Successful Diagnosis of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome in an Unconscious Patient Using Amplitude-Integrated Electroencephalography: A Case Report.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a rare but life-threatening medical condition often characterized by altered consciousness and clinical features resembling seizures. This case report presents a unique and successful diagnosis of NMS in an unconscious patient with an unknown medical history. We demonstrate the potential utility of amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) as a valuable tool for the differential diagnosis of seizure-like medical conditions, including NMS. The application of aEEG allowed for early diagnosis and prompt initiation of appropriate treatment, potentially contributing to improved patient outcomes.

Turn Up the Heat: A Case Report of Malignant Hyperthermia During Ambulatory Surgery.

Malignant hyperthermia is a rare complication of general anesthesia involving the uncontrolled release of calcium when exposed to triggers such as depolarizing muscle relaxants or volatile anesthetics. It presents as a hypercatabolic skeletal muscle syndrome that results in tachycardia, hyperthermia, hypercapnia, muscle rigidity, acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, and hyperkalemia. This report presents the case of a 67-year-old female without a personal or family history of complications with anesthesia who experienced malignant hyperthermia during an elective hysterectomy. The patient was given multiple doses of dantrolene, with the ultimate resolution of her symptoms several days after surgery. She was discharged one week after surgery.

Short term effects of contralateral tendon vibration on motor unit discharge rate variability and force steadiness in people with Parkinson's disease.

Background: Vibration of one limb affects motor performance of the contralateral limb, and this may have clinical implications for people with lateralized motor impairments through vibration-induced increase in cortical activation, descending neural drive, or spinal excitability. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of acute biceps brachii tendon vibration on force steadiness and motor unit activity in the contralateral limb of persons with Parkinson's disease. Methods: Ten participants with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease severity performed a ramp, hold and de-ramp isometric elbow flexion at 5% of maximum voluntary contraction with the more-affected arm while vibration was applied to the distal biceps brachii tendon on the contralateral, less-affected arm. Using intramuscular fine wire electrodes, 33 MUs in the biceps brachii were recorded across three conditions (baseline, vibration, and post-vibration). Motor unit recruitment & derecruitment thresholds, discharge rates & variability, and elbow flexion force steadiness were compared between conditions with and without vibration. Results: Coefficient of variation of force and discharge rate variability decreased 37 and 17%, respectively in post-vibration compared with baseline and vibration conditions. Although the motor unit discharge rates did not differ between conditions the total number of motor units active at rest after de-ramp were fewer in the post-vibration condition. Conclusion: Contralateral tendon vibration reduces MU discharge rate variability and enhances force control on the more affected side in persons with Parkinson's disease.

Treatment of Pantothenate-Kinase Neurodegeneration With Baclofen, Botulinum Toxin, and Deferiprone: A Case Report.

Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by progressive motor symptoms, such as dystonia and spasticity. Classical PKAN is the most common subtype of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA). Currently, there is no established treatment for PKAN. However, baclofen and botulinum toxin have been reported to improve motor symptoms and ease care in these patients. Additionally, Deferiprone is a well-tolerated iron chelator that has been shown to be effective in reducing brain iron accumulation. In this case report, we present the case of a seven-year-old boy who presented to our ward with spastic gait and extrapyramidal signs. Brain magnetic resonance imaging was performed, which showed features of neurodegeneration secondary to brain iron accumulation with a specific appearance of the eye-of-the-tiger sign. Genetic testing was positive for a homozygous mutation in PANK2, and the diagnosis of early-stage classical PKAN was made. This case report highlights the potent efficacy of baclofen, botulinum toxin, and deferiprone in slowing down the disease progression at an early stage and improving the severity of symptoms.

Comparison of the effects of fentanyls and other µ opioid receptor agonists on the electrical activity of respiratory muscles in the rat.

