RESUMO
En el presente trabajo se estudia la actividad horaria de los mamíferos que habitan el área circundante a la línea transportadora de gas de Camisea que atraviesa la Reserva Comunal Machiguenga. Desde febrero del 2020 hasta enero del 2021, se realizó un registro fotográfico mediante cámaras trampa dispuestas a lo largo de la tubería de gas. Los patrones de actividad se estimaron mediante la función de densidad de Kernel. Durante el periodo de estudio, se registraron 25 especies de mamíferos. Se encontró que Dasyprocta kalinowskii y Eira barbara presentan un patrón de actividad diurno; mientras que Cuniculus paca, Tapirus terrestris, Dasypus spp. y Mazama spp. presentan un patrón predominantemente nocturno. Se sugiere que los patrones de actividad observados estarían influenciados por varios factores como la exclusión competitiva entre D. kalinowskii y C. paca, disponibilidad estacional del alimento para T. terrestris, variación de temperatura y precipitación para Dasypus spp., restricciones filogenéticas en Mazama spp., y segregación temporal con otros carnívoros para E. barbara. Se destaca la importancia de la colaboración entre las empresas del rubro energético, las comunidades nativas y las organizaciones gubernamentales.
The present study investigates the hourly activity patterns of mammals inhabiting the area surrounding the Camisea gas pipeline that crosses the Machiguenga Communal Reserve. From February 2020 to January 2021, a photographic record was conducted using camera traps placed along the gas pipeline. Activity patterns were estimated using Kernel density functions. During the study period, 25 mammal species were recorded. It was found that Dasyprocta kalinowskii and Eira barbara exhibit a diurnal activity pattern, whereas Cuniculus paca, Tapirus terrestris, Dasypus spp., and Mazama spp. display predominantly nocturnal behavior. It is suggested that observed activity patterns could be influenced by various factors such as competitive exclusion between D. kalinowskii and C. paca, seasonal food availability for T. terrestris, temperature and precipitation variations for Dasypus spp., phylogenetic constraints in Mazama spp., and temporal segregation with other carnivores for E. barbara. The significance of collaboration between energy industry companies, native communities, and governmental organizations is emphasized.
RESUMO
Recent surveys in the Río Negro-Sopladora National Park revealed a striking new species of Hyloscirtus. The new species is easily diagnosed from all other congeners by its large body size (64.9 mm SVL in adult female); broad dermal fringes in fingers and toes; prepollex not projected into a prepollical spine and hidden under thenar tubercle; dorsum greyish-green, with paler-hued reticulum, yellow spots and black speckles; throat, venter, flanks and hidden surfaces of limbs golden-yellow with large black blotches and spots; fingers, toes and webbing yellow with black bars and spots; iris pale pink with black periphery. It is currently known only from its type locality, in the high montane forest on the southern slopes of the Cordillera Oriental of the Andes, southeastern Ecuador. The new species might be related to the H.larinopygion species group based on its morphology.
RESUMO
The Pululahua Geobotanical Reserve is a protected natural area in the cloud mountain forest of Ecuador, so rich in orchid species despite being a volcanic area still under threat of volcanic activity. A comparative biodiversity study of orchids was carried out in two different sectors, Chaupisacha (CH) and La Reventazón (LR). Data were collected in 1 ha plots in each sector, in which all the orchids found were counted and two individuals of each species were retained. Immature individuals were conserved in a plant nursery until flowering. In CH, there were 922 individuals grouped into 24 genera and 55 species, while LR had 9196 individuals grouped into 26 genera and 46 species; only 14 species were found in both sectors. Different density and diversity indexes were calculated. The density (ind./100 m2) of CH was 0.96, while that of LR was 185.92. Simpson's diversity (1 - λ) attained CH 0.903 ± 0.01 and LR 0.85 ± 0.01. The orchid diversity measured by the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') was 1.29 for CH, differing significantly from that of LR (H' 1.02). The medium equity (Jaccard's J') found was 0.61 in CH and 90.78 in LR. Limitations as regards the natural dispersion of orchids seemed to favor endemism. Some species, such as Dracula felix and Restrepia guttulate, are threatened with disappearance from the wild or are vulnerable, as is the case for Epidendrum polyanthogastrium. A lack of information on the phenology and anthropic impacts in the area limit the conservation of species, signifying that new protected figures and seed banks are necessary, especially in CH, owing to its high diversity of orchids.
