Moderating role of 1-minute abdominal test in the relationship between cardiometabolic risk factors and adiponectin concentration in adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Adiponectin is an anti-inflammatory cytokine secreted by adipose tissue, has been associated with adiposity and cardiometabolic risk, and has controversial results with muscular fitness. The aim of this study was to analyze the interaction of 1-minute abdominal test in the relationship between adiposity, body composition, cardiometabolic risk and adiponectin concentration in adolescents. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted with 62 adolescents of both sexes, aged 11 to 16 years, approved by the Ethics Committee of Research in Humans (CAEE: 62963916.0.0000.5223). Body mass, height, abdominal circumference (AC), waist circumference (WC), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), high density lipoprotein (HDL-c), low density lipoprotein (LDL-c), triglycerides (TG), adiponectin, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean blood pressure (MBP), 1-minute abdominal test (ABD) were measured. Body mass index (BMI), z-score BMI (BMI-z), triponderal mass index (TMI), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were calculated. The macro PROCESS for SPSS v.24.0 was used for moderation analyses, with linear regression models. RESULTS: Inverse interactions were found for adiposity (BMI, BMI-z, TMI, AC, WC, WHtR), body composition (FM, FFM) and CMRF (SBP, DBP, MBP, TG) versus 1-minute abdominal test with adiponectin concentration, demonstrating that abdominal test is a moderator in these relationships. CONCLUSION: We conclude that 1-minute abdominal test may play an important role in the relationship between obesity and cardiometabolic risk. We found that muscular fitness can confer a protective effect on adolescents with high levels of abdominal test.

Does Physical Fitness Relate to Academic Achievement in High School Students?

BACKGROUND: Academic achievement (AA) is an important issue not only during the school period since it is a strong predictor of long-term professional and social success. Physical fitness (PF) components are associated with AA, and previous studies were conducted with relatively small samples, lack of statistical power, and the conclusions are based on simple correlational analyses. The objective of this study was to analyze the association between PF (single and clustered) with AA in a large and representative sample of high school students. METHODS: Cross-sectional design study conducted with 911 students, aged 13-15 years (38.52% boys) enrolled in the first year of high school. Cardiorespiratory fitness (20-m shuttle run test), muscular strength (dynamometer), and body composition (skinfolds) were measured. PF components were clustered (Z-cardiorespiratory fitness + Z-muscular strength - Z-body fatness). AA was analyzed through standard math tests. Hierarchical linear regression analysis was applied to verify the independent contribution of each single component and PF's cluster on AA. Age, screen time, maternal education, race, and type of residence were used as covariates. RESULTS: Among boys, cardiorespiratory fitness was negatively associated with AA (ß = -0.137; P = .041), while strength was positively associated with AA (ß = 0.188; P = .004). There was no association between clustered PF indicators and AA (ß = 0.064; P = .297). There was a negative association between age and AA in girls (ß = -0.151; P = .003) and in boys (ß = -0.128; P = .045). CONCLUSIONS: These results support current literature, indicating an association between PF's component, namely muscular strength and AA (mathematics) in adolescents, even when controlled for several covariates.

Identifying Consistent Metrics from the Force-Time Curve of the Countermovement Jump in Combat Fighters and Physically Active Men.

We investigated the consistency of metrics obtained from the unweighting, braking, propulsive, and landing phases of the countermovement (CMJ) force-time curve in combat fighters and physically active men. Combat fighters (n=21) and physically actives (n=21) were tested for three days (2-7 days apart). Participants performed four maximal CMJ separated by 1-min for between-day comparisons. From force-time recording, the consistency of 16 CMJ metrics (peak and mean ground reaction forces (GRF), net impulse, and duration from each phase) was investigated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and typical error (CVTE). We considered as "consistent" those metrics showing no systematic differences, ICC ≥ 0.75, and CVTE ≤ 10%. We further compared the CVTE between groups and pairs of trials (days). Participants demonstrated more consistency in the braking and propulsive phases, while the unweighting phase did not show any consistent metric. There was no evidence of a learning effect (systematic changes), but analysis appointed more consistency on days 2-3 than on days 1-2 (18 metrics presented lower CVTE while 11 presented higher). We identified braking and propulsive GRF (peak and mean) and propulsive impulse as consistent metrics for combat fighters, while only propulsive impulse for physically actives. The between-group analyses showed that 24 comparisons favored the combat fighters against only five favoring the physically actives. In conclusion, force-time metrics related to jumping strategy, like phase duration, are less consistent than those related to driven forces and jump output, probably because participants changed their jump strategy during testing days.