Introduction: Deaths due to overdose of fentanyls result primarily from depression of respiration. These potent opioids can also produce muscle rigidity in the diaphragm and the chest muscles, a phenomenon known as Wooden Chest Syndrome, which further limits ventilation. Methods: We have compared the depression of ventilation by fentanyl and morphine by directly measuring their ability to induce muscle rigidity using EMG recording from diaphragm and external and internal intercostal muscles, in the rat working heart-brainstem preparation. Results: At equipotent bradypnea-inducing concentrations fentanyl produced a greater increase in expiratory EMG amplitude than morphine in all three muscles examined. In order to understand whether this effect of fentanyl was a unique property of the phenylpiperidine chemical structure, or due to fentanyl's high agonist intrinsic efficacy or its lipophilicity, we compared a variety of agonists with different properties at concentrations that were equipotent at producing bradypnea. We compared carfentanil and alfentanil (phenylpiperidines with relatively high efficacy and high to medium lipophilicity, respectively), norbuprenorphine (orvinolmorphinan with high efficacy and lipophilicity) and levorphanol (morphinan with relatively low efficacy and high lipophilicity). Discussion: We observed that, agonists with higher intrinsic efficacy were more likely to increase expiratory EMG amplitude (i.e., produce chest rigidity) than agonists with lower efficacy. Whereas lipophilicity and chemical structure did not appear to correlate with the ability to induce chest rigidity.

Fentanyl-induced muscle rigidity in a dog during weaning from mechanical ventilation after emergency abdominal surgery: A case report.

A 22.5-kg, 8.4-year-old female mixed breed dog was presented for an emergency ovariohysterectomy for pyometra. No neurological abnormalities were observed on preoperative physical examination. Surgery was completed uneventfully under fentanyl- and sevoflurane-based anaesthesia. Cardiorespiratory indices remained stable under mechanical ventilation throughout the procedure. Approximately 23 min after the discontinuation of fentanyl infusion, the investigator noticed jaw closure and stiffness and thoraco-abdominal muscle rigidity. To rule out fentanyl-induced muscle rigidity, naloxone was administered. Following administration of naloxone, there was a return of spontaneous respiratory effort, indicated by capnogram and visible chest wall excursion. Based on the clinical signs and response to naloxone administration, the dog was diagnosed with suspected fentanyl-induced muscle rigidity. Six minutes after the return of spontaneous respiration, the dog was extubated uneventfully without additional naloxone administration. During 4 days of postoperative hospitalization, no recurrent muscle rigidity was observed, and the patient was discharged safely. The total dose of fentanyl administered was 0.61 mg (27 µg kg-1 ).

Evaluación funcional de pacientes con osteoartritis que asistieron al Centro de Rehabilitación Integral Especializado Guayaquil / Functional evaluation of patients with osteoarthritis who attended the Guayaquil Specialized Comprehensive Rehabilitation Center / Avaliação funcional de pacientes com osteoartrite atendidos no Centro Especializado de Reabilitação Integral de Guayaquil

La osteoartritis pertenece al grupo de afecciones articulares degenerativa más común y una de las principales causas de discapacidad en el mundo, caracterizada por provocar dolor articular, rigidez, y pérdida de la capacidad funcional. Objetivo. Evaluar la funcionalidad de los pacientes con osteoartritis que asistieron al Centro de Rehabilitación Integral Especializado Guayaquil # 2. Materiales y Métodos. Se realizó un estudio bajo un enfoque cuantitativo, con un alcance descriptivo y de corte transversal, se desarrolló mediante la medición numérica y análisis de datos de las variables en estudio como edad; sexo; patología; ocupación laboral; rigidez y capacidad funcional, mediante opciones de respuestas. La recolección de datos se ejecutó por medio de la técnica de la observación, para el análisis de los resultados obtenidos del Cuestionario Western Ontario and McMasters Universities Osteoarthritis Índex. Resultados. Se determinó que de acuerdo al sexo prevaleció el femenino en un 90%, la mayoría entre 60 y 70 años de edad; el 70% del grupo estudiado fueron las amas de casa; patología frecuente la poliosteoartritis en un 85%; presentaron un 55% muchísimo dolor y el 45% mucho dolor; la rigidez en un 45%; mientras un 10% no disminución de la capacidad funcional en las articulaciones afectadas. Conclusiones. La osteoartritis afectó la condición funcional a la mayoría de las mujeres y se evidenció con el análisis de la evaluación del resultado obtenido, mediante el Cuestionario Womac.

Osteoarthritis belongs to the most common group of degenerative joint conditions and is one of the leading causes of disability in the world, characterized by joint pain, stiffness, and loss of functional capacity. Objective. To evaluate the functionality of patients with osteoarthritis who attended the Centro de Rehabilitación Integral Especializado Guayaquil # 2. Materials and Methods. A study was carried out under a quantitative approach, with a descriptive and cross-sectional scope, developed through numerical measurement and data analysis of the variables under study such as age; sex; pathology; work occupation; stiffness and functional capacity, by means of response options. Data collection was carried out by means of the observation technique, for the analysis of the results obtained from the Western Ontario and McMasters Universities Osteoarthritis Index Questionnaire. Results. It was determined that according to sex, 90% were female, most of them between 60 and 70 years of age; 70% of the group studied were housewives; 85% had polyosteoarthritis; 55% had a lot of pain and 45% a lot of pain; 45% had stiffness; while 10% had no decrease in the functional capacity of the affected joints. Conclusions. Osteoarthritis affected the functional condition of most of the women and this was evidenced by the analysis of the evaluation of the result obtained by means of the Womac Questionnaire.

