood cultures positive for Staphylococcus aureus. 24,2 % of patients required hearth surgery. Hospital mortality was 19,3%. Conclusions: The clinical characteristics of patients included in this series were similar to those found in national and international studies, Hospital mortality was high

Características clínico epidemiológicas de la insuficiencia cardíaca aguda en un hospital terciario de lima, Perú / Epidemiological Clinical Characteristics of Acute Cardiac Insufficiency in a Tertiary Hospital in Lima, Peru

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la insuficiencia cardiaca aguda (ICA), se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 1075 pacientes de un hospital de Lima. La edad promedio fue 74 años y el 55% fueron de sexo masculino. El 39% tuvo ICA con fracción de eyección reducida, el 15% con fracción de eyección de rango medio y el 46% con fracción de eyección preservada. Las comorbilidades más frecuentes fueron la hipertensión arterial (52,6%) y la enfermedad coronaria (51%). El 29,2% de los pacientes tuvo hospitalizaciones previas por ICA. La mediana de la estancia hospitalaria fue de 3 días. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria por todas las causas fue 7,2%. La hospitalización ocurre, predominantemente, en pacientes de edad avanzada y con múltiples comorbilidades. El bajo uso de fármacos recomendados, conjuntamente con la alta frecuencia de hospitalizaciones previas, probablemente, inciden en la alta tasa de mortalidad registrada en el presente estudio.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of acute heart failure (AHF) in 1,075 patients from a hospital in Lima, Peru. The average patient age was 74 years and 55% of study subjects were men. Moreover, 39% of patients in the sample had AHF with low ejection fraction, 15% had intermediate ejection fraction, and 46% had preserved ejection fraction. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (52.6%) and coronary disease (51%). Moreover, 29.2% of patients had previous hospitalizations due to AHF. The median hospital stay was 3 days. The rate of in- hospital mortality from all causes was 7.2%. Hospitalization was more common in elderly patients with multiple comorbidities. The low use of prescription drugs together with the high rate of previous hospitalizations may explain the high mortality rate reported in this study.

Insuficiencia aórtica aguda por endocarditis infecciosa / Acute aortic regurgitation due to infective endocarditis

La insuficiencia aórtica aguda (IAOA) por endocarditis infecciosa (EI) es grave y generalmente requiere tratamiento quirúrgico. Se compararon los pacientes con IAOA grave por EI e insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) en clase funcional I-II NYHA (G1) con los pacientes en clase funcional III-IV (G2) en relación a características clínicas, ecocardiográficas, microbiológicas y evolución hospitalaria y se evaluaron los predictores de mortalidad, en un centro de alta complejidad. Desde 06/92 a 07/16, de 439 pacientes con EI, 86 presentaron IAOA: (G1, 39: 45.4% y G2, 47: 54.7%). El G1 presentó mayor EI protésica (43.6% vs. 17.0%; p < 0.01). Los 47 casos G2 presentaban disnea vs. 12 (30.8%) G1 (p < 0.0001). No hubo diferencias en cuanto a las características clínicas, ecocardiográficas y microbiológicas. El tratamiento quirúrgico fue principalmente por extensión de la infección y/disfunción valvular en el G1 y por IC en el G2. La mortalidad hospitalaria fue del 15.4% vs. 27.7% (G1 y G2 respectivamente, p NS). Fueron predictores en el análisis multivariado: la infección intrahospitalaria (p 0.001), los hemocultivos negativos (p 0.004) y la presencia de IC clase funcional III-IV (p 0.039).Una quinta parte de los pacientes con EI presentaron IAOA. Aquellos con IC grave requirieron tratamiento quirúrgico de emergencia y con IC con clase funcional I-II requirieron cirugía por extensión de la infección y/o disfunción valvular. La mortalidad quirúrgica y hospitalaria continúan siendo elevadas en ambos grupos y fueron predictores de mortalidad hospitalaria: la infección intrahospitalaria, los hemocultivos negativos y la IC avanzada.