Cross-sectional association between physical fitness and cardiometabolic risk in Chilean schoolchildren: the fat but fit paradox.

Background: Previous studies have examined the "fat but fit" paradox, revealing that greater levels of physical fitness may diminish the harmful consequences of excess weight on cardiometabolic risk. Despite the above, specific information about the "fat but fit" paradox in prepuberal population is scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between cardiometabolic risk across (individual and combined) physical fitness and excess weight status and whether the "fat but fit" paradox is met in the sample of schoolchildren analyzed. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted including 452 children (59.1% girls), aged 7-9 years from Santiago (Chile). Physical fitness was assessed as cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular fitness. Cardiorespiratory fitness was determined by the 6-minute-walk-test and muscle strength was assessed by the handgrip and standing long jump tests. Excess weight (overweight and obesity) was computed through body mass index (z-score). Cardiometabolic risk was established by summing the z-score of the serum glucose, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, insulin and waist-to-height ratio. Results: Schoolchildren with high physical fitness (individual or combined) showed the lowest cardiometabolic risk mean scores (P for trend <0.001 for all physical fitness groups). Conversely, schoolchildren with low physical fitness (individual or combined) showed the highest cardiometabolic risk mean scores (P for trend <0.001 for all categories). Additionally, schoolchildren without excess weight and with high individual or combined physical fitness status exhibits lower cardiometabolic risk mean scores compared to schoolchildren with excess weight and low physical fitness status (individual or combined) (P for trend <0.001 for all physical fitness groups). A lower odd of having high cardiometabolic risk was found in schoolchildren without excess weight and with both high physical fitness (both cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular fitness) [odds ratio (OR) =0.08; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.04 to 0.16] in comparison to those with excess weight and low physical fitness. Conclusions: Our results suggest that improvements in both fatness and aerobic fitness could be associated with lower cardiometabolic risk.

Effects of aerobic exercise combined with resistance training on health-related physical fitness in adolescents: A randomized controlled trial.

Background: /Objective: This study aimed to compare the effects of two combined training methods on health-related physical fitness components in adolescents. Methods: Seventy-six adolescents (16.1 ± 1.1 years, n = 44 female) were randomized into groups of moderate-intensity continuous training combined with resistance training (MICT + RT), high-intensity interval training combined with resistance training (HIIT + RT), or Control. The training sessions were performed twice weekly for 12 weeks. The health-related physical fitness components evaluated were: body composition, muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness. Results: The intervention groups had a significant reduction in body fat percentage and improvement in abdominal repetitions and VO2peak after 12 weeks of combined exercise program (p < 0.001). Intervention effects were found to significantly reduce body fat percentage for the MICT + RT and HIIT + RT groups compared to the control group (mean difference: -3.8; 95% CI: -6.2; -1 0.3; mean difference: -4.7; 95%CI: -7.1; -2.3, respectively). For muscle fitness, significant effects of the intervention were found in increasing the number of abdominal repetitions favoring the MICT + RT group compared to the control group (mean difference: 9.5; 95% CI: 4.4; 14.7) and HIIT + RT compared to the control group (mean difference: 14.1; 95% CI 9; 19.3). For cardiorespiratory fitness, significant effects of the intervention on improving VO2peak were found in the experimental groups (MICT + RT vs Control group: mean difference: 4.4; 95% CI: 2.2; 6.6; and HIIT + RT vs. Control group: mean difference: 5.5, 95% CI: 3.3; 7.7). Conclusion: The results suggest that 12 weeks of training using MCIT + RT or HIIT + RT showed a similar effect for health-related physical fitness components in adolescents.

Handgrip strength cut-off points for early detection of cardiometabolic risk in Chilean children.