A osteoartrite pertence ao grupo mais comum de condições articulares degenerativas e é uma das principais causas de incapacidade no mundo, caracterizada pela dor articular, rigidez e perda da capacidade funcional. Objetivo. Avaliar a funcionalidade dos pacientes com osteoartrite que atendem ao Centro de Reabilitação Integral Especializado Guayaquil # 2. Materiais e métodos. Foi realizado um estudo sob uma abordagem quantitativa, com um escopo descritivo e transversal, desenvolvido por meio de medição numérica e análise de dados das variáveis em estudo, tais como idade; sexo; patologia; ocupação do trabalho; rigidez e capacidade funcional, por meio de opções de resposta. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio da técnica de observação, para a análise dos resultados obtidos das Universidades Western Ontario e McMasters Questionário do Índice de Osteoartrite. Resultados. Foi determinado que, segundo o sexo, 90% eram do sexo feminino, a maioria entre 60 e 70 anos de idade; 70% do grupo estudado eram donas de casa; 85% tinham polioseartrose; 55% tinham muita dor e 45% muita dor; 45% tinham rigidez; enquanto 10% não tinham diminuição da capacidade funcional das articulações afetadas. Conclusões. A osteoartrose afetou a condição funcional da maioria das mulheres e foi evidenciada pela análise da avaliação do resultado obtido por meio do Questionário Womac.

Depressive symptoms and axial motor disorders in individuals with Parkinson's disease: a cross-sectional study / Sintomas depressivos e distúrbios motores axiais em indivíduos com doença de Parkinson: um estudo transversal

Abstract Background Depression is an important nonmotor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) and has been associated with the motor symptoms in these individuals. Objectives To determine whether there are relationships between depressive symptoms and abnormalities in axial postural alignment and axial motor deficits, especially postural instability, and trunk rigidity in PD. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 65 individuals were evaluated using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) for the analysis of depressive symptoms and underwent a postural assessment of head, trunk, and hip sagittal alignment through computerized photogrammetry. The MDS-UPDRS was used to assess clinical aspects of PD, the Trunk Mobility Scale was used to assess axial rigidity, and the MiniBESTest to assess balance. To determine the relationship between depressive symptoms and postural alignment, multiple linear regression analysis was performed. Results The participants with depressive symptoms had more severe motor deficits as well as greater trunk rigidity and worse postural instability (p < 0.05). When the postural angles were compared between men and women using Student's t-test, it was found that men had greater flexion angles of the head (p = 0.003) and trunk (p = 0.017). Using multiple linear regression analysis corrected for the age and sex of the participants, we verified that the anterior trunk inclination was significantly larger in the PD population with depressive symptoms (R2 = 0.453, β = 0.116, and p = 0.045). Conclusion PD individuals with depressive symptoms have more severe flexed trunk posture, mainly in older men. Additionally, more severe depressive symptoms are associated with worsening postural instability, trunk rigidity and motor deficits in this population.

Resumo Antecedentes A depressão é um sintoma não motor importante da doença de Parkinson (DP) e tem sido associada aos sintomas motores nesses indivíduos. Objetivos Determinar se existem relações entre sintomas depressivos e anormalidades no alinhamento postural axial e déficits motores axiais, especialmente instabilidade postural e rigidez de tronco na DP. Métodos Neste estudo transversal, 65 indivíduos foram avaliados pelo BDI-II para análise de sintomas depressivos e submetidos à avaliação postural do alinhamento sagital de cabeça, tronco e quadril por meio de fotogrametria computadorizada. A MDS-UPDRS avaliou os aspectos clínicos, TMS avaliou rigidez axial e o MiniBESTest equilíbrio. Para determinar a relação entre sintomas depressivos e alinhamento postural, realizou-se uma análise de regressão linear múltipla. Resultados Os participantes com sintomas depressivos apresentaram déficits motores mais graves, bem como maior rigidez de tronco e pior instabilidade postural (p < 0,05). Quando comparados os ângulos posturais entre homens e mulheres pelo teste t de Student, verificou-se que os homens apresentaram maiores graus de flexão da cabeça (p = 0,003) e do tronco (p = 0,017). Por meio da análise de regressão linear múltipla corrigida para a idade e sexo dos participantes, verificamos que a inclinação anterior do tronco foi significativamente maior nos indivíduos com DP com sintomas depressivos do que sem sintomas depressivos (R2 = 0,453, β = 0,116 e p = 0,045) Conclusão Indivíduos com DP com sintomas depressivos apresentam postura de tronco flexionado mais severa, principalmente em homens mais idosos. Além disso, os sintomas depressivos mais graves pioram significativamente a instabilidade postural, a rigidez do tronco e os déficits motores nessa população.