RESUMO
RESUMEN Los escarabajos coprófagos son excelentes indicadores de la integridad ecológica de los ecosistemas, cumpliendo un rol funcional esencial en el reciclaje de nutrientes, fertilización y aireación del suelo. Sin embargo, se conoce muy poco acerca de los ensambles de escarabajos altoandinos y de su estacionalidad. Por lo anterior, se buscó entender la variación estacional de la estructura del ensamble y su efecto en la biomasa, se escogieron dos pastizales, en la Reserva Biológica Encenillo (Guasca-Cundinamarca). En cada uno se dispusieron diez trampas de caída distanciadas 50 m y cebadas con excremento durante 24 horas. Se realizaron tres réplicas en cada una de las tres épocas estudiadas (seca, transición y lluvias). Se registró una variación estacional significativa, demostrando que las especies están asociadas a la época de lluvias. Se encontraron diferencias significativas para la biomasa entre especies y por época. La especie con la mayor biomasa fue Homocopris achamas. Se evidencia que los ensambles de pastizales altoandinos son poco diversos, debido a la fuerte perturbación antrópica, las presiones asociadas con la altitud y a la misma dinámica evolutiva de estas regiones. La marcada estacionalidad de las especies registradas y la estrecha asociación con la época de lluvias concuerda con el patrón estacional que se registra en el Neotrópico. La fuerte variación estacional de la biomasa puede tener un fuerte impacto en la funcionalidad ecológica y los servicios ecosistémicos en este hábitat. Es necesario cuantificar a futuro el aporte funcional de las especies y su variación estacional, con miras a su conservación.
ABSTRACT Dung beetles are excellent indicators of ecosystem ecological integrity, accomplishing an essential role in nutrient cycling process that includes fertilization and soil aeration. Nevertheless, very little is known about the influence of season variation on the assemblage composition and ecological function of dung beetles from high Andean zones. We aimed to investigate the seasonal effect on the diversity and ecological function of dung beetles in terms of biomass. We sampled two pasture patches of the "Reserva Biológica Encenillo", located in Cundinamarca-Colombia, using ten pitfall traps baited with feces placed 50 m apart for 24 hours. This sample design was replicated during each season (dry, transition, and rain). A significant seasonal variation was documented, demonstrating an important association with the rainy season. Significant differences were found for the biomass between species and seasons. The species with the highest biomass was Homocopris achamas. It is evident that high Andean pastures assemblages have low diversity, due to the strong human disturbance, the pressures associated with the altitude, and the evolutionary dynamics of these regions. The marked seasonality of the registered species and the close association with the rainy season are consistent with the pattern established for the Neotropical region. Likewise, a strong seasonal variation of the biomass is evident, which could have a significant impact on the ecological functionality and the ecosystem services in this habitat. In future studies, it is necessary to quantify the functional contribution of the species and their seasonal variation to contribute to their conservation.
RESUMO
Land-use change is one of the most important drivers of change in biodiversity. Deforestation for grazing or agriculture has transformed large areas of temperate forest in the central highlands of Mexico, but its impact on soil fungal communities is still largely unknown. In this study, we determined how deforestation of a high-altitude temperate forest for cultivation of maize (Zea mays L.) or husbandry altered the taxonomic, phylogenetic, functional, and beta diversity of soil fungal communities using a 18S rRNA metabarcoding analysis. The true taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity at order q = 1, i.e., considering frequent operational taxonomic units, decreased significantly in the arable, but not in the pasture soil. The beta diversity decreased in the order forest > pasture > arable soil. The ordination analysis showed a clear effect of intensity of land-use as the forest soil clustered closer to pasture than to the arable soil. The most abundant fungal phyla in the studied soils were Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mucoromycota. Deforestation more than halved the relative abundance of Basidiomycota; mostly Agaricomycetes, such as Lactarius and Inocybe. The relative abundance of Glomeromycota decreased in the order pasture > forest > arable soil. Symbiotrophs, especially ectomycorrhizal fungi, were negatively affected by deforestation while pathotrophs, especially animal pathogens, were enriched in the pasture and arable soil. Ectomycorrhizal fungi were more abundant in the forest soil as they are usually associated with conifers. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were more abundant in the pasture than in the arable soil as the higher plant diversity provided more suitable hosts. Changes in fungal communities resulting from land-use change can provide important information for soil management and the assessment of the environmental impact of deforestation and conversion of vulnerable ecosystems such as high-altitude temperate forests.
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Resumen Se reporta nueva evidencia de la presencia de la rata chinchilla arborícola de Machupichu (Cuscomys oblativus: Abrocomidae), en el Santuario Histórico de Machupicchu mediante el uso de cámaras trampa durante abril de 2018 y abril de 2019. Se obtuvieron 67 registros fotográficos en cinco localidades de bosque montano ubicados entre 2842 y 3413 metros de altitud. Todos los registros corresponden a ejemplares adultos de hábitos nocturnos con mayor actividad a partir de las 10 pm hasta las 04 am. Por el momento no se conocen registros de C. oblativus fuera de Machupicchu, siendo una de las tres especies de mamíferos endémicos del de área natural protegida.