The aim of this study was to determine whether handgrip strength is associated with cardiometabolic risk in children. The secondary aim was to establish sex-specific handgrip strength cut-off points for early detection of cardiometabolic risk. A total sample of 452 Chilean children (267 girls and 185 boys) aged 7-9 years old was analyzed. Muscle fitness was measured by an adjustable dynamometer and normalized by body mass (i.e., handgrip strength/body mass). Sex-specific cardiometabolic risk scores were computed as the sum of the waist-to-height ratio (Equation 1) or waist circumference (Equation 2) and insulin, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins, and glycemia levels. Receiver operating curve (ROC) analyses were performed to identify those with cardiometabolic risk scores > 1 standard deviation above the mean. ROC analyses showed a significant discriminating accuracy of normalized handgrip strength in identifying cardiometabolic risk in boys (≤ 0.33) and girls (≤ 0.40) using both equations. The highest sensitivity was offered by Equation 2 for boys [46%; 95% CI (32-59%)] and for girls [71%; 95% CI (60-80)]. The greatest specificity was also offered by Equation 2 for boys [82%; 95% CI (74-88)] and girls [63%; 95% CI (55-70)]. Since the values obtained by ROC analyses are low (especially in boys), caution is warranted regarding the strength of the existing evidence base.Conclusion: These specific cut-off points according to sex for possible cardiometabolic risk could be used by Chilean health professionals and school staff as an initial assessment in the field setting. What is known • There is strong evidence for the importance of muscular fitness during childhood and adolescence for cardiometabolic risk. • There has been no research to establish minimum handgrip strength capacity levels to predict cardiometabolic risk among Chilean children. What is new • Cut-off points for handgrip strength relative to body mass to identify cardiometabolic risk in Chilean children are 0.33 in boys and 0.40 in girls. • The early use of these cut-off points and its appropriate identification could have benefits of preventive and diagnostic therapeutic intervention and as a starting point to define adequate levels of handgrip strength.

Child's body mass index and mother's obesity: the moderating role of physical fitness.

The aim of this study was to verify the association between children's body mass index and their mother's obesity, considering children's physical fitness as a possible moderator. Cross-sectional study developed with 1842 children and adolescents, aged seven to 17 years, from Santa Cruz do Sul-RS, Brazil. Body weight and height were assessed to determine body mass index. Cardiorespiratory fitness was determined by the 6-min walk/run test and muscular strength through the lower limb strength test. Mother's perception of obesity was self-assessed. Moderation was tested through a SPSS program extension. Results indicated that higher children's body mass index (p < 0.001) and lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (p = 0.001) and muscular strength (p = 0.035) were associated with mother's obesity. Likewise, higher body mass index (p < 0.001) and lower cardiorespiratory fitness (p < 0.001) in adolescents were associated with maternal obesity. Moreover, physical fitness moderates the relationship between body mass index and mother's obesity in children (cardiorespiratory fitness: ß = - 0.006; 95% CI = (- 0.010, - 0.001); muscular strength: ß = - 8.415; 95% CI = (- 12.526, - 4.304)) and in adolescents (cardiorespiratory fitness: ß = - 0.004; 95% CI = (- 0.008, - 0.0008); muscular strength: ß - 2.958; 95% CI = (- 5.615, - 0.030)).Conclusion: increasing physical fitness is an important strategy to protect youths from high body mass index, when their mothers are obese. What is Known: • Mother's obesity is associated with their children's body mass index. • Parents' obesity is associated with their children's physical fitness What is New: • Cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength are moderators in the relationship between mother's obesity and BMI of their children. • Children and adolescents with high cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength levels are protected against elevated body mass index, considering mother's obesity.

