Jumping Motor Skills in Typically Developing Preschool Children Assessed Using a Battery of Tests.

The preschool period is characterised by the improvement in motor skills. One of the developmental tasks in children is the ability to jump. Jumping plays an important role in the development of leg strength and balance. It is the gateway to more complex movements. In the physiotherapy clinic, we see a lot of difficulties in jumping performance in 5-7-year-old children. The aim of this study is to present the jumping ability, assessed by the Motor Proficiency Test (MOT) and the G-sensor examination of the vertical countermovement jump (CMJ) and countermovement jump with arms thrust (CMJAT) parameters. A total of 47 children (14 boys and 33 girls) were randomly recruited. The mean age was 5.5 years. The mean height was 113 cm and the mean weight was 19.7 kg. The children were divided into two groups according to their results. Children with low basic motor skills have the greatest difficulty with jumping tasks. In the CMJ jump, the take-off force was lower than in the CMJAT (p = 0.04). Most CMJAT parameters correlate with age, weight, and height. Height correlates most with children's jumping performance. This study may be useful for sport educators and developmental researchers. The topic should be further explored and the CMJ and CMJAT parameters may be established as a basis.

Regulation of Meat Duck Activeness through Photoperiod Based on Deep Learning.

The regulation of duck physiology and behavior through the photoperiod holds significant importance for enhancing poultry farming efficiency. To clarify the impact of the photoperiod on group-raised duck activeness and quantify duck activeness, this study proposes a method that employs a multi-object tracking model to calculate group-raised duck activeness. Then, duck farming experiments were designed with varying photoperiods as gradients to assess this impact. The constructed multi-object tracking model for group-raised ducks was based on YOLOv8. The C2f-Faster-EMA module, which combines C2f-Faster with the EMA attention mechanism, was used to improve the object recognition performance of YOLOv8. Furthermore, an analysis of the tracking performance of Bot-SORT, ByteTrack, and DeepSORT algorithms on small-sized duck targets was conducted. Building upon this foundation, the duck instances in the images were segmented to calculate the distance traveled by individual ducks, while the centroid of the duck mask was used in place of the mask regression box's center point. The single-frame average displacement of group-raised ducks was utilized as an intuitive indicator of their activeness. Farming experiments were conducted with varying photoperiods (24L:0D, 16L:8D, and 12L:12D), and the constructed model was used to calculate the activeness of group-raised ducks. The results demonstrated that the YOLOv8x-C2f-Faster-EMA model achieved an object recognition accuracy (mAP@50-95) of 97.9%. The improved YOLOv8 + Bot-SORT model achieved a multi-object tracking accuracy of 85.1%. When the photoperiod was set to 12L:12D, duck activeness was slightly lower than that of the commercial farming's 24L:0D lighting scheme, but duck performance was better. The methods and conclusions presented in this study can provide theoretical support for the welfare assessment of meat duck farming and photoperiod regulation strategies in farming.

Restoration of p53 functions by suppression of mortalin-p53 sequestration: an emerging target in cancer therapy.

Functional inactivation of wild-type p53 is a major trait of cancerous cells. In many cases, such inactivation occurs by either TP53 gene mutations or due to overexpression of p53 binding partners. This review focuses on an overexpressed p53 binding partner called mortalin, a mitochondrial heat shock protein that sequesters both wild-type and mutant p53 in malignant cells due to changes in subcellular localization. Clinical evidence suggests a drastic depletion of the overall survival time of cancer patients with high mortalin expression. Therefore, mortalin-p53 sequestration inhibitors could be game changers in improving overall survival rates. This review explores the consequences of mortalin overexpression and challenges, status and strategies for accelerating drug discovery to suppress mortalin-p53 sequestration.