Atypical Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: Case Reports and Diagnostic Challenges.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome caused by atypical antipsychotic drugs may present in an atypical manner without symptoms such as hyperthermia and/or muscle rigidity. A detailed description of atypical neuroleptic malignant syndrome induced by atypical antipsychotic drugs, practical information to distinguish neuroleptic malignant syndrome from other related conditions, and the diagnostic criteria that may be used to settle the diagnosis of atypical neuroleptic malignant syndrome are highlighted in this paper. This study was conducted searching PubMed and Science Direct, resulting in 525 articles. 26 case reports that met inclusion criteria were identified. Atypical neuroleptic malignant syndrome was found to develop mainly in male patients suffering from schizophrenia (14 cases) and bipolar disorder (2), and was induced by clozapine (6 cases), olanzapine (5 cases), aripiprazole and quetiapine (4 cases). Muscle rigidity did not develop in patients treated with clozapine and quetiapine, whereas a lack of hyperthermia was common with aripiprazole and clozapine treatment. Atypical neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a difficult matter, especially when symptoms of hyperthermia or muscle rigidity is lacking, but using Levenson's or Adityanjee and Aderibigbe's criteria may increase it detectability, can permit earlier intervention and prevent development of life-threatening typical neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

Clinical, skeletal muscle pathological and genetic characteristics of fatal infantile hypertonic myofibrillar myopathy / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical, skeletal muscle pathological, and genetic characteristics of fatal infantile hypertonic myofibrillar myopathy (FIHMM).Methods:The clinical manifestations, laboratory assessments data and gene sequencing results of 10 patients diagnosed with FIHMM in Shenzhen Children′s Hospital from February 2017 to April 2021 were retrospectively analyzed.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of both musculoskeletal system and the brain, and electromyogram (EMG) were performed in 3 cases, while muscle biopsy was performed in 2 cases.Results:Among these 10 cases, 1 case was from Northeast China and 1 case from East China, while the rest 8 cases were from South China.Eight of the 10 patients were male, and the other 2 cases were female.They were all born normal and not related to each other.The age of onset varied from 2 to 12 months.The main clinical manifestations for all the patients were progressive rigidity of the rectus abdominis (8 cases), neck muscles (7 cases), rectus abdominis (2 cases) and intercostal muscles (1 case), resulting in respiratory failure.Mildly to moderately elevated serum creatine kinase level was detected (436-5 804 IU/L) (reference range: 24-229 IU/L). Complex repetitive discharges can be seen in the EMG, without any myotonic potential.Muscle fiber degeneration, necrosis, and vacuolar degeneration were noted in the histopathological examination of the vastus lateralis and rectus abdominis.An abnormal red granular deposit was observed in a portion of the field of the modified Gomory Trichrome staining.Immunohistochemistry showed substantial deposition of desmin.Under the electron microscopy, the sarcomere structure of the muscle fibers was seriously disordered, with the destruction of Z-bands and the presence of granular deposits.The whole-exome sequencing identified the same homozygous variation c. 3G>A, p.Met1? of CRYAB gene in all the patients, but heterozygous variation in their parents. Conclusions:Axial muscles involvement, such as rectus abdominis rigidity, is the main clinical characteristic of FIHMM.c.3G>A, p.Met1? mutation in the CRYAB gene is a hotspot mutation in Chinese children.

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome due to Atypical Antipsychotics in a COVID-19-positive Pregnant Woman.

How to cite this article: Burad J, Kodange S. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome due to Atypical Antipsychotics in a COVID-19-positive Pregnant Woman. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(9):1073-1074.