Acute aortic regurgitation (AAR) due to infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious disease and usually requires surgical treatment. Our study aims to compare the clinical, echocardiographic, and microbiological characteristics as well as in-hospital outcome of patients with AAR according to the severity of heart failure (HF) and to evaluate predictors of in-hospital mortality in a tertiary centre. In a prospective analysis, we compared patients with NYHA functional class I-II HF (G1) vs. functional class III-IV HF (G2). From 06/92 to 07/16, 439 patients with IE were hospitalized; 86 presented AAR: (G1, 39: 45.4% y G2, 47: 54.7%). The G1 had higher prosthetic IE (43.6% vs. 17%, p 0.01). All G2 patients had dyspnoea vs. 30.8% of the G1 (p < 0.0001). There were no differences in clinical, echocardiographic and microbiological characteristics. Surgical treatment was indicated mainly due to infection extension or valvular dysfunction in G1 and HF in G2. In-hospital mortality was 15.4% vs. 27.7% (G1 and G2 respectively p NS). In multivariate analysis, health care-associated acquisition (p 0.001), negative blood cultures (p 0.004), and functional class III-IV HF (p 0.039) were in-hospital mortality predictors. One-fifth of the patients with EI had AAR. Half of them had severe HF which needed emergency surgery and the remaining needed surgery for extension of the infection and / or valvular dysfunction. Both groups remain to have high surgical and in-hospital mortality. Health care-associated acquisition, negative blood cultures and advanced HF were predictors of in-hospital mortality.

Risk factors for in-hospital mortality following hip fracture. / Factores de riesgo de mortalidad intrahospitalaria en la fractura proximal de fémur.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and quantify the risk factors for in-hospital mortality in patients older than 65 years with a hip fracture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of prospectively collected data. We studied a cohort of 331 hip fracture patients older than 65 years of age admitted to our hospital from 2011 to 2014. Patients demographics, type of residence, physical function, mobility, prefracture comorbidities data, cognitive status, anti-aggregant and anticoagulant medication, preoperative haemoglobin value, type of fracture, type of treatment, surgical delay, and complications, were recorded. RESULTS: The average age was 83, 73% female, and 57% had sustained a subcapital fracture. In 62.8% pre-fracture baseline co-morbidities were equal or greater than 2. The in-hospital mortality rate was 11.4%. In univariate analysis, age over 90, male gender, haemoglobin ≤ 10g/dl, no antiplatelet agents, orthopaedic treatment, number of co-morbidities≥2, Charlson index≥2, age-adjusted Charlson index≥6, congestive heart failure, asthma, rheumatologic disease, were associated with in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative patient-related factors have a strong relationship with in-hospital mortality in a hip fracture patients aged older than 65 years. These factors are non-modifiable; we recommend the development of protocols to reduce in-hospital mortality in this group of patients.

Incidencia e impacto de Injuria Renal Aguda comunitaria e intrahospitalaria en un Hospital Universitario de Buenos Aires / Incidence and impact of community-acquired and hospital-acquired acute kidney injury at a Medical College Hospital in Buenos Aires

INTRODUCCIÓN: La IRA (Injuria Renal Aguda) es una condición prevalente en pacientes internados y se asocia a mayor número de complicaciones, estadía hospitalaria y mortalidad. A pesar de ser una patología ampliamente estudiada, carecemos de datos locales. OBJETIVOS:Determinar la incidencia de IRA en pacientes hospitalizados en un hospital polivalente, su impacto en mortalidad y tiempo de estadía hospitalaria. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Realizamos un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo en pacientes mayores de 18 años de edad internados por razones médicas en sala general, unidades de cuidados críticos de los dos Hospitales Universitarios de CEMIC, durante los meses de marzo, abril y mayo del año 2013. Se definió IRA según los criterios de AKIN. Se estimó la mortalidad durante la internación y tiempo de estadía hospitalaria, tanto para el grupo con IRA como para el resto de los pacientes. Resultados: Se registraron 681 internaciones de las cuales 50 fueron excluidas por falta de datos, y 125 por enfermedad renal crónica estadio V o trasplante renal. El 52,2% del total fueron hombres, la mediana de edad fue de 69 años (56-79) y la mediana de creatinina fue de 0.89 mg/dl (0.7-1.06). La mortalidad global en internación fue de 42 casos (8.3%). De las internaciones incluidas (506) 82 presentaron AKIN I (60,3%), 25 AKIN II (18,3 %) y 29 AKIN III (21,3%). La incidencia global de IRA en el período fue de 26,9 %. La incidencia de IRA intrahospitalaria (IRA-IH) fue de 12,5%, en tanto que de IRA adquirida en la comunidad (IRA-AC) de 16,4%. Para el cálculo de la IRA-IH se excluyeron los pacientes que ingresaron con IRA-AC. La mediana de internación expresada en días en pacientes con IRA fue de 9,5 (5-17) y de 4 (2-8) en los pacientes sin IRA. El odds ratio (OR) de mortalidad asociado a IRA fue de 1,68 (IC: 0,98-2,88), pero discriminado según gravedad fue: para AKIN I 0,89 (IC: 0,39-2,05), AKIN II 1,37 (IC: 0,39-4,81) y AKIN III 20,95 (CI: 7,10-61,82). CONCLUSIÓN: La incidencia de IRA en pacientes hospitalizados por causas médicas, que hayan ingresado al Hospital por el Servicio de Medicina Interna, es de 26,9%. Haber cursado con IRA durante la internación se asocia con mayor mortalidad y mayor tiempo de estadía hospitalaria, hecho que condice con otros reportes