A Protocol for Remote Cognitive Training Developed for Use in Clinical Populations During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Many traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors face scheduling and transportation challenges when seeking therapeutic interventions. The COVID-19 pandemic created a shift in the use of at-home spaces for work, play, and research, inspiring the development of online therapeutic options. In the current study, we determined the feasibility of an at-home cognitive training tool (NeuroTrackerX) that uses anaglyph three-dimensional (3D) glasses and three-dimensional multiple object tracking (3D-MOT) software. We recruited 20 adults (10 female; mean age = 68.3 years, standard deviation [SD] = 6.75) as the at-home training group. We assessed cognitive health status for participants using a self-report questionnaire and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and all participants were deemed cognitively healthy (MMSE >26). At-home participants loaned the necessary equipment (e.g., 3D glasses, computer equipment) from the research facilities and engaged in 10 training sessions over 5 weeks (two times per week). Participant recruitment, retention, adherence, and experience were used as markers of feasibility. For program validation, 20 participants (10 female; mean age = 63.39 years, SD = 12.22), who had previously completed at least eight sessions of the in-lab 3D-MOT program, were randomly selected as the control group. We assessed individual session scores, overall improvement, and learning rates between groups. Program feasibility is supported by high recruitment and retention, 90% participant adherence, and participants' ease of use of the program. Validation of the program is supported. Groups showed no differences in session scores (p > 0.05) and percentage improvement (p > 0.05) despite the differences in screen size and 3D technology. Participants in both groups showed significant improvements in task performance across the training sessions (p < 0.001). NeuroTrackerX provides a promising at-home option for cognitive training in cognitively healthy adults and may be a promising avenue as an at-home therapeutic for TBI survivors. This abstract was previously published on clinicaltrials.gov and can be found at: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05278273.

The Microbiome of Things: Appliances, Machines, and Devices Hosting Artificial Niche-Adapted Microbial Communities.

As it is the case with natural substrates, artificial surfaces of man-made devices are home to a myriad of microbial species. Artificial products are not necessarily characterized by human-associated microbiomes; instead, they can present original microbial populations shaped by specific environmental-often extreme-selection pressures. This review provides a detailed insight into the microbial ecology of a range of artificial devices, machines, and appliances, which we argue are specific microbial niches that do not necessarily fit in the "build environment" microbiome definition. Instead, we propose here the Microbiome of Things (MoT) concept analogous to the Internet of Things (IoT) because we believe it may be useful to shed light on human-made, but not necessarily human-related, unexplored microbial niches.

Can Three-Dimensional Multiple Object Tracking Training Be Used to Improve Simulated Driving Performance? A Pilot Study in Young and Older Adults.

Driving ability has been shown to be dependent on perceptual-cognitive abilities such as visual attention and speed of processing. There is mixed evidence suggesting that training these abilities may improve aspects of driving performance. This preliminary study investigated the feasibility of training three-dimensional multiple object tracking (3D-MOT)-a dynamic, speeded tracking task soliciting selective, sustained and divided attention as well as speed of processing-to improve measures of simulated driving performance in older and younger adults. A sample of 20 young adults (23-33 years old) and 14 older adults (65-76 years old) were randomly assigned to either a 3D-MOT training group or an active control group trained on a perceptual discrimination task as well as 2048. Participants were tested on a driving scenario with skill-testing events previously identified as optimal for cross-sectional comparisons of driving ability. Results replicated previously identified differences in driving behaviour between age groups. A possible trend was observed for the 3D-MOT trained group, especially younger adults, to increase the distance at which they applied their maximum amount of braking in response to dangerous events. This measure was associated with less extreme braking during events, implying that these drivers may have been making more controlled stops. Limitations of sample size and task realism notwithstanding, the present experiment offers preliminary evidence that 3D-MOT training might transfer to driving performance through quicker detection of or reaction to dangerous events and provides a rationale for replication with a larger sample size.

Effect of incubation and analysis temperatures on sperm kinematics and morphometrics during human semen analysis / Efecto de las temperaturas de incubación y análisis sobre la cinemática y la morfometría de los espermatozoides durante el análisis de semen humano

Introduction: Human semen analysis must be performed after the liquefaction of the ejaculate. This takes place about 30min after ejaculation and samples must be maintained in the lab during this time. The temperatures for this incubation and the final analysis of motility are crucial but seldom taken into account. This study aims to examine the effect of these temperatures on various sperm parameters both manually (sperm count, motility, morphology, viability, chromatin condensation and maturation and DNA fragmentation) and CASA (kinematics and morphometrics, using an ISAS®v1 CASA-Mot and CASA-Morph systems, respectively) analyzed. Methods: Seminal samples from thirteen donors were incubated for 10min at 37°C followed by additional 20min at either room temperature (RT, 23°C) or 37°C and then examined following WHO 2010 criteria. Results: The data obtained show that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the subjective sperm quality parameters with incubation temperature. On the other hand, the head sperm morphometric parameters were significantly higher after room temperature incubation showing, in addition, lower ellipticity (P<0.05). Furthermore, kinematic parameters were evaluated both at RT and 37°C for the two incubation temperatures. In general, the four temperature combinations showed that kinematic parameters followed this order: RT-RT Conclusions: Our results showed that temperature control during both incubation and analysis is needed for accurate semen analysis, recommending the use of 37°C during the entire process. (AU)