Changes in the flexor and extensor muscles at different speeds / Mudanças nos músculos flexor e extensor a diferentes velocidades / Cambios en los músculos flexor y extensor a diferentes velocidades

ABSTRACT Introduction: Centrifugal strength is an important element for strength quality. Developing muscle centrifugal strength can effectively increase the stability of lower limbs and reduce the risk of injury. Objective: To explore the characteristics of contractile force of flexor ahods in strength training and rehabilitation training, and the extensor muscles of the knee joint in athletes with different speeds of centripetal force. Methods: The knee joint muscle group of 8 first-level male high jumpers and 8 second-level male high jumpers were tested by isokinetic centrifugal contraction; the angular test velocity was 60 °/s, 120 °/s, 240 °/s, and the indexes included peak torque, relative peak torque (peak torque/body weight), and the peak torque flexural extension ratio. Results: With the centrifugal contraction of the knee joint muscle group (P < 0.05), the second-level high jumpers should increase the ability of the knee flexor muscle group of the take-off leg. In the case of constant velocity centrifugal contraction (P < 0.01), taking off time must be reduced, that is, taking off speed must be accelerated. Conclusions: The difference in the knee joint muscle isokinetic test results is one of the reasons for the difference in knee joint flexor and extensor muscle contractility under the different speed forces of high jumpers. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução: A força centrífuga é um elemento importante na qualidade de força. O desenvolvimento da força centrífuga muscular pode, efetivamente, aumentar a estabilidade dos membros inferiores e reduzir o risco de lesões. Objetivo: Explorar as características da força contrátil do músculo flexor no treinamento de força e de reabilitação, e os músculos extensores da junta do joelho em atletas com diferentes velocidades de força centrípeta. Métodos: O grupo muscular da articulação do joelho de oito saltadores de primeiro escalão do sexo masculino, e oito saltadores de segundo escalão do sexo masculino foi testado por contração centrífuga isocinética. A velocidade de teste angular foi de 60 °/s, 120 °/s, 240 °/s, e os índices incluíram torque de pico, torque de pico relativo (torque de pico/peso corporal) e a razão extensão-flexão de torque de pico. Resultados: Na contração centrífuga do grupo muscular da articulação do joelho (P < 0,05), os saltadores de segundo escalão devem aumentar a habilidade do grupo muscular flexor do joelho da perna de arranque. No caso da contração centrífuga de velocidade constante (P < 0,01), o tempo de arranque deve ser reduzido, ou seja, a velocidade de arranque deve ser acelerada. Conclusões: A diferença nos resultados dos testes isocinéticos do músculo da junta do joelho é uma das razões para a diferença na contratilidade muscular flexor e extensor da junta do joelho sob forças de velocidade diferentes em saltadores. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação de resultados de tratamento.

Resumen Introducción: La fuerza centrífuga es un elemento importante en la calidad de fuerza. El desarrollo de la fuerza centrífuga muscular puede efectivamente aumentar la estabilidad de los miembros inferiores y reducir el riesgo de lesiones. Objetivo: Explorar las características de la fuerza contráctil del músculo flexor en el entrenamiento de fuerza y de rehabilitación, y los músculos extensores de la articulación de la rodilla en atletas con diferentes velocidades de fuerza centrípeta. Métodos: Se testó el grupo muscular de la articulación de la rodilla de 8 saltadores de primer escalafón del sexo masculino, y 8 saltadores de segundo escalafón del sexo masculino por contracción centrífuga isocinética. La velocidad de prueba angular fue de 60 °/s, 120 °/s, 240 °/s, y los índices incluyeron torque de pico, torque de pico relativo (torque de pico/peso corporal) y la razón extensión-flexión de torque de pico. Resultados: En la contracción centrífuga del grupo muscular de la articulación de la rodilla (P<0,05), los saltadores de segundo escalafón deben aumentar la habilidad del grupo muscular flexor de la rodilla de la pierna de arrancada. En el caso de la contracción centrífuga de velocidad constante (P<0,01), el tiempo de arrancada debe reducirse, o sea, la velocidad de arrancada debe acelerar. Conclusiones: La diferencia en los resultados de las pruebas isocinéticas del músculo de la articulación de la rodilla es una de las razones para la diferencia en la contractilidad muscular flexor y extensor de la articulación de la rodilla bajo fuerzas de velocidad diferentes en saltadores. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de resultados de tratamiento.