Muscle strength cut-offs for the detection of metabolic syndrome in a nonrepresentative sample of collegiate students from Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Evidence shows an association between grip strength and health; however, grip strength cut-offs for the detection of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Latin American populations are scarce. The purpose of this study was to determine cut-offs of normalized grip strength (NGS) for the detection of MetS in a large nonrepresentative sample of a collegiate student population from Colombia. METHODS: A total of 1795 volunteers (61.4% female; age = 20.68 ± 3.10 years, mean ± SD), ranging between 18 and 30 years of age participated in the study. Strength was estimated using a handheld dynamometer and normalized to body mass (handgrip strength (kg)/body mass (kg)). Anthropometrics, serum lipids indices, blood pressure, and fasting plasma glucose were measured. Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. MetS was defined as including ≥3 of the 5 metabolic abnormalities according to the International Diabetes Federation definition. A metabolic risk score was computed from the following components: waist circumference, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. RESULTS: Receiver operating curve analysis showed significant discriminatory accuracy of NGS in identifying the thresholds and risk categories. Lower strength was associated with increased prevalence of MetS. In males, weak, intermediate, and strong NGS values at these points were <0.466, 0.466-0.615, >0.615, respectively. In females, these cut-off points were <0.332, 0.332-0.437, >0.437, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our sex-specific cut-offs of NGS could be incorporated into a clinical setting for identifying college students at cardiometabolic disease risk.

Physical fitness components in relation to attention capacity in Latin American youth with overweight and obesity.

The aim of the study was twofold: (a) to examine the association between health-related physical fitness and attention capacity in Latin American children and adolescents with overweight and obesity and (b) to test whether body composition outcomes are moderators of this association. A cross-sectional design was used to study 201 overweight/obese participants (12.1 ± 2.1 years of age; 34.3% girls) from Chile (Active-Start study) and Colombia (HEPAFIT study). Body composition, muscular fitness, speed-agility, and cardiorespiratory fitness were evaluated using two similar test batteries (ALPHA and FUPRECOL). Attention capacity was measured by the d2 Test. Linear regression and moderation analyses were conducted. Linear regression analysis revealed an association between muscular fitness (ß = 0.245, P = .015), speed-agility (ß = -0.16, P = .027), cardiorespiratory fitness (ß = 0.331, P < .001) and overall fitness score (ß = 0.210; P = .004) and attention capacity (all analyses were controlled for age, sex, peak height velocity, maternal education, and study setting). Moderation analysis using the Johnson-Neyman technique revealed that the effect of the relationship between muscular fitness score and speed-agility and attention capacity was stronger as fat mass and fat mass index increased. In conclusion, physical fitness components are associated with higher attention capacity in youth with overweight/obesity, but body composition seems to moderate these relationships. Randomized controlled trials in this population would help to better understand whether improvements in different components of physical fitness lead to better attention capacity, especially in youth with excess adiposity.

Differences in blood pressure according to physical fitness and body mass in a sample of Mexican schoolchildren.

Background: Physical fitness is the ability to perform activities of daily living without excessive fatigue. The potential protective role of fitness against high blood pressure in childhood is relevant to diminish the risk of hypertension in adulthood. A negative association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and hypertension has been found in the pediatric population. However, the role of body mass as a confounding variable of this association has not been evaluated. This study aimed to analyze whether the association between fitness and blood pressure in Mexican schoolchildren is independent of body mass. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 1010 children (574 females and 436 males) aged 9-12 years (mean age = 10.3 ± 0.9 years) from 13 elementary schools in Mexico City. Fitness was evaluated with tests from the FitnessGram® battery. Z-scores of body mass index (BMI)-for-age and height-for-age were estimated. Results: Low fitness showed a high prevalence (from 45.8% for trunk lift to 77.5% for push-ups). Children with poor CRF (assessed by the 20-m progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run test) and upper body strength (assessed by push-ups) showed a higher probability of hypertension (p < 0.05). However, these differences disappeared after adjusting for BMI. Conclusions: After considering the body mass, cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal fitness were not independent predictors of blood pressure.