Introducción: El análisis de semen humano debe realizarse después de la licuefacción del eyaculado. Esto ocurre aproximadamente a los 30minutos después de la eyaculación. Las temperaturas para esta incubación y el análisis final de la motilidad son cruciales, pero rara vez se tienen en cuenta. Este estudio tiene como objetivo examinar el efecto de estas temperaturas en varios parámetros de los espermatozoides tanto de forma manual (recuento de espermatozoides, motilidad, morfología, viabilidad, condensación y maduración de la cromatina y fragmentación del ADN) como CASA (cinemática y morfometría, utilizando un CASA-Mot ISAS®v1 y Sistemas CASA-Morph, respectivamente) analizados. Métodos: Las muestras seminales de 13 donantes se incubaron durante 10minutos a 37°C, seguidas de 20minutos adicionales a temperatura ambiente (TA, 23°C) o a 37°C y luego se examinaron siguiendo los criterios de la OMS 2010. Resultados: Los datos obtenidos muestran que no hubo diferencias significativas (p>0,05) en los parámetros subjetivos de calidad del esperma con la temperatura de incubación. Por otro lado, los parámetros morfométricos de la cabeza de los espermatozoides fueron significativamente más altos después de la incubación a temperatura ambiente, mostrando, además, una elipticidad más baja (p<0,05). Además, los parámetros cinemáticos se evaluaron tanto a temperatura ambiente como a 37°C para las dos temperaturas de incubación. En general, las cuatro combinaciones de temperatura mostraron que los parámetros cinemáticos siguieron este orden: RT-RT < RT-37 < 37-37 < 37-RT (temperaturas de incubación y análisis, respectivamente). Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados mostraron que el control de la temperatura durante la incubación y el análisis es necesario para un análisis de semen preciso, recomendando el uso de 37°C durante todo el proceso. (AU)

Benchmarking 2D Multi-Object Detection and Tracking Algorithms in Autonomous Vehicle Driving Scenarios.

Self-driving vehicles must be controlled by navigation algorithms that ensure safe driving for passengers, pedestrians and other vehicle drivers. One of the key factors to achieve this goal is the availability of effective multi-object detection and tracking algorithms, which allow to estimate position, orientation and speed of pedestrians and other vehicles on the road. The experimental analyses conducted so far have not thoroughly evaluated the effectiveness of these methods in road driving scenarios. To this aim, we propose in this paper a benchmark of modern multi-object detection and tracking methods applied to image sequences acquired by a camera installed on board the vehicle, namely, on the videos available in the BDD100K dataset. The proposed experimental framework allows to evaluate 22 different combinations of multi-object detection and tracking methods using metrics that highlight the positive contribution and limitations of each module of the considered algorithms. The analysis of the experimental results points out that the best method currently available is the combination of ConvNext and QDTrack, but also that the multi-object tracking methods applied on road images must be substantially improved. Thanks to our analysis, we conclude that the evaluation metrics should be extended by considering specific aspects of the autonomous driving scenarios, such as multi-class problem formulation and distance from the targets, and that the effectiveness of the methods must be evaluated by simulating the impact of the errors on driving safety.

Effect of incubation and analysis temperatures on sperm kinematics and morphometrics during human semen analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Human semen analysis must be performed after the liquefaction of the ejaculate. This takes place about 30min after ejaculation and samples must be maintained in the lab during this time. The temperatures for this incubation and the final analysis of motility are crucial but seldom taken into account. This study aims to examine the effect of these temperatures on various sperm parameters both manually (sperm count, motility, morphology, viability, chromatin condensation and maturation and DNA fragmentation) and CASA (kinematics and morphometrics, using an ISAS®v1 CASA-Mot and CASA-Morph systems, respectively) analyzed. METHODS: Seminal samples from thirteen donors were incubated for 10min at 37°C followed by additional 20min at either room temperature (RT, 23°C) or 37°C and then examined following WHO 2010 criteria. RESULTS: The data obtained show that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the subjective sperm quality parameters with incubation temperature. On the other hand, the head sperm morphometric parameters were significantly higher after room temperature incubation showing, in addition, lower ellipticity (P<0.05). Furthermore, kinematic parameters were evaluated both at RT and 37°C for the two incubation temperatures. In general, the four temperature combinations showed that kinematic parameters followed this order: RT-RT

Improving Multiple Pedestrian Tracking in Crowded Scenes with Hierarchical Association.