INTRODUCTION: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common condition among hospitalized patients and is associated with a higher number of complications and death rate, as well as with longer hospitalization periods. Despite being a widely studied pathology, no data have been collected within our local context. OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of AKI in patients at a general hospital, its impact on mortality and hospitalization period. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients over 18 years old who had been admitted to the general ward or the intensive care unit at two CEMIC Medical College Hospitals from March to May 2013. AKI was defined according to the AKIN criteria. Death rate and hospitalization period were estimated for the AKI patients group and for the rest of the patients at these institutions. RESULTS: 681 cases were reported, 50 of which were excluded due to lack of information and 125 due to stage V chronic kidney disease or kidney transplant. 52.2% of subjects were men; the mean age was 69 (56-79), and the mean creatinine level was 0.89 mg/dL (0.7-1.06). Global mortality was of 8.3% (42 cases). Out of the total number of subjects (506), 82 met criteria for AKIN stage-1 (60.3%); 25, for AKIN stage-2 (18.3%), and 29, for AKIN stage-3 (21.3%). The global incidence of AKI during the period was of 26.9% [hospital-acquired AKI (HA-AKI) = 12.5% and community-acquired AKI (CA-AKI) = 16.4%]. To calculate the number of HA-AKI cases, the CA-AKI patients were not included. The average hospitalization period for AKI patients was 9.5 days (5-17) and 4 days (2-8) for the rest of them. The mortality odds ratio (OR) associated with AKI was of 1.68 (CI: 0.98-2.88), but depending on the severity of the condition, the OR values were: 0.89 (CI: 0.39-2.05) for AKIN stage-1; 1.37 (CI: 0.39-4.81) for AKIN stage-2, and 20.95 (CI: 7.10-61.82) for AKIN stage-3. CONCLUSION: The incidence of AKI in patients admitted to the Internal Medicine Service was of 26.9%. Suffering from AKI while hospitalized correlates with a higher death rate and a longer hospitalization period. These results are similar to those in other reports

Stroke-related mortality in a tertiary care hospital in Andalusia: Analysis and reflections. / Mortalidad asociada al ictus en un hospital andaluz de tercer nivel. Análisis y reflexiones.

OBJECTIVES: Stroke is a very common cause of death, especially in southern Spain. The present study analyses in-hospital mortality associated with stroke in an Andalusian tertiary care hospital. METHODS: We gathered the files of all patients who had died at Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves in Granada in 2013 and whose death certificates indicated stroke as the cause of death. We also gathered stroke patients discharge data and compared them to that of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). RESULTS: A total of 825 patients had a diagnosis of stroke (96 deaths, 11.6%); of these, 562 had ischaemic stroke (44 deaths, 7.8%) and 263 haemorrhagic stroke (52 deaths, 19.7%). Patients with haemorrhagic stroke therefore showed greater mortality rate (OR=2.9). Patients in this group died after a shorter time in hospital (median, 4 vs 7 days; mean, 6 days). However, patients with ischaemic stroke were older and presented with more comorbidities. On the other hand, 617 patients had a diagnosis of ACS (36 deaths, 5.8%). The mortality odds ratio (MOR) was 2.1 (stroke/SCA). Around 23% of the patients who died from stroke were taking anticoagulants. 60% of the deceased patients with ischaemic stroke and 20% of those with haemorrhagic stroke had atrial fibrillation (AF); 35% of the patients with ischaemic stroke and AF were taking anticoagulants. CONCLUSIONS: Stroke is associated with higher admission and in-hospital mortality rates than SCA. Likewise, patients with haemorrhagic stroke showed higher mortality rates than those with ischaemic stroke. Patients with fatal stroke usually had a history of long-term treatment with anticoagulants; 2 thirds of the patients with fatal ischaemic stroke and atrial fibrillation were not receiving anticoagulants. According to our results, optimising prevention in patients with AF may have a positive impact on stroke-related in-hospital mortality.

[Total cholesterol levels predict in-hospital mortality in patients with acute heart failure aged 70 years or older]. / El colesterol total predice la mortalidad intrahospitalaria en pacientes de 70 años o mayores hospitalizados por insuficiencia cardiaca aguda.

INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE: Lower total cholesterol (TC) levels have been associated with increased mortality In both acute and chronic heart failure (HF) patients. The present study sought to evaluate the impact of TC levels on in-hospital mortality in patients with acute HF aged 70 years or older. METHODS: Patients were divided into 3 groups based on TC (mg/dL) quartiles (Q) as follow: Q1 (CT≤125), Q2-Q3 (CT 126-174), Q4 (CT≥175). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association of each variable with hypocholesterolaemia and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: The analysis included 301 patients with acute HF. The mean age was 79.3±5.5 years, and 51.2% of patients had HF with depressed systolic function, and the most frequent aetiology was ischaemic heart disease (40.9%). Higher C-reactive protein levels, lower levels of serum albumin and haemoglobin, and lower left ventricle ejection fraction were independently associated with hypocholesterolaemia. There 26 deaths (8.6% of the series) during hospitalization. In-hospital mortality decreased in a stepwise fashion with increasing quartile of TC: Q1 14.3%, Q2-Q3 8.7% and Q4 2.7% (P=.04), and was independently associated with higher serum creatinine levels and lower serum albumin and TC levels. CONCLUSIONS: Lower TC levels independently predict increased in-hospital mortality risk in older patients with acute HF. A higher inflammatory activity, associated with a lower total cholesterol in this clinical setting may explain the inverse relationship between cholesterol and mortality.

Factores pronósticos en adultos hospitalizados por neumonía causada por Legionella pneumophila / Prognostic factors in adult patients hospitalized for pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila

Introduction: Legionellosis is a multisystem bacterial disease, which causes pneumonia with high mortality in patients with comorbidity and admitted in intensive care units (ICU). Objective: Determine predictors of mortality or ICU admission. Methods: Retrospective follow-up of patients diagnosed with Legionella pneumophila pneumonia in Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña. Period 2000-2013 (n = 240). Analysis of multivariate logistic regression was performed. Results: Mean age was 57.2 ± 15.4 years old, 88.3% were male. Average score of comorbidity (Charlson score) was 2.3 ± 2.3. There was a clear seasonal variation. Predominant symptoms were fever (92.5%), dry cough (38.1%) and dyspnea (33.9%). Creatinine clearance was lower than 60 mL/min/1.73 m² in 29.7% and sodium < 135 mEq/l in 58.3%. Admission to ICU rate was 16.3% and 10.8% needs mechanical ventilation. Inhospital mortality rate was 4.6%, rising to 23.1% in patients admitted to ICU. Variables associated to predict ICU admission were age (OR = 0.96), liver disease (OR = 7.13), dyspnea (OR = 4.33), delirium (OR = 5.86) and high levels of lactatedehydrogenase (OR = 1.002). Variables associated with inhospital mortality were Charlson index (OR = 1.70), mechanical ventilation (OR = 31.44) and high levels of lactatedehydrogenase (OR = 1.002). Discussion: Younger patients with liver disease, dyspnea and confusion are more likely to be admitted to ICU. Comorbidity, mechanical ventilation and elevated LDH levels are associated with higher mortality rate.

Introducción: La legionelosis es una enfermedad bacteriana multisistémica, causante de neumonías con mortalidad elevada en pacientes con comorbilidad e ingresos en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI). Objetivo: Determinar factores pronósticos de mortalidad o ingreso en UCI. Material y Métodos: Estudio de seguimiento retrospectivo de pacientes diagnosticados de neumonía por Legionella pneumophila en Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (España). Período 2000-2013 (n = 240), con análisis de regresión logística multivariada. Resultados: La edad media fue 57,2 ± 15,4 años, 88,3% fueron hombres. La puntuación media de comorbilidad (score Charlson) fue 2,3 ± 2,3. Existe clara estacionalidad. La clínica predominante fue fiebre (92,5%), tos seca (38,1%) y disnea (33,9%). El 29,7% presentó aclaramiento de creatinina < 60 mL/min/1,73 m² y el 58,3% sodio < 135 mEq/l. Un 16,3% ingresó en UCI, precisando ventilación mecánica invasiva el 10,8%. La mortalidad global fue 4,6% y de 23,1% en ingresados en UCI. Variables asociadas para predecir ingreso en UCI fueron menor edad (OR = 0,96), hepatopatía (OR = 7,13), disnea (OR = 4,33), síndrome confusional (OR = 5,86) y lactato deshidrogenasa elevada (OR = 1,002). Las variables asociadas a mortalidad intrahospitalaria fueron índice de Charlson (OR = 1,70), ventilación mecánica invasiva (OR = 31,44) y cifras elevadas de lactato deshidrogenasa (OR = 1,002). Discusión: Pacientes jóvenes, con hepatopatía, disnea o confusión tienen más probabilidad de ingresar en UCI. Comorbilidad, ventilación mecánica y lactato deshidrogenasa elevada se asocian a mortalidad.