Introducción: La condición física es la habilidad de realizar actividades de la vida diaria sin fatiga excesiva. El potencial papel protector de una buena condición física contra la presión arterial elevada es relevante, ya que, si no se atiende, esta elevación en la presión arterial comúnmente conduce a hipertensión en la vida adulta. Se ha documentado una asociación negativa entre la condición cardiorrespiratoria con la hipertensión de la población pediátrica. Sin embargo, no se ha evaluado el papel de la masa corporal como una variable de confusión de esta asociación. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar si la asociación entre la condición física y la presión sanguínea es independiente de la masa corporal en escolares mexicanos. Métodos: Estudio transversal con una muestra de 1010 escolares (574 de sexo femenino y 436 de sexo masculino) de 9 a 12 años (edad promedio = 10.3 ± 0.9 años) de 13 escuelas de primaria de la Ciudad de México. La condición física se evaluó con la batería FitnessGram®. Se estimaron puntuaciones Z del índice de masa corporal (IMC) para la edad. Resultados: La prevalencia de baja condición física fue alta (de 45.8% en la prueba de levantamiento de tronco a 77.5% en la prueba de lagartijas). Los escolares con baja condición cardiorrespiratoria (evaluada con la carrera progresiva de resistencia cardiovascular aeróbica de 20 m) y fuerza superior del cuerpo (evaluada con la prueba de lagartijas) mostraron una mayor probabilidad de presentar hipertensión (p < 0.05). Sin embargo, estas diferencias desaparecieron al ajustar por el IMC. Conclusiones: Después de considerar la masa corporal, la condición cardiorrespiratoria y musculoesquelética no son predictores independientes de la presión sanguínea.

Differences in blood pressure according to physical fitness and body mass in a sample of Mexican schoolchildren / Diferencias en la presión sanguínea de acuerdo con la condición física y masa corporal en una muestra de escolares mexicanos

Abstract Background: Physical fitness is the ability to perform activities of daily living without excessive fatigue. The potential protective role of fitness against high blood pressure in childhood is relevant to diminish the risk of hypertension in adulthood. A negative association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and hypertension has been found in the pediatric population. However, the role of body mass as a confounding variable of this association has not been evaluated. This study aimed to analyze whether the association between fitness and blood pressure in Mexican schoolchildren is independent of body mass. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 1010 children (574 females and 436 males) aged 9-12 years (mean age = 10.3 ± 0.9 years) from 13 elementary schools in Mexico City. Fitness was evaluated with tests from the FitnessGram® battery. Z-scores of body mass index (BMI)-for-age and height-for-age were estimated. Results: Low fitness showed a high prevalence (from 45.8% for trunk lift to 77.5% for push-ups). Children with poor CRF (assessed by the 20-m progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run test) and upper body strength (assessed by push-ups) showed a higher probability of hypertension (p < 0.05). However, these differences disappeared after adjusting for BMI. Conclusions: After considering the body mass, cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal fitness were not independent predictors of blood pressure.

Resumen Introducción: La condición física es la habilidad de realizar actividades de la vida diaria sin fatiga excesiva. El potencial papel protector de una buena condición física contra la presión arterial elevada es relevante, ya que, si no se atiende, esta elevación en la presión arterial comúnmente conduce a hipertensión en la vida adulta. Se ha documentado una asociación negativa entre la condición cardiorrespiratoria con la hipertensión de la población pediátrica. Sin embargo, no se ha evaluado el papel de la masa corporal como una variable de confusión de esta asociación. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar si la asociación entre la condición física y la presión sanguínea es independiente de la masa corporal en escolares mexicanos. Métodos: Estudio transversal con una muestra de 1010 escolares (574 de sexo femenino y 436 de sexo masculino) de 9 a 12 años (edad promedio = 10.3 ± 0.9 años) de 13 escuelas de primaria de la Ciudad de México. La condición física se evaluó con la batería FitnessGram®. Se estimaron puntuaciones Z del índice de masa corporal (IMC) para la edad. Resultados: La prevalencia de baja condición física fue alta (de 45.8% en la prueba de levantamiento de tronco a 77.5% en la prueba de lagartijas). Los escolares con baja condición cardiorrespiratoria (evaluada con la carrera progresiva de resistencia cardiovascular aeróbica de 20 m) y fuerza superior del cuerpo (evaluada con la prueba de lagartijas) mostraron una mayor probabilidad de presentar hipertensión (p < 0.05). Sin embargo, estas diferencias desaparecieron al ajustar por el IMC. Conclusiones: Después de considerar la masa corporal, la condición cardiorrespiratoria y musculoesquelética no son predictores independientes de la presión sanguínea.