Recently, advances in detection and re-identification techniques have significantly boosted tracking-by-detection-based multi-pedestrian tracking (MPT) methods and made MPT a great success in most easy scenes. Several very recent works point out that the two-step scheme of first detection and then tracking is problematic and propose using the bounding box regression head of an object detector to realize data association. In this tracking-by-regression paradigm, the regressor directly predicts each pedestrian's location in the current frame according to its previous position. However, when the scene is crowded and pedestrians are close to each other, the small and partially occluded targets are easily missed. In this paper, we follow this pattern and design a hierarchical association strategy to obtain better performance in crowded scenes. To be specific, at the first association, the regressor is used to estimate the positions of obvious pedestrians. At the second association, we employ a history-aware mask to filter out the already occupied regions implicitly and look carefully at the remaining regions to find out the ignored pedestrians during the first association. We integrate the hierarchical association in a learning framework and directly infer the occluded and small pedestrians in an end-to-end way. We conduct extensive pedestrian tracking experiments on three public pedestrian tracking benchmarks from less crowded to crowded scenes, demonstrating the proposed strategy's effectiveness in crowded scenes.

Optimization of human semen analysis using CASA-Mot technology.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the optimal framerate (FR) and the use of different counting chambers for improving CASA-Mot technology use in Andrology. Images were captured at 500 fps, then segmented and analyzed in several ranges of FRs (from 25 to 250) to define the asymptotic point that as an optimal FR. This work was replicated using counting chambers based in capillarity (disposable) or drop displacement (reusable) to study their effects on the motility results and kinematic values of the samples under the different experimental conditions. The α value (asymptote corresponding to FRo) of the exponential curve was 150.23 fps, corresponding to a VCL of 130.58 mm/s, far from the value of 98.89 mm/s corresponding to 50 fps (the highest FR used by most current CASA-Mot systems). Our results have shown that, when using reusable counting chambers, type and depth have influence. In addition, different results were obtained depending on the area of image captured inside the different counting chamber types. To have reliable results in human sperm kinematic studies, almost 150 fps should be used for capturing and analyzing and differences between chambers should be considered by sampling from different areas, to obtain a representative value of the whole sample.

Role of seed infection for the near and far distance dissemination of wheat blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype Triticum.

Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype Triticum (MoT) is a devastating fungal phytopathogen causing wheat blast disease which threatens wheat production particularly in warmer climate zones. Effective disease control is hampered by the limited knowledge on the life cycle, epidemiology, and pathogenicity of MoT. Since MoT mainly infects and colonizes the inflorescences of wheat, infection, invasion routes and colonization of MoT on wheat ears and in wheat seeds were investigated in order to assess potential seed transmission pathways. MoT was spray inoculated on two wheat cultivars (Sumai 3, susceptible and Milan, resistant) at three ear maturity stages [full ear emergence, growth stage (GS) 59; mid flowering, GS 65; and end of flowering, GS 69]. Incidence of MoT on Sumai 3 seeds was 100% and 20-25% on Milan. MoT sporulation rate on Sumai 3 contaminated seeds was more than 15 times higher than on Milan. Repeated washes of seed samples for removing paraffin fixation hampers seed microscopy. To overcome the damage of seed samples, we used hand-sectioned seed samples instead of paraffin-fixed microtome samples to facilitate microscopy. The colonization of MoT within various seed tissues was followed by light and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Invasion of MoT in seeds predominantly occurred in the caryopsis germ region, but entry via other seed parts was also observed, confirming the potential of intense colonization of MoT in wheat grains. Fungal spread in wheat plants growing from MoT infected seeds was monitored through plating, microscopic and molecular techniques. Under greenhouse conditions, no spread of MoT from infected seeds to seedlings later than GS 21 or to ears was detected, neither in Milan nor in Sumai 3. We therefore conclude, that MoT may not systemically contaminate inflorescences and seeds in neither susceptible nor resistant wheat cultivars. However, initial blast symptoms, only found on seedlings of Sumai 3 but not Milan, resulted in the formation of new conidia, which may serve as inoculum source for plant-to-plant dissemination by airborne infection of plant stands in the field (short distance spread). Ultimately the inoculum may infect young inflorescences in the field and contaminate seeds. Our findings again stress the risk of long-distance dissemination of wheat blast across continents through MoT-contaminated seeds. This underlines the importance of mandatory use of healthy seeds in strategies to control any further spread of wheat blast.