Luxaciones puras de codo en pacientes pediátricos: tratamiento conservador y complicaciones asociadas a una patología poco prevalente. Serie de 4 casos / Isolated elbow dislocation in pediatric patients: non-operative treatment and complications associated with an infrequent pathology. Series of 4 cases

Si bien el codo es la articulación más frecuentemente luxada en niños, representa el 3-6 % de las lesiones en ese sitio. Las luxaciones sin fracturas asociadas son muy raras y son producto de una caída con el codo en extensión. El paciente consulta por dolor, impotencia funcional y deformidad evidente. La finalidad del tratamiento es restaurar la congruencia articular, lograr estabilidad y minimizar los riesgos de posibles lesiones neurovasculares.Se presentan 4 pacientes tratados con manejo conservador con excelentes resultados funcionales, incluso aquel que presentó una neuropraxia del mediano con restitución ad integrum.Según nuestra experiencia, suelen ser lesiones con buena evolución. Se destaca la importancia de un rápido y preciso examen neurovascular, optando, de ser posible, por una conducta expectante ante las lesiones nerviosas. Se resalta la indicación de una inmovilización acotada con movilización temprana que evite rigidez del codo.

Even though the elbow is the most often dislocated joint in children, this injury accounts for 3-6 % of elbow pathology. Dislocations without associated fractures are extremely rare. They result from a fall onto an outstretched hand. The patient is always referred with a painful joint, movement impairment and even clinical deformity. Acute treatment aims to achieve quick reduction and adequate joint stability, avoiding neurovascular injuries.We sought to analyze the functional outcomes and the complications after non-operative treatment. Our 4 patien had excellent functional results at the latest follow-up, and one of them suffered from a median nerve palsy without further consequences.In our experience, these injuries presented excellent outcomes and we would like to highlight the importance of a quick and precise neurovascular examination with the possibility of non-surgical management of nerve injuries. A short period of immobilization with early rehabilitation should be indicated to avoid joint stiffness

[Isolated elbow dislocation in pediatric patients: non-operative treatment and complications associated with an infrequent pathology. Series of 4 cases]. / Luxaciones puras de codo en pacientes pediátricos: tratamiento conservador y complicaciones asociadas a una patología poco prevalente. Serie de 4 casos.

Even though the elbow is the most often dislocated joint in children, this injury accounts for 3-6 % of elbow pathology. Dislocations without associated fractures are extremely rare. They result from a fall onto an outstretched hand. The patient is always referred with a painful joint, movement impairment and even clinical deformity. Acute treatment aims to achieve quick reduction and adequate joint stability, avoiding neurovascular injuries. We sought to analyze the functional outcomes and the complications after non-operative treatment. Our 4 patients Luxaciones puras de codo en pacientes pediátricos: tratamiento conservador y complicaciones asociadas a una patología poco prevalente. Serie de 4 casos Isolated elbow dislocation in pediatric patients: non-operative treatment and complications associated with an infrequent pathology. Series of 4 cases had excellent functional results at the latest follow-up, and one of them suffered from a median nerve palsy without further consequences. In our experience, these injuries presented excellent outcomes and we would like to highlight the importance of a quick and precise neurovascular examination with the possibility of non-surgical management of nerve injuries. A short period of immobilization with early rehabilitation should be indicated to avoid joint stiffness.

Si bien el codo es la articulación más frecuentemente luxada en niños, representa el 3-6 % de las lesiones en ese sitio. Las luxaciones sin fracturas asociadas son muy raras y son producto de una caída con el codo en extensión. El paciente consulta por dolor, impotencia funcional y deformidad evidente. La finalidad del tratamiento es restaurar la congruencia articular, lograr estabilidad y minimizar los riesgos de posibles lesiones neurovasculares. Se presentan 4 pacientes tratados con manejo conservador con excelentes resultados funcionales, incluso aquel que presentó una neuropraxia del mediano con restitución ad integrum. Según nuestra experiencia, suelen ser lesiones con buena evolución. Se destaca la importancia de un rápido y preciso examen neurovascular, optando, de ser posible, por una conducta expectante ante las lesiones nerviosas. Se resalta la indicación de una inmovilización acotada con movilización temprana que evite rigidez del codo.