Independent and combined effects of handgrip strength and adherence to a Mediterranean diet on blood pressure in Chilean children.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to examine the combined associations between handgrip strength (HGS) and adherence to a Mediterranean diet with blood pressure (BP) in Chilean children. METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled 1140 children (794 boys and 346 girls) 8 to 12 y of age. HGS was measured using a hand dynamometer with an adjustable grip. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet was assessed with the Kidmed score. Resting BP was measured by an automated monitor using an appropriately sized cuff. Elevated BP was defined as ≥90th percentile, and high HGS was defined as sex- and age-specific normative ≥80th percentile for the HGS. RESULTS: The prevalence of elevated systolic BP, diastolic BP, and overall BP were 16.6%, 12.9%, and 8.1%, respectively. HGS was negatively associated with BP parameters in an unadjusted and adjusted model after considering potential confounders (age, sex, body mass index z-score, and HGS). Regarding diet adherence, the unadjusted model reveals that children with high adherence to the Mediterranean diet showed lower BP levels (systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure) compared with children with low-medium adherence; however, these differences disappear after considering potential confounders. The combination of high HGS and optimal adherence to a Mediterranean diet was negatively associated with BP. CONCLUSIONS: Children with a high HGS levels (i.e., ≥80th percentile) may somewhat overcome the deleterious effects of low adherence to a Mediterranean diet. Therefore, these findings suggest that the combination of these two components of a healthy lifestyle, especially HGS may be beneficial to children's BP.

Energetic demand and physical conditioning of table tennis players. A study review.

Table tennis is a racket sport characterised by an intermittent movement profile, including short rallies interspersed with short breaks. In contrast to other racket sports, information is lacking regarding the: (i) physiological responses during table tennis matches and training; and (ii) practical recommendations for enhancing aerobic and anaerobic performance in table tennis by improving cardio-metabolic and neuro-muscular fitness, anthropometry and nutritional strategies. Therefore, this review article attempts to narratively provide an overview of the physiology of table tennis by describing the metabolic mechanisms underlying match play and outlining a framework for practical recommendations for improving cardio-metabolic and neuro-muscular fitness, anthropometry as well as nutritional strategies. A second aim was to stimulate future research on table tennis and to point out study limitations in this context. In general, the most important finding is that the rally duration is short at around 3.5s, with a longer rest time of around 8-20s, resulting in an effort-rest ratio ranging from 0.15 to 0.22 in official matches and energetic demands during match relatively low. Future studies should focus on the relationship between energetic demand and table tennis performance with a view to predicting performance in table tennis using physiological parameters.

Asociación entre condición fisica y autoconcepto fisico en estudiantes españoles de 12-16 años / Association between physical fitness and physical self-concept in 12-16 year-old spanish schoolchildren

Resumen El objetivo del trabajo fue examinar la asociación de la fuerza muscular, potencia aeróbica y composición corporal con el autoconcepto físico en adolescentes de diferente sexo. Un total de 1816 adolescentes españoles (12-16 años) participaron en este estudio transversal. Se administró el Cuestionario de Autoconcepto Físico, las pruebas de fuerza muscular y potencia aeróbica de la batería ALPHA y se calculó el índice de masa corporal a partir de medidas objetivas. Los análisis de regresión logística mostraron que los adolescentes de ambos sexos con baja fuerza muscular, potencia aeróbica y con sobrepeso u obesidad tuvieron significativamente mayores odds ratios de reportar autoconcepto físico bajo. Los resultados de la asociación entre fuerza muscular y autoconcepto físico fueron sensibles al sexo y a la prueba de evaluación. Unos niveles de condición física saludable estuvieron asociados con el autoconcepto físico positivo en adolescentes. La influencia del sexo en esta asociación debe considerarse cuando se busque mejorar el autoconcepto físico.

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the association of muscular fitness, cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition with physical self-concept in adolescents of different sex. A total of 1816 Spanish adolescents (aged 12-16) participated in this cross-sectional study. Physical Self-concept Questionnaire and ALPHA battery tests were administered to evaluate muscular fitness and cardiorespiratory fitness, and body mass index was calculated from objective measurements. Logistic regression analysis showed that adolescents of both genders with low muscular fitness, cardiorespiratory fitness, and overweight had significantly higher odds ratios of showing a low physical self-concept. The results of the association between muscular fitness and physical self-concept were sensitive to gender and the evaluation test. Healthy fitness levels were associated with a positive physical self-concept in adolescents. Gender differences should be considered when seeking to enhance physical self-concept.