Grayscale ultrasound feature typing of metastatic ovarian tumors, particularly signet-ring cell carcinoma.

Background: To describe grayscale ultrasound (US) features of metastatic ovarian tumors (MOTs) based on origin of the primary tumor in a large sample size study. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional single-center study included 112 patients with 190 histopathologically confirmed MOTs. Among the patients, 102 collectively had 144 masses, which were detected via US. The clinical data and static US images of MOTs were collected. Results: The MOTs were mostly bilateral (78.9%) but had a lower rate of bilaterality when detected by US (55.6%). Breast cancer metastasis had the highest nondetection rate (69.6%), because its focal metastasis could only be recognized using histology or immunohistochemistry. The stomach was the most common origin of metastasis (45.3% and 50.7% detected via pathology and US, respectively). The US images were classified into three subtypes: multilocular solid (Type A), purely solid (Type B), and solid with several round or oval cysts (Type C). The MOTs that originated from the colon mostly belonged to Type A (65.1%) and closely mimicked primary epithelial ovarian tumor morphologically. The MOTs that originated from the stomach predominantly belonged to Types B (31.5%) and C (57.5%). Signet-ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) corresponded to Types B and C regardless of origin. Conclusions: The developed novel typing method provides more vivid images for classifying MOTs compared with existing typing methods. Given that no specific sonographic parameters have been established to distinguish MOTs from primary invasive ovarian tumors, these images may be helpful in diagnosing these masses.

Velocity Vector Estimation of Two-Dimensional Flow Field Based on STIV.

As an important part of hydrometry, river discharge monitoring plays an irreplaceable role in the planning and management of water resources and is an essential element and necessary means of river management. Due to its benefits of simplicity, efficiency and safety, Space-Time Image Velocimetry (STIV) has attracted attention from all around the world. The most crucial component of the STIV is the detection of the Main Orientation of Texture (MOT), and the precision of detection directly affects the results of calculations. However, due to the complicated river flow characteristics and the harsh testing environment in the field, a large amount of noise and interfering textures show up in the space-time images, which affects the detection results of the MOT. In response to the shortage of noise and interference texture, a new non-contact image analysis method is developed. Firstly, Multi-scale Retinex (MSR) is proposed to pre-process the images for contrast enhancement; secondly, a fourth-order Gaussian derivative steerable filter is employed to enhance the structure of the texture; next, based on the probability density distribution function and the orientations of the enhanced images, the noise suppression function and the orientation-filtering function are designed to filter out the noise to highlight the texture. Finally, the Fourier Maximum Angle Analysis (FMAA) is used to filter out the noise further and obtain the clear orientations to achieve the measurement of velocity and discharge. The experimental results show that, compared with the widely used image velocimetry measurements, the accuracy of our method in the average velocity and flow discharge is significantly improved, and the real-time performance is excellent.

A rare femoral heterotopic bone formation in a 14th-19th century female skeleton from Constância (Portugal).

OBJECTIVE: This paper aims to: (1) document a rare femoral heterotopic ossification (HO), and (2) discuss its aetiology and impact on the individual's locomotion and daily living activities. MATERIALS: Adult female skeleton (SG.14-SK.7) from the village of Constância (Portugal), and dated from the 14th-19th centuries CE. METHODS: The biological profile and the macroscopic analysis of the bone changes were assessed using standardized methods. RESULTS: The macroscopic analysis revealed a large bony mass (8 cm length) located immediately inferior to the small trochanter of the right femur. The lesion exhibited a compact, tubular appearance located at the site of attachment of the pectineus muscle. No signs of bone fracture were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The morphology of the SG.14-SK.7 femoral lesion is compatible with a probable case of myositis ossificans traumatica (MOT), secondary to acute trauma of the pectineus muscle. The underlying trauma episode, such as random accidental and/or occupation-related injury, is unknown. However, it is highly possible that this self-limiting condition significantly impaired the individual's daily life and mobility. SIGNIFICANCE: Evidence of severe acute muscle trauma is a rare finding compared with HO secondary to bone trauma and other minor muscle injuries. Moreover, no cases of MOT affecting the pectineus muscle have been reported in the paleopathological literature to date. LIMITATIONS: Although unlikely, a case of neurogenic or burn-related HO cannot be completely disregarded. It was not possible to undertake radiography as part of this study. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: The use of imaging techniques to complement the paleopathological description is advised.