Abstract New evidence on the presence of the Machupicchu Arboreal Chinchilla Rat (Cuscomys oblativus: Abrocomidae) from Machupicchu Historic Sanctuary are reported, using camera tramps during april 2018 to april 2019. 67 photographic records were obtained in five mountain forest localities between 2842 and 3413 meters of altitude. All the records correspond to adult specimens and present nocturnal habits with more activity from 10 pm to 04 am. At the moment, no records are known of C. oblativus outside the Machupicchu, being one of the three endemic mammal species of the protected natural area.
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Los bosques de Polylepis (Rosaceae) forman parte de la vegetación natural de los Andes entre los 3500 y 5000 msnm, con una distribución comúnmente restringida a laderas rocosas y quebradas, constituyéndose como ecosistemas de gran importancia. Durante los años 2008-2010 se realizaron recolectas de muestras botánicas dentro de los bosques Yauyinazo y Chaqsii-Chaqsii de la Reserva Paisajística Nor Yauyos-Cochas, en dos épocas del año (húmeda y seca). Se da a conocer la composición de la flora vascular y la variación temporal en los bosques en estudio. Se registró un total de 282 especies agrupadas en 170 géneros y 62 familias, donde las Asteraceae y Poaceae fueron las familias más diversas. Con respecto a la forma de crecimiento las plantas herbáceas y arbustivas fueron las más frecuentes con 71.6% y 17.4% respectivamente. En el bosque Yauyinazo se registraron 232 especies agrupadas en 153 géneros y 58 familias y en el bosque Chaqsii-Chaqsii 213 especies en 137 géneros y 56 familias. Se registraron 41 especies endémicas y 17 especies de flora silvestre amenazada, evidenciándose la importancia ecológica de los bosques de Polylepis.
Polylepis (Rosaceae) forests are part of the natural vegetation of the Andes between 3500 and 5000 m altitude, usually restricted to rocky slopes and ravines and becoming important ecosystems. During 2008-2010 were made specimens collections in the Yauyinazo and Chaqsii-Chaqsii Polylepis forest into Reserva Paisajística Nor Yauyos-Cochas in two seasons (wet and dry). We present, the vascular flora and seasonal variation the Yauyinazo and Chaqsii-Chaqsii forests. Was registered 282 species in two forests, belonging 170 genera and 62 families, the Asteraceae and Poaceae families were the most diverse. Herbaceous and shrub plants were the most diverse with 71.6% and 17.4% respectively. In Yauyinazo forest were registered 232 species belonging 153 genera and 58 families and in the Chaqsii-Chaqsii forest 213 species belonging 137 genera and 56 families. We report 41 species endemic and 17 threatened flora species, demonstrating the importance of Polylepis forests as habitat for these species.
RESUMO
Se estudió la distribución vertical de arañas asociadas a árboles de Quercus humboldtii y Clusia spp. con diferentes modelos arquitecturales en el Santuario de Fauna y Flora Iguaque, Colombia. Se seleccionaron árboles de cada modelo arquitectural, estratificándolos verticalmente cada tres metros desde la base hasta el dosel. Se realizaron colectas en cada estrato por 20 minutos durante el día y en la noche. También se tomaron muestras en la parcela aledaña (4 m²). Se colectaron 1261 individuos pertenecientes a 104 morfoespecies y 20 familias; las familias más frecuentes fueron Theridiidae, Salticidae, Araneidae, Linyphiidae, Anyphaenidae y Theridiosomatidae. Se encontraron diferencias en la distribución vertical de arañas en cuanto a la abundancia, la riqueza, la composición, la distribución de sexos y las épocas climáticas atribuibles a las arquitecturas vegetales y a su estratificación. Clusia presentó la comunidad de arañas más diversa, Quercus la de mayor dominancia. La composición estuvo influida por las lluvias, el período del día y la disponibilidad de soportes vegetales.
The vertical distribution of spiders associated to trees of Quercus humboldtii and Clusia spp. with different architectural model, was studied at Sanctuary of Fauna and Flora of Iguaque; for this, we selected trees of each architectural model, stratified them each three m in high starting at the base to the canopy of the tree. We took samples in each stratus for 20 min during the day and at night. Also, we took samples in the nearest ground plot (4 m²). We collected 1,261 specimens of 104 morphospecies and 20 families. The most frequent families were Theridiidae, Salticidae, Araneidae, Linyphiidae, Anyphaenidae, and Theridiosomatidae. We observed differences in the spiders' vertical distribution in abundance, richness, composition, time period, and sex ratio, all of them attributable to plant architectures and its stratification. Clusia spider community was the most diverse, Quercus spider community was the riechest. Rain, period of time at day, and support availability affected the spiders' composition.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of fire on the tree-shrub component in an ombrophilous forest fragment in Areia, state of Paraíba, Brazil. Forty parcels were plotted in two environments: intact forest (Environment I) and burned forest (Environment II). The vegetation structure was evaluated by conventional parameters, and the difference in the number of shoots of individuals between the environments was evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Also calculated were the index of diversity, equability and the similarity between the environments. We sampled 1,960 individuals, belonging to 22 families, 26 genera and 35 species. In Environment I, Protium heptaphyllum, Cupania oblongifolia and Brosimum guianense were the most important and abundant species, while the dead individuals were the majority in Environment II. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed there were significant differences between the intact and burned environments. The indices of diversity and the equability of Environment I were greater than those found in Environment II. Nevertheless, the two environments remain similar according to the Jaccard index. The results showed that fire does not appear to change the composition of species; however, it affected the structure of the community, and increased significantly the number of shoots, indicating the death of the canopy in several individuals
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os impactos causados pelo fogo sobre o estrato arbustivo-arbóreo de um fragmento de Floresta Atlântica, em Areia, Paraíba. Foram plotadas 40 parcelas de 100 m2 em dois ambientes: floresta intacta (Ambiente I) e floresta queimada (Ambiente II). O presente levantamento incluiu indivíduos com diâmetro ao nível do solo (DNS) 3 cm, sendo a estrutura da vegetação avaliada por parâmetros convencionais. Calcularam-se, também, os índices de diversidade e de equabilidade, além da similaridade entre os ambientes. Foram amostrados 1.960 indivíduos, pertencentes a 22 famílias, 26 gêneros e 35 espécies. No Ambiente I, Protium heptaphyllum foi a espécie mais abundante e importante; no Ambiente II, sobressaíram-se os indivíduos mortos. O teste Kruskal-Wallis (H) analisou a diferença no número de perfilhos dos indivíduos entre os Ambientes, apontando diferença significativa entre estes. O índice de diversidade e a equabilidade no Ambiente I foram maiores que no atingido pelo incêndio; pelo índice de Jaccard, porém, verificou-se que continuam similares. Os resultados demonstraram que o incêndio parece não modificar a composição específica da sinúsia, mas afeta a estrutura da comunidade, além de aumentar significativamente o perfilhamento, indicando a morte da parte aérea de muitos indivíduos
RESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of fire on the tree-shrub component in an ombrophilous forest fragment in Areia, state of Paraíba, Brazil. Forty parcels were plotted in two environments: intact forest (Environment I) and burned forest (Environment II). The vegetation structure was evaluated by conventional parameters, and the difference in the number of shoots of individuals between the environments was evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Also calculated were the index of diversity, equability and the similarity between the environments. We sampled 1,960 individuals, belonging to 22 families, 26 genera and 35 species. In Environment I, Protium heptaphyllum, Cupania oblongifolia and Brosimum guianense were the most important and abundant species, while the dead individuals were the majority in Environment II. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed there were significant differences between the intact and burned environments. The indices of diversity and the equability of Environment I were greater than those found in Environment II. Nevertheless, the two environments remain similar according to the Jaccard index. The results showed that fire does not appear to change the composition of species; however, it affected the structure of the community, and increased significantly the number of shoots, indicating the death of the canopy in several individuals
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os impactos causados pelo fogo sobre o estrato arbustivo-arbóreo de um fragmento de Floresta Atlântica, em Areia, Paraíba. Foram plotadas 40 parcelas de 100 m2 em dois ambientes: floresta intacta (Ambiente I) e floresta queimada (Ambiente II). O presente levantamento incluiu indivíduos com diâmetro ao nível do solo (DNS) 3 cm, sendo a estrutura da vegetação avaliada por parâmetros convencionais. Calcularam-se, também, os índices de diversidade e de equabilidade, além da similaridade entre os ambientes. Foram amostrados 1.960 indivíduos, pertencentes a 22 famílias, 26 gêneros e 35 espécies. No Ambiente I, Protium heptaphyllum foi a espécie mais abundante e importante; no Ambiente II, sobressaíram-se os indivíduos mortos. O teste Kruskal-Wallis (H) analisou a diferença no número de perfilhos dos indivíduos entre os Ambientes, apontando diferença significativa entre estes. O índice de diversidade e a equabilidade no Ambiente I foram maiores que no atingido pelo incêndio; pelo índice de Jaccard, porém, verificou-se que continuam similares. Os resultados demonstraram que o incêndio parece não modificar a composição específica da sinúsia, mas afeta a estrutura da comunidade, além de aumentar significativamente o perfilhamento, indicando a morte da parte aérea de muitos indivíduos