Sociodemographic profile and stages of Parkinson's disease associated with predictors of Temporomandibular Disorder / Perfil sociodemográfico e estágios da doença de Parkinson associados com os preditores de disfunção temporomandibular

ABSTRACT Purpose: to analyze the predictors of temporomandibular disorder in people with Parkinson's disease, verifying their associations with sociodemographic aspects and stages of the disease. Methods: a study based on secondary data from research conducted in 2017 with 110 people with Parkinson's disease. They were assessed with the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders and the Parkinson's disease staging scale. The studied predictive variables for temporomandibular disorder were pain, crepitation, clicking, nighttime and daytime clenching/gnashing, uncomfortable/non-habitual bite, morning rigidity, and tinnitus. The sociodemographic aspects assessed were age, sex, schooling level, marital status, income, and stages 1 to 3 of the disease. The chi-squared odds ratio was used with a 95% confidence interval and significance level at p < 0.05. Results: an association was verified between nighttime clenching/gnashing and income (p = 0.006); tinnitus and income range from ½ to 3 (p = 0.003) and from 4 to 10 minimum wages (p = 0.004); and between tinnitus and stage 1 (p = 0.02). Conclusion: this study verified that the predictors associated with temporomandibular disorder in people with Parkinson's disease were pain, clicking, crepitation, uncomfortable/non-habitual bite, and morning rigidity. It was verified that income and stage 1 of the disease had an association with nighttime clenching/gnashing and tinnitus.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar os preditores de disfunção temporomandibular em pessoas com doença de Parkinson (DP) verificando suas associações com aspectos sociodemográficos e estágios da doença. Métodos: estudo que utilizou fonte de dados secundários de uma pesquisa realizada em 2017, com 110 pessoas com DP que foram avaliadas pelo questionário para Pesquisa em Disfunção Temporomandibular (RDC/TMD) e pela escala de estadiamento da DP. As variáveis preditoras de DTM estudadas foram: dor, crepitação, estalido, apertamento/rangido noturno e diurno, mordida desconfortável/não habitual, rigidez matinal e zumbido. Os aspectos sociodemográficos avaliados foram: idade, sexo, escolaridade, estado civil, renda e estágios da doença de 1 a 3. Utilizou-se o Odds ratio do Qui-quadrado com intervalo de confiança de 95% e nível de significância de p<0,05. Resultados: verificou-se associação entre os preditores: apertamento/rangido noturno e renda (p=0,006); zumbido e grupos de renda ½ a 3 (p=0,003) e de 4 a 10 salários mínimos (p=0,004). Além da associação do zumbido e estágio 1 (p=0,02). Conclusão: nesse estudo verificou-se que os preditores associados com a DTM em pessoas com DP foram: dor, estalido, crepitação, mordida desconfortável/não habitual e rigidez matinal. E destes verificou-se associação entre renda e estágio 1 da doença com apertamento/rangido noturno e zumbido.

Parkinson's Disease and Headaches: A Cross-Sectional Study.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated headaches among Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and whether there was any correlation between the motor symptoms and the severity of the headaches presented. BACKGROUND: Forty to 83% of PD patients are affected by pain. Despite this high prevalence of pain, only a few studies have addressed the headaches of these patients. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. Consecutive patients with Parkinson disease were included. Semi-structured interview; the Epworth sleepiness scale; the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Part III (motor examination); and the Hoehn and Yahr scale were used. RESULTS: About 46 patients were included, 52% were men, mean age was 66 ± 11 years. Forty-three patients had headaches, 12/46 (26%), migraines, 31/46 (67%) had tension-type headaches. We found no association between the headache frequency (median: 0.5; 0.5 to 7.5 vs 0.5; 0.5 to 8 days/3 months; P = .757) or intensity (median: 5; 4 to 8 vs 5.5, 4 to 9; P = .514) and the different stages of the PD (Hoehn and Yahr scale: ≤2.5 vs >2.5). There was no correlation between UPDRS score and the intensity (r = -0.099; P = .530) or frequency of headaches (r = -0.136; P = .373). No association was found between the grade of neck stiffness (0 vs 1 and 2 vs 3 and 4) and the headache frequency (Median: 0; 0 to 3 vs 3.5; 0 to 12.5 vs 0; 0 to 6 days/3 months; P = .074) or intensity (Median: 5; 3 to 9 vs 5; 4 to 6 vs 7; 4.5 to 9; P = .434). Twelve patients said that their headaches started after PD had been diagnosed. There was no difference regarding the frequency and characteristics of headaches and PD characteristics between these patients and the other patients with previous headaches. CONCLUSIONS: In this sample of PD patients, there is no association between headache and PD.