Validation of the Motor Functional Development Scale for Young Children to predict motor outcome in preterm infants: A 2 years follow-up study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the validity of the Motor Functional Development Scale for Young Children (DF-mot) to predict motor developmental delays in preterm infants. METHOD: This retrospective cohort study includes 67 preterm infants who were assessed at 3-5 months by the DF-mot and the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS); and at 22-25 months by the Bayley Scales of Infant-Toddler Development (Bayley-III). The properties of the DF-mot and the AIMS were examined based on their ability to predict motor delays on the Bayley-III. RESULTS: The DF-mot gross motor subscale -2 SD and the AIMS 10th centile showed best balance between sensitivity and specificity (respectively Se = 57.1%, Sp = 71.7% and Se = 50%, Sp = 73.5%). Overall, the DF-mot fine motor subscale fails to predict motor delays. CONCLUSION: The DF-mot shows a lack of sensitivity and of positive predictive value to accurately predict motor outcome at 2 years in preterm infants. ABBREVIATIONS: CA, Corrected age; AIMS, Alberta Infant Motor Scale; DF-mot/PML, Motor Functional Development Scale for Young Children postural motor locomotor; DF-mot/EHGC, Motor Functional Development Scale for Young Children eye-hand grip coordination; Bayley-III/GM, Gross motor subscale of the Bayley Scales of Infant-Toddler Development Third Edition; Bayley-III/FM, Fine motor subscale of the Bayley Scales of Infant-Toddler Development Third Edition.

Two-dimensional and three-dimensional multiple object tracking learning performance in adolescent female soccer players: The role of flow experience reflected by heart rate variability.

Three-dimensional multiple object tracking (3D-MOT) has been used in various fields to mimic real-life tracking, especially in perceptual-cognitive skills training for soccer. Yet, the learning efficiency in 3D-MOT tasks has not been compared with 2D-MOT. Further, whether the advantage can be reflected by heart rate variability (HRV) based on the neurovisceral integration model should also be examined. Therefore, we used both 2D- and 3D-MOT in a brief adaptive task procedure for adolescent female soccer players with HRV measurement. A faster tracking speed threshold of participants was found in the 3D- compared to 2D-MOT, as well as average tracking speed in the last training period of 3D-MOT. Moreover, lower low frequency (LF) components of HRV in the 3D-MOT indicated a flow experience, demonstrating the provision of more attentional resources. Therefore, we observed that adolescent female soccer players demonstrated higher learning efficiency in 3D-MOT tasks in virtual reality (VR) through a higher flow experience. This study examined the learning efficiency between the two MOT tasks in the soccer domain using evidence from HRV and highlighted the utility and applicability of 3D-MOT application.

Experimental Studies of the Attention Processing Model in Multiple Object Tracking Task.

(1) Background: Attention is an important cognitive process in daily life. However, limited cognitive resources have been allocated to attention, especially for multiple objects and its mechanism is still unclear. Most of the previous studies have been based on the static attention paradigms with relatively lower ecological validity. Thus, we aimed to explore the attention processing mechanism in a multiple object tracking (MOT) task by using a dynamic attention paradigm. Two experiments were conducted to assess whether there was a multi-focus attention processing model, and whether the processing model changes with the number of target balls. (2) Methods: During the experiments, 33 university students completed MOT combined with the simultaneous-sequential paradigm, with tracking accuracy and reaction time of correct reaction as indicators. (3) Results: (i) When there were two target balls, an obvious bilateral field advantage was apparent. (ii) When there were four target balls, participants' performance was significantly better when stimuli were presented simultaneously than when they were presented sequentially, showing a multi-focus attention processing model. (4) Conclusion: Attention processing is characterized by flexibility, providing strong evidence to support the multi-focus theory.