Calabadion 1 selectively reverses respiratory and central nervous system effects of fentanyl in a rat model.

BACKGROUND: We hypothesised that Calabadion 1, an acyclic cucurbit[n]uril molecular container, reverses fentanyl-induced respiratory depression and dysfunction of the CNS. METHODS: Experiments were conducted in male Sprague-Dawley rats. A constant-rate i.v. infusion of fentanyl (12.5 or 25 µg kg-1 over 15 min) was administered followed by an i.v. bolus of Calabadion 1 (0.5-200 mg kg-1) or placebo. The primary outcome was reversal of ventilatory and respiratory depression, assessed by pneumotachography and arterial blood gas analysis, respectively. Key secondary outcomes were effects on fentanyl-induced central nervous dysfunction quantified by righting reflex, balance beam test, and electromyography (EMG). RESULTS: Calabadion 1 reversed fentanyl-induced respiratory depression across the endpoints minute ventilation, pH, and Paco2 (P=0.001). Compared with placebo, Calabadion 1 dose dependently (P for trend <0.001) reversed fentanyl-induced hypoventilation {81.9 [5.1] (mean [standard error of the mean]) vs 45.5 [12.4] ml min-1; P<0.001}, acidosis (pH 7.43 [0.01] vs 7.28 [0.04]; P=0.005), and hypercarbia (Paco2 43.4 [1.6] vs 63.4 [8.1] mm Hg; P=0.018). The effective Calabadion 1 doses required to reverse respiratory depression by 50% and 90% (ED50Res and ED90Res) were 1.7 and 15.6 mg kg-1, respectively. Higher effective doses were needed for recovery of righting reflex (ED50CNS: 9.6 mg kg-1; ED90CNS: 86.1 mg kg-1), which was accelerated by Calabadion 1 (4.6 [0.3] vs 9.0 [0.7] min; P<0.001). Calabadion 1 also significantly accelerated recovery of full functional mobility and reversal of muscle rigidity. CONCLUSIONS: Calabadion 1 selectively and dose dependently reversed the respiratory system and CNS side-effects of fentanyl.

Ultrasound irradiation before high-load exercise reduces muscle rigidity associated with delayed-onset muscle soreness.

[Purpose] We investigated the occurrence of delayed-onset muscle soreness and the suppression of muscle rigidity by ultrasound irradiation before high-load exercise. [Participants and Methods] The study was a randomized crossover controlled trial. The participants were 28 healthy university students (12 males, 16 females). Delayed-onset muscle soreness was induced in the biceps brachii muscle; ultrasound (3 MHz, 1.5 W/cm2, 10 min) was applied before high-load exercise. Pain during elbow motion was evaluated on a visual analog scale. Muscle rigidity was evaluated using a muscle rigidity meter. [Results] After exercise on the second day, the ultrasound group showed significantly less muscle rigidity. [Conclusion] The heat stimulus of ultrasound therapy before high-load exercise reduces muscle rigidity.

Masseter muscle rigidity and the role of DNA analysis to confirm malignant hyperthermia susceptibility.

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is an uncommon, autosomal dominant disorder of skeletal muscle, triggered by inhalational anaesthetics or depolarizing muscle relaxants. Masseter muscle rigidity (MMR) can be regarded as potentially a preceding sign for an MH reaction. Susceptibility to MH can be determined by the in vitro contracture test (IVCT) or DNA analysis where a familial variant is known. Our aims were to review patients with MMR, where IVCT and DNA analysis had been undertaken, to determine if DNA analysis could be used as an initial screening tool for MH susceptibility, and, by reviewing standard monitored variables (SMVs), to determine if any clinical characteristics could be used to differentiate between MMR patients who are MH susceptible (MHS) and those who are not. Patients with MMR were identified from the Palmerston North Hospital MH Reactions Database. IVCT and DNA analysis results were documented. DNA testing was performed retrospectively in the majority of patients as many patients had presented before DNA analysis was available. Forty-one patients were analysed. Fourteen were DNA positive/IVCT positive and six DNA positive only (48% in total), seven were IVCT positive/DNA negative and 14 were IVCT normal. Increased creatine kinase (>18,000 units/L) was consistent with MH susceptibility. Severity of MMR was not linked to MH susceptibility. This study confirmed that DNA analysis can be used as a first-line test for MH susceptibility in patients presenting with MMR (consistent with European MH Group recommendations). Creatine kinase was the only SMV that was significantly different between MHS and MH normal